形成性練習(xí)I.RFDirections:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverapassagequicklyandreadtenstatementsafterit.Forstatements1-10,writeT(forTrue)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);F(forFalse)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);E(forNotgiven)ifthestatementisnotgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);(1)MemoriesofAfghanistanAfghanistan acountryonthebrinkofahumanitariandisaster,alandfilledwithfleeingrefugees,starvingpeople,andturbanedterroristsintrainingcamps.TVpicturestellthestoryofacountryinruinandpoverty,acountrybroughtalmosttototaldestructionbytwentyyearsofwarandstruggle.Yetonce thoughpoor thiswasaproudnation,andabeautifulcountry,andonewitharichculturalheritage ApartfromthenationsofEurope,therearefewcountriesintheworldthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule——oratleastneverinrecenttimes;Afghanistanwasoneofthem.Manycenturiesago,GenghisKhan'stroopsrodedownfromMongolia,mercilesslykillingthemountaintribesmenofAfghanistanwhodaredtoresisttheinvader;butapartfromthishumiliatingperiodintime,theAfghanistans——whoareinfactamixtureofthreeseparateethnicgroups——haveheldtheirheadshighinthefaceofinvasion.Thecountrythatisnowatthecenteroftheworld'sattentionwasonceoneoftheworld'sproudestnations,andanationthatothercountriesinvadedattheirownrisk.Inthe19thcenturythearmiesoftheBritishEmpireknewthatAfghanistanwasnotacountrytointerferewith.Ahundredandtwentyyearsago,in1881,BritishsoldierswerenonethelessstationedintheAfghancapital,Kabul.Theyweretherefortworeasons,firstlytohelpstoptheRussiansfrominvadingthecountry,andsecondlytoensuretheexistenceofanindependentbuffer-statebetweentheRussianEmpiretothenorth,andtheBritishEmpireinIndia(modernPakistan)tothesoutheast.QueenVictoriawouldhavelikedtoaddAfghanistantoherempire,buthersoldiersneversucceededinthismission,thoughtheytried,andfailed.In1879,thewholeBritishMission(embassy)inKabul,includingservants,wasmassacredbyagroupofrebelAfghansoldiers,furiousbecausetheyhadnotbeenpaidbytheirownking,MohammedYacoub.YacoubwasfriendlytotheBritish,sotheBritishgottheblame.ThestoryoftheKabulMassacrewasrememberedforalongtimebytheBritishinIndia,andrecordedbyseveralVictorianwritersandpoets.OtherbloodyeventsalsomarkedtherelationshipbetweentheBritishandtheAfghansinthe19thcentury.In1842,inthenotoriousbattleoftheKhyberPass,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansastheyreturnedfromashortraidintothecountry.Justoneman,adoctor,managedtosurvivethemassacre,andmakehiswaybacktothesafetyofIndia,totellthestoryoftheterribleevent.ThoughtheworldhaschangedalotsinceVictoriantimes,Afghanistanhaschangedlittle.Inmanyways,theTalibanhaveevenmovedthecountrybackintime,adarkageofignorance,intoleranceandrepression;butevenwithouttheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldstill,today,beoneoftheworld'smostundevelopednations.Land-locked,asidefrommostmodernroutesofcommunication,andbrokenupbythemightyHinduKushmountainsandbyvastdeserts,Afghanistan,likethe“tribalterritory,,ofnorthwestPakistan,hasremainedfiercelyindependentfromoutsideinterference,andstronglyattachedtoitstraditionalways.Forthelasttwenty-fiveyears,theAfghanpeoplehavesufferedfromwaranddestruction:theoverthrowofthemonarchy,thentheinvasionbytheSovietUnionin1978,thenthewaragainsttheSoviets,thenthestruggleforcontrolofthecountrybetweentheTalibanandthesupportersofGeneralMassoud,nowthemassivedepartureofapeopleonthevergeofstarvation,drivenfromtheirhomesasmuchbyfearoftheTalibanasbythethreatofmilitaryinvasion.Yetinspiteofallthis,despitethedestructionofalargepartoftheircountry,theAfghanpeopleremainkindandhospitable.OlderAfghansrememberbacktoapast,whentheylivedinpeaceandrelativesecurity;youngerAfghans,whohaveneverknownaneraofpeace,lookforwardtothedaywhenanewageofpeacewillcome.Hopefully,thatnewdawnwillnotbetoofaraway.StatementsAfghanistanusedtobeapeacefulcountrythatneversufferedfromanyforeigninvasion.Afghanistanisoneofthefewcountriesthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule.GenghisKhan'stroopssufferedabiglosswhentheytriedtoconquerAfghanistan.In1881,BritainsoldierswerestationedinAfghanistaninordertoestablishanindependentandpeacefulstatebetweenRussiaandBritishIndia.TheentireBritishMissioninKabulwascruellykilledbecausetheywantedtopreventtheBritishfrominvadingAfghanistan.QueenVictoriaregrettedsendingtheBritishMissionintoAfghanistanafterthe1879massacre.In1842,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansandnoonesurvivedinthebloodyevent.IfitwerenotfortheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldhavealreadybecomeadevelopedcountry.NowmanyAfghanpeoplesufferfromstarvation,Taliban'styrannyandmilitaryeventsandhavetoleavetheirowncountry.InAfghanistan,neithertheolderpeoplenortheyouthwantanychangesintheirlife.(Key:1-5FTETF6-10EFFTF)￠2).PassageOneRespectbeingswithintheindividuals.Theoriginalstateofrespectisbasedonawarenessoftheselfasa試題yentity,alifeforcewithin,aspiritualbeing,asoul.Theelevatedconsciousnessofknowing”WhoIam"arisesfromarealplaceofpureworth.Withsuchinsight,thereisfaithintheselfandwholenessandcompletenesswithin.Withselfrealization,oneexperiencestrueself-respectConflicttakesplacewhentheawarenessofone'soriginalnatureandtheoriginalnatureoftheotherislacking.Asaresult,externalnegativeinfluencesrulesupremeoverrespect.Tobestabilizedintheelevatedstageoftheselfensuresgenuinerespectforandfromothers,sinceoneactsintheconsciousnessthateveryhumanbeinghasinnate(天生的)worthwhichispureandvirtuous.Suchamindsetguaranteesfinalvictory,sinceinteractiononthatbasisassuresthattheinherentgoodnessoftheselfandotheremerges.Todevelopthevalueofrespectwithintheselfandtogiveitpracticalexpressionindailylifeisthechallenge.Obstaclesareencounteredtotestthestrengthofrespect,andtheseareoftenfeltatthemostvulnerable（易受攻擊的）times.Self-confidenceisneededtodealwithcircumstancesinanoptimistic,hopeful,andself-assuredmanner.Insituationswhenallsupportsseemtohavevanished,whatremainsloyalistheextenttowhichonehasbeenabletobecomeself-reliantinternally.Respectisanacknowledgementoftheinherentworthandinnaterightsoftheindividualandcollective.Thesemustberecognizedasthecentralfocustodrawfrompeopleacommitmenttoahigherpurposeinlife.Internationalrespectandrecognitionfor\intellectualrightsandcreativeidealsmustbeobservedwithoutdiscrimination（區(qū)分）.Theeminence（顯赫）oflifeispresentineveryone,andeveryhumanbeinghasarighttothejoyoflivingwithrespectanddignity.Statements:Whenthereisself-realization,trueself-confidencewilltakeplace.Conflictresultfromthelackofawarenessofhumanbeing'soriginalnature.Selfrespectisneededtodealwithcircumstancesoptimistically,helpfullyandsurely.Theinherentworthandinnaterightsensurepeopletohaveahigherpurposeinlife.Allhumanbeingsarelivingwithrespectanddignity.PassageTwoGoogleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated（膨脹）withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google'ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andGooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BringandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle'ssearchengine.Bring,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookwordmatches,italsotallied（統(tǒng)計(jì)）andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother,Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogle（themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes）,butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient（有先見(jiàn)之明的）professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit'snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat'sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.Statements:ThebrillianceofS.BrinandL.PageaswellasaseriesoffortunateeventshasmadeGooglesuccessful.Google'ssearchenginestartedfromtheacademicprojectinitiatedbyL.Page.BrinandPagedecidedtostarttheirownbusinessbecausenoonewasinterestedintheirtechnology.Google'ssearchengineisthelargestintheworld.lO.Google'ssearchenginespreadallovertheworldbyadvertising.(Key:1-5FTFTE6-10TTFEF)RDDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasechoosethecorrespondingletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Formanywomenchoosingwhethertoworkornottoworkoutsidetheirhomeisaluxury;theymustworkto1.Othersfaceaharddecision.Onehusbandsaid,“MargeandIdecidedaftercarefulconsiderationthatforhertogobacktoworkatthismomentwasanextravagance(奢侈).Wesimplycouldn'taffordit."Withtwopreschoolchildren,itsoonbecameclearintheirfiguringthatwithbabysitters,transportation,andincreasedtaxes,ratherthanhavingmoremoney,theymightactuallyendupwithless.Economicfactorsareusuallythefirsttobe2,buttheyarenotthemostimportant.Themostimportantaspectsofthedecisionhavetodowiththe 3needsofeachmemberofthefamily.Itisinthisareathathusbandsandwivesfindthemselveshavingtofacemanyconfusingandconflictingfeelings.Therearemanywomenwhofindthathomemakingisboringorwhofeel_4iftheyhavetostayhomewithayoungchildorseveralchildren.Ontheotherhand,therearewomenwhothinkthathomemakinggivesthemthedeepestsatisfaction.Frommyownexperience,Iwouldliketosuggestthatsometimesthedecisiontogobacktoworkismadeintoomuchhaste.TherearefewdecisionsthatInow5more.Iwasn'tmatureenoughtoseehowmuchIcouldhavegainedathome.Iregretmyimpatiencetogetonwithmycareer.IwishIhadallowedmyselftheluxuryofwatchingtheworldthroughmylittlegirl'seyes.A.needsB.surviveC.regretD.emotionalE.consideredF.perceiveGimprisonedH.mature(Key:BEDGC)RCDirections:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.Thenchoosethecorrespondingletter.

Everyfruit,vegetable,grainanddomesticanimalsweseetodayisthe1.A.enlarge B.resultofgeneticmodification.extendsBiotechnologyrefinesand 1 C.donates D.methodsthatproducenewplantsandrecollectsanimals.2.A.production B.Biotechnologyhasalonghistoryofusecreationinfood2andprocessing.FortenC.invention D.thousandyearsfermentation,aformofprofessionbiotechnologyhasbeenusedtoproduce3.A.proceeding B.wine,beerandbread.Selective_3 ofbleedinganimalssuchashorsesanddogshasbeenC.breeding D.goingonforcenturies.Thesamethinghasexceedingbeendoneinfarming.Peoplehavecreated4.A.similarto B.manylocalvarietiesofessentialfoodscomparedtosuchasrice,cornandwheatwithC.contraryto D.improvedyields_4 theirwildidenticaltoancestors.5.A.genetic B.Today,throughnewerbiotechnologyandenergetic_5 engineering,scientistscandoevenC.magnetic D.more.Theycanmoveonegene,thetheoreticinheritedinstructionforspecifictraits,6.A.inherited B.

fromorganismtoanotherandomittheundesirable_6 traits.ThisenablesfoodproducersC.original D.toobtainanimalandcropimprovementsinunnecessaryamuchmoreprecise,controlledand7.A.manner B.predictable_7 .possibilityThepotentialbenefitsofbiotechnologyC.mode D.meansareenormous.Foodproducerscanuse8.A.indicate B.newbiotechnologyto_8 newproduceproductswithdesirablecharacteristics.C.display D.inventTheseincludecharacteristicssuchas9.A.quality B.disease-anddrought-resistantplants,characteristicsleanermeatandenhancedflavorandC.quantityD.traitnutritional _9 offoods.This10.A.remedyB.curetechnologyhasalsobeenusedtodevelopC.treatment D.life-savingvaccines,insulin,cancerprevention_10 andotherpharmaceuticals（醫(yī)藥11.A.Ontime B.In品）toimprovequalityoflife.theendC.InthepastD.On_11 ,plantbreedersweregreatlythewholelimited.Theywerelimitedto_12_12.A.revealing B.Traitswithinthesamebotanical（植物的）dischargingfamily,suchaswheattowheat.OnlyC.establishing D.

pollen（花粉）fromacompatibleparentwheatcouldbeusedtofertilizetheseed-producingplant.The_13oftraitspossiblefromthiscombinationwaslimitedbythesegeneticcompatibilitybarriers.Today,gene_14doesnothavethesamelimitations.Itisnotconfinedwithincross-breedingspecies_15cancrossgeneticbarrierssuchascorntotomato.Agenefora_16_traitcanbeidentifiedandtransferredfrommanysources.Thenewsdoesn'tstopthere,however.Theworkofresearchersinthis_17 hadevenbroaderapplications.Moderntechniqueshavebeenusedtochangeatraitinitsnativeplant_18 .Forexampleatomatotransfercancontrolsofteningandripeningofthefruit.Another_19isthetransferofmodifiedformsofplantvirusgenestoplantstocreateaplantwithcompleteintroducingA.monotony B.reversionC.diversity D.conversionA.transform B.transferC.transition D.transmissionA.but B.howeverC.yet D.andA.lonely B.singleC.uniqueD.plainA.topic B.fieldC.focus D.employmentA.structure B.systemC.elementD.cellA.access B.approachresistancetothatvirus.ItiseasytoseeC.application D.howtheuseofnewscientifictechniquesinvention_20 muchwiderapplicationof20.A.engages B.nature'sdiversity.Andit'sexcitingtoseeencloseshowitisimprovingourlives.C.endures D.enables(Key:BACBABABACCDCBABBBCD)CVB(易混詞選擇題10題)(題目分類(lèi):多項(xiàng)選擇題)Directions:Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.Itistesttojudgeaperson'sabilityonlybytheresultofhiswrittenexaminations.A)lovingB)warshippingC)admiringD)worshippingHewasmurderandsentencedtodeathA)accusedofB)blamedforC)responsibleforD)guiltyofTherearetworoomsinthishouse,whicharemeantforrent.A)emptyB)vacantC)blankD)unoccupiedIamfedup!I'vebeenofcatchingthesamebus,doingthesameworkandmeetingthesamepeopleeveryday!A)boringB)tiringC)hatedD)boredHerwayofwalkingisquitefromthatofhersisters.A)distinctiveB)clearC)distinctD)uniqueWemadeaexaminationofthejewelbeforewedecidedtobuyit.A)littleB)smallC)tinyD)minuteIborrowedalotofinterestingbooksfromthepubliclibraryformysoninordertohisinterestinreading.A)supportB)sustainC)carryonD)improveIfnoone,wewillhaveapicnicthisSaturday.A)opposesB)agreesC)objectsD)protestsThosebooksIorderedstillhaven'tcome;Iwillhavetothemanageraboutthem.A)chaseB)pursueC)tellD)blamefyoucan'tyourabsencefromtheclass,youwillbepunished.A)proveB)justifyC)testifyD)explain(Key:1-5DABDC6-10DBCAB)V.WB(WordBuilding:構(gòu)詞法應(yīng)用10題)(文本題)掛題Directions:Fillintheblankswiththeappropriatewordformsofthewordsgiveninthebrackets.Toraisetheyieldofcrops,farmingisveryimportant,(intense)Whenpeoplecametogettheboyoutofthewater,hewasalready.(drowning)Thebusbrokedownonmywaytoschool;asaresult,ImissedMr.Johnson'shistoryclass,butitwasaabsence,(justify)Thetyrant'senragedallthepeopleinhiscountryandfinallyarebellionbrokeout.(cruel)Sheoweshersuccesstohardwork,(sustain)Ifnoonehasany,Iwilldeclarethemeetingclosed,(object)Thepolicereportedthatthreemenandawomanwereinvolvedinthebanklastweek,(rob)Expertshavethepossibilityofasecondearthquakeinthearea.(count)Thoseeventsarejusta/anmemorynow.(distinct)Ourstudentsarebeingbyhisextremerightwingideas!(contamination)KeyintensivedrownedjustifiablecrueltysustainedobjectionsrobberydiscountedindistinctcontaminatedVI.ECT（英譯漢兩句）（主觀題）Directions:TranslatetheEnglishsentencesintoChinese.Theydevelopastylethatagentsmarketaggressivelytohastenpopularity,andtheirrideontheexpresselevatortothetopisablur.1.答案:他們形成自己的風(fēng)格,為了迅速走紅,其經(jīng)紀(jì)人極カ吹捧他們這種風(fēng)格,他們青云直上的過(guò)程讓人霧里看花。Thepublicsimplydiscountsstylesotherthanthoseforwhichtheartisthasbecomefamous.答案:公眾對(duì)于藝術(shù)家們籍以成名的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格以外的任何風(fēng)格形式完全不屑ー顧。VII.GW（GuidedWriting:命題作文一篇）（主觀題）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionon“WhatDoesFameBring?”accordingtotheChineseoutline,andyoumustuseatleast120words..許多人不擇手段追求成名的原因是……；.有人認(rèn)為名聲給人帶來(lái)更多麻煩;.我的看法。英文范文:WhatDoesFameBring?Generallyspeaking,"Fame"isanattractivethingpeoplechaseafter,becauseitalwaysbringswealth,admirationfromothersandhighsocialstatus.However,therearealsootherpeoplewhoholdanegativeviewtowardfameandIamoneofthelatter.Inmyopinion,fameisnotonlyaburden,butalsoatrap.Usuallypeoplegainfamebecausetheypossessasingletalentorskill:singing,painting,orwriting,etc.Thesepeopledevelopastylethatmakethemdistinctiveandgainpopularity.Inordertokeepthispopularity,theyhavetocontinueperforminginthesameway,sincethisiswhatthepublicwant.However,astimegoeson,thesingermaybecomeboredsingingthesamesongsinthesameway,orthepainterbecomesboredpaintingsimilarscenesorportraits,butthedemandofthepublicdoesn'tallowthemtomakechanges;iftheartistattemptstochangehisorherstyleofwritingordancingorsinging,thepublicmayabandonhimorher.Asaresult,theartistcan'tmakehisorherdecisionbuthastolivealifetheydon'twant.Thuschasingfameisjustlikeananimalchasingitsowntailandwhenhecapturesit,hedoesnotknowwhatelsetodobuttocontinuechasingit.Inoneword,fameismorelikeatrapthanablessingandIdon'twantitmyself.Two形成性練習(xí)I.RFDirections:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverapassagequicklyandreadtenstatementsafterit.Forstatements1-10,writeT(forTrue)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);F(forFalse)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);E(forNotgiven)ifthestatementisnotgivenintheaboveparagraph(s);(1)Letters:ObsoleteTechnology?Readers'complaintsthatouryoungpeoplearehelplesswhenthrownbackonobsoletetechnology,suchasthedialtelephoneandsimpleaddition,havearousedaprotest.Youmayrememberreadinghereaboutthefifth-gradepupilwhowantedtocallhomefromschoolbutdidn'tknowhowtousethedialphone,andtheicecreamparlorthathadtoclosebecausethecomputerizedcashregisterbrokedown.Thesestoriessuggestedthatyoungpeoplearealmostwhollydependentonstateofthearttechnology,andalsothatweolderpeoplearebecomingobsoleteoroutdatedalongwiththemachinesofourera.Perhapsitisthelatterthathurts.JohnA.Junotwantstoknowwhether,ifmycarbrokedown,Iwouldknowhowtorideahorse.Imightbewillingtotry.Buttheproblemis—wherecouldIrideone?JunotsuggeststhatIwouldeithergetthecarrepairedorreplaceit.Thatiswhattoday'syoungengineersdowhentheircomputersbreakdown,hepointsout.InthatrespectIamasdependentonmoderntechnologyastheyoung,Ihaveallowedmyselftobecomewhollydependentonmycomputer,andwhenitbreaksdownIamlikeamancastadriftatseainasmallboat.“Culturesdonotloseartsandskills,Junotargues."Theyabandonthem.Calculatingbyslideruleisinexactlythesameclassasarchery,blacksmithing,sailing,hand-weavinganddrawing.Totheextentthatthosethingsaredone,theyaredonebyhobbyists,historiansandculturalanthropologistsandarepreservedmainlybylibrarians.^^Junotpointsoutthatcertainancientskills,suchasarcheryandsailing,arethemselvesimprovedbymodemtechnology."RobinHoodprobablycouldn'tshootoneoftoday'sgraphite（石墨）/epoxy（環(huán)氧的）compoundbows.''Hesays:"Andsotothatfifth-graderwhodidn'tknowhowtodial-typephone,youimplythattheboywassomehowculturallydeprived,andthatitwould'comeinhandy'ifhelearned.''"Ifoiltoseehow.Rotary-dialphonesaregoingthewayofhigh-buttonshoes;theyareuncommonnowanddoomedtoextinctionsimplybecauseyoucan'ttalktocomputerswitharotary-typephone."Junotpointsoutthatthefirstcomputersarealreadyobsolete.Iknowwhathemeans.IboughtthefirstIBMPersonalComputeronthemarket.RecentlyIblewwhatisknownasthe“mothercard."Itwasreplacedbyamoreadvancedclonecardthatisnotperfectlycompatiblewithmymachine.Ihavehadlittlebutmiserywithiteversince.Junotsaysitwouldhavebeenimpossiblefortheicecreamclerkstogoondoingbusiness,makingtheircalculationsbyhand,whentheircomputerizedregisterfailed."Well,beforecashregisterswereinvented,businesswasdonethatway.Andemployeesstolebecauseitwaseasy.Cashregisterswereinventedpreciselytokeepemployeeshonest,andtoprotectthemfromchargesofdishonesty...""Furthermore,computerizedreceiptsareusedforcomputingsalestaxandtheprintoutsforpeoplebuyingonexpenseaccounts.Areyousuggestingthatthekidsgivethebusinessmanandthetaxmannumbersscribbledonthebacksofpapersacks?Themanagerwasprobablyonlyfollowingthecompanypolicywhenheclosedthestore.""Evidently,then,wehaveseentheendofmentalcalculations.Thosefast-foodcomputersevennotetheamountofmoneythecustomerpaysandalsotheexactamountofchangedue.Theclerkdoesn'tevenhavetofigureouthowmuchchangeisduefroma$10bill,nordoesthecustomer,sincehecanassumethatthecomputerdoesn'terr.”It'sOKwithme.Ineverwasanygoodatarithmetic,anyway,andI'mgladIhavelivedlongenoughtoseeitbecomeobsolete.Meanwhile,BarbaraJonesofSantaBarbarawondershowchildrencaneverlearnhowtotelltimewhenalltheyseearedigitalwatches.AndSallyWadewonders,4tHowwilltomorrow'sadult（today'schild）evermasterawrench（扳鉗），spigot（套管），tap,screw（螺絲）orthelikewhenthedirectionstellhim/hertoturnit'clockwise'or'counterclock-wise'inthisageofdigitalclocks?''Whywouldtomorrow'sadultseverhavetouseawrenchorascrewdriver（螺絲刀）？Anyway,Ithinkschoolroomclocksstillhavehands.IwillgivethelastwordtoBarbaraL.SigmanofSimiValley,"Icannotletyourarticleescapemewithoutatleastamurmurofprotest.The'young'arenotallabunchofmindless,althoughcharming,beautifulandhealthypeople,asyouimply.SomeofusreadShakespeare,Flaubert,andevenVoltaire!Betteryet,wecandialtelephonesandwecanmakechange.Andafewofusknowatinybitabouthistory,too.''Thankyou,Ms.Sigman.I'mgladtoknowthatallisnotlost.StatementsPeoplehavedifferentideasaboutthestatementthatouryoungpeoplearehelplesswhenthrownbackonobsoletetechnology.Olderpeoplearecomplainingabouttheyoungergeneration'sdependencyonmoderntechnologybecausetheyareunhappyaboutalsobecoming“has-beens”.Iftheauthor'scarbrokedown,hecouldrideahorse.AccordingtoJunot,today'syoungengineerswouldeithergettheircomputersrepairedorreplacewhentheircomputersbreakdown.JohnA.Junotasksthewriterwhetherhewouldbeabletorideahorseifhiscarbrokedowntoarguethatdialphoneshavenotbecomeobsolete.ThefirstIBMPersonalComputerboughtbytheauthorisobsolete.AccordingtoJunot,beforecashregisterswereinventedemployeesstoleveryeasily.Theclerkinthefast-foodrestaurantmustdomentalcalculationsbecausethecomputersometimesmakesamistake.Theauthorisgladtosaygoodbyetoarithmeticbecausehedoesn'texcelinit.Stateofthearttechnologylikedigitalclockswillcauseyoungpeopletobecomemindlessandunabletotellthetime.(Key:1-5TTFTF 6-10TTFTF)PassageOneEuropehasexperiencedenormousupheavals（動(dòng)蕩）duringthelastcentury.Wars,revolutions,separationsandelectionshavechangedthepoliticalmapofthecontinentcountlesstimes.Andwitheachchange,powerhasshifted,creatingnewwinnersandnewlosers.Butforonegroup-thegypsies-changehasalwaysmeantlosing.Witheachupheaval,thegypsieshavebeenleftworseoffthantheywerebefore.YettheyhavesurvivedtobecomeEurope'slargestminority.Moreover,theyhavesucceededinpreservingtheircultureandtheirwayoflifeinthefaceofgenocide（屠殺）,politicalpersecutionandpoverty.Inothercaseswhereminoritieshavesurvivedsimilarpersecutions——likeJewsduringWorldWarII,orBlacksinSouthAfrica-theircausehasreceivedinternationalsu