1、Note-taking in InterpretingNote-taking in Interpreting交替?zhèn)髯g：口譯短期記憶(short-term memory)、口譯筆記(note-taking)、口譯筆記閱讀（note-reading）、連續(xù)傳譯理解原則（principles of CI understanding）、言語類型分析(analysis of speech-type)、主題思想識別（identification of main ideas）、目的語信息重組(reconstruction)、數(shù)字傳譯技巧（interpreting figures）、口譯應對策略（coping

2、 tactics）、譯前準備技巧(preparation)、演說技巧（public speaking skills）、跨文化交際技巧（cross-cultural communication）、口譯職業(yè)準則（professional standards）等。交替?zhèn)髯g：口譯短期記憶(short-term memory)The importance of taking notes in interpreting Our short-term memory alone can not retain the amount of information the speaker gives in the

3、act of interpreting. We need to employ other means to help with our retaining and retrieval of information. Notes are an aid to enhance the work of understanding, analysis and re-expression, the three activities of consecutive interpreting.The importance of taking notesThe main use of notes is to re

4、lieve memory. Although an interpreter may have understood the main ideas of a speech, it is almost impossible for him/her to recall all the elements of a five-minute speech, particularly if it contains numbers, names, lists, since such elements cannot be recalled on the basis of analysis and logic.T

5、he main use of notes is to r筆記是高級口譯的關鍵。使用筆記，是為了補充大腦短期記憶和耐久力的不足，以保證譯文的精確度，并保證其不受講話人持續(xù)時間的影響。如果完全依賴記憶，又沒有異常的天賦，即使精力充沛的年青人，也不能勝任高級口譯對精確度和耐久力的要求。高級口譯員沒有不靠筆記的。但是，高級口譯使用的筆記與一般的概念，風馬牛不相及。筆記是高級口譯的關鍵。使用筆記，是為了補充大腦短期記憶和耐久請注意，每個人的記憶，思維，和反應都有各自的特點。沒有必要全部照搬別人的方法。最好用的筆記方式是你自己發(fā)展出來的，適合自己的系統(tǒng)。比如，筆記越簡單，記錄就越迅速。但筆記簡單了，對短期

6、記憶的要求就相對提高了。所以，筆記多少為最佳，因人而易，需要摸索出適合于自己的平衡。筆記各條要點相輔相成，也有一個掌握好平衡的問題，也不是絕對的，也需要你走出自己的路 請注意，每個人的記憶，思維，和反應都有各自的特點。沒有必要全口譯筆記要點1. 少寫多劃。劃線條比寫文字快。線條形象，相當于翻譯的半成品，有助譯員眼看筆記，口出譯文。兩種情況下應該盡量用線條：表示動作和動態(tài)的詞句。比如，以上升的斜線代表發(fā)展，增加，進步,進一步；以下降的斜線代表減少，下降，惡化等等。表示因果或前后關系的詞句。比如，用一條線代表因為/所以，之后，在之前，以體現(xiàn)出上下前后之間的關聯(lián)關系?？谧g筆記要點1. 少寫多劃。劃線

7、條比寫文字快。線條形象，相當2. 少字多意養(yǎng)成一個詞的筆記不超過一個字的習慣。中文里有大量的詞匯是由兩個，或兩個以上的字組成。只要看到其中一個，你的短期記憶就應該能夠補齊其余的字。不必多寫。比如，中國最多寫個中。北京最多寫個北。英文詞也同理處理。politics 最多寫poli，government最多寫gov，等等。另外，需要培養(yǎng)以筆記與記憶互動；看到一個字能說出幾個字，甚至一串詞的能力。在有上下文的情況下，這不難。比如，談中國的近況，聽到改革，開放記一個改字，不難從短期記憶中說出原文。聽到British Prime Minister Tony Blair，記PM，也同樣能說出原文。2. 少

8、字多意養(yǎng)成一個詞的筆記不超過一個字的習慣。中文里有大3. 少線多指。通用一小組線條/標記。否則在自己本來熟悉的中英文之外，又編出一套自己不熟悉的文碼使用，會導致需要想一想用哪個符號的情況，適得其反。 3. 少線多指。通用一小組線條/標記。否則在自己本來熟悉的中4. 少橫多豎。采取從上往下的階梯結構記錄，盡量少用通常書寫時的橫向記錄。階梯結構形象地體現(xiàn)出上下文的邏輯結構，簡化了譯員的思維過程，方便出譯文。4. 少橫多豎。采取從上往下的階梯結構記錄，盡量少用通常書寫5. 快速書寫。必須發(fā)展自己的漢字快速書寫系統(tǒng)?？谧g筆記完全是自己看，而且只需要幾分鐘之內能看懂就行。很多漢字筆劃減少后，并不影響確認

9、。我這里講的不是潦草，而是除了實際口譯經(jīng)常不得不潦草之外，花一些時間，把練習中或口譯工作中常用的字琢磨一下，看看可以怎樣減少筆劃，或理順筆劃，一筆成字。5. 快速書寫。必須發(fā)展自己的漢字快速書寫系統(tǒng)?？谧g筆記完全6. 明確結束?？谧g中，講話人說一段，停下來讓譯員譯一段，然后再繼續(xù)。這樣，上一段話和下一段話之間，必須有明確的界限。上一次的結束點，就成了下一次翻譯的開始點。其重要性在于，如果筆記是從本子的1/3處開始的，下一段話可能寫了2-3頁，翻回來口譯時，眼光無法確定這頁上面哪一條線，或符號是這次翻譯內容的開始點。所以需要標明 .6. 明確結束。口譯中，講話人說一段，停下來讓譯員譯一段，然所需

10、裝備最后，講一下所需裝備。建議你使用帶有活頁圈的筆記本。有活頁圈才能來回翻倒方便。筆記本大小以自己感覺舒服為準。所需裝備最后，講一下所需裝備。建議你使用帶有活頁圈的筆記本持筆記本的手勢。記完一頁，翻過去一頁。講話人收口后，一把抓地全部翻回來，落眼處正是這個段子的開頭。然后，譯一頁，翻過去一頁。這段譯完后，把翻過去的幾頁一把壓在手掌中。這等于是用手掌把已經(jīng)翻完的，和下一段的筆記清楚分開。這點很重要。否則，很容易出現(xiàn)講話人收口后，你來回翻找本段首頁的難堪局面。如果是坐在桌前，筆記本放在桌面上，也是記完一頁，翻過去一頁。也千萬不要忘記在講話人開口說下一段之前，把已經(jīng)翻完的筆記頁壓到筆記本下。持筆記本

11、的手勢。記完一頁，翻過去一頁。講話人收口后，一把抓地筆，建議用按壓式的。這樣，一手持本，另一手隨時都可以掏出筆來，一按就開始記。如果是旋轉開蓋的筆，則需要兩只手操作。如果筆套不緊的，還時不時要掉，很分心。長年慣帶兩支筆，免遭墨水用盡之難.筆，建議用按壓式的。這樣，一手持本，另一手隨時都可以掏出筆來邊聽，邊記。說來容易，很多學生往往是一聽就忘了記，一記就聽不懂。其實這是個根本問題，是一個英語聽眾與口譯的本質區(qū)別。平時我們所說的英語聽力只需要你自己聽懂理解就夠了，而這里你的角色是口譯，信息要真實完整地再現(xiàn)出來，而不是光在你自己頭腦中有所印象。這里給大家的建議是以后自己做聽力練習，特別是精聽練習的時

12、候，不能太舒服，要給自己壓力，逼著自己聽的時候要記而且聽完后要復述。在時間上要堅持每次連續(xù)記筆記5分鐘以上，否則在考試中會出現(xiàn)聽著聽著力不從心的情況。邊聽，邊記。說來容易，很多學生往往是一聽就忘了記，一記就聽不英語口譯過程可以分為聽辯理解、記錄原文和傳遞譯文三項智力活動，其中前兩項幾乎是同時進行的，因此要求譯員掌握一定的注意力分配能力（Split of Attention）。在學習中，學員要注意突破注意力分配的瓶頸，適應邊聽邊記的注意力分配模式。 英語口譯過程可以分為聽辯理解、記錄原文和傳遞譯文三項智力活動為了突破交替?zhèn)髯g時注意力分配的瓶頸，除了能夠熟練運用筆記技巧之外，還需要簡化筆記記錄時聽

13、辯理解的難度。觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)，交替?zhèn)髯g與同聲傳譯兩者在聽辯理解時的心理機制相似，都是在做聽力時，還要分配部分注意力去作筆記或者進行口譯。因此，英漢交替?zhèn)髯g聽力方法可以借用英漢同聲傳譯順句驅動法。同聲傳譯順句驅動法指以意群為單位、斷句后傳遞譯文的方法，即聽到一句英文中的部分內容可以提煉為具有獨立意思和完整結構的漢語時，不等整句話結束就可以先開口翻譯這個短句。該方法應用到交替?zhèn)髯g時，當聽到具有獨立意思的意群時就可以記錄，而不必等到聽懂整句英文的意思才記錄，這是以意群為單位進行聽力的方法。練習過程中，可以順句驅動法聽辯理解原文，同時用T型筆記法記錄，然后口譯或復述原文。最后，根據(jù)口譯或者復述的質量，決定是

14、否再按以上三個步驟重練一次。對于個別無法聽懂的句子或單詞，可以將該句中的每個單詞都寫下來，直到聽懂。教研實踐表明，用邊聽邊記的方法會給聽力訓練增加負荷，也給聽力練習的效果提供了檢驗標準，長期堅持該方法猶如綁著沙袋練習跑步，一旦卸下沙袋，必將一日千里。為了突破交替?zhèn)髯g時注意力分配的瓶頸，除了能夠熟練運用筆記技巧Language used in your notes: SL and TL Use whatever language that comes to your mindLanguage used in your notes: SUse as many symbols as you feel

15、 comfortable with + = Use as many symbols as you fee+ 還有,和,此外,而且,以及- 減少, 不會,沒有= 等于, 相當于 大過，超過，優(yōu)越于 少于，小于，比不上 減少，下降 增加，上升，上報 逐步增加 逐步下降，減少 向前發(fā)展 所以， 于是 因為，由于 正確， 同意，好 調換，對調，交流 錯誤，不行，沒有 停止， 國家 國內 國外! 注意，警惕？ 疑問，問題，試驗性 下劃線表示強調。+ 還有,和,此外,而且,以及- 減少, 不會,沒有= Use abbreviations“Prof” for “professor”, “dept” for

16、“department”, “std” for “standard”. “ref” for “reference”, “eg” for “for example”, “ie” for “that is”, “esp” for “especially”, “min” for “minimum”, “max” for “maximum”, and “usu” for “usually” cf for comparestd standard SH shanghaiUse abbreviationsGDP (gross domestic product), GNP (gross national pr

17、oduct), 5yr P (five year plan), SOE (state owned enterprise), FIE (foreign invested enterprise), JV (joint venture), SEZ (special economic zone), trd (trade), GDP (gross domestic product), invt (investment), respon (responsibility), memo (memorandum), demo (demonstration), Ad (advertisement), TQC (t

18、otal quality control全面質量管理), CI (corporate image企業(yè)形象), Attn (attention), dept (department), invt (investment), respon (resExch (exchange), coop (cooperation), prodc (production), ref (reference), info (information), IT indy (information industry), telcom (telecommunication), IDD (international direc

19、t dialing), R&D (research and development), CAD( computer assisted design), agrd(agreed). CEO(chief executive officer), Govt(government), FOB（free on board), CIF(cost, insurance, fright)。Exch (exchange), coop (coopera中文縮略語中國人民（中民），中國政府（chi,gov）, 美國人民（美人,A 人），物質文明和精神文明（物神）， 國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展指標（經(jīng)標），可持續(xù)發(fā)展（可持），改革開

20、放政策（改開），現(xiàn)代化（現(xiàn)H）， 國際化（國H），可行性（可X）。中文縮略語按我國有關規(guī)定國定 企業(yè)家企業(yè)j /企感到特別親切特親 特殊政策和靈活政策特靈 按我國有關規(guī)定國定 NPC（National Peoples Congress全國人民代表大會）, CPPCC（Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference中國政治協(xié)商會議）, COSCO（中國遠洋運輸公司）, GE（通用電器公司）, GM（通用汽車公司），UNESCO（聯(lián)合國教科文組織） EU(歐洲聯(lián)盟), OECD（經(jīng)濟合作發(fā)展組織）, APEC（亞太經(jīng)濟合作組織），ASEAN(東南

21、亞國家聯(lián)盟)NPC（National Peoples Congress口譯筆記法pp課件口譯筆記法pp課件口譯筆記法pp課件口譯筆記法pp課件 the - for f that -t from fr and & if .f are r is z he e be b or o you u to t your ur in n an a of v so s at me m all l they -y but bt this -s would (d there -r the - for Which (c has hs what (t had hd was (s have hv whom (m she

22、)e will (l shall )l when (n most m- can kn my m.go g new nw Which (c has hs some sm any an could kd first /- thing -, well (el think -nk say sa do d next nx lie l. until tl time t.m cannot knt send s+ more mo very vr easy ezsome sm any an / country and countryacc = account, accountantacdg = accordin

23、gacpt = acceptad = advertisementadm = administrationads = addressadv = adviceagr = agricultureagt = agentalt = altitude/ country and countrya.m. = ante meridiem = before noonAMAP = as much as possibleamb = ambassadoramt = amountanal = analysisB.A. = Bachelor of Artsbal = balanceB.C. = before Christb

24、d = boardbdl = bundlebk = bank; booka.m. = ante meridiem = before bkts = basketsB/L = bill of lading (提單)BLDG = buildingbp = birthplacebr = branch; brotherB.S. = Bachelor of Sciencebu = bureau C = capacity; century; chapter; centigrade; cost; city; centercal = calendar; caliber; caloriesbkts = baske

25、tscap = capital; captaincat = catalogcc = carbon copy (復印件；抄送)CEO = chief executive officercert = certificateCFM = confirmcncl = cancelcp. = comparecit = citizenciv = civil; civilizationcap = capital; captainclk = clerkcml = commercialco. = companyc/o = care of(轉交)col = college; colorcom = commentar

26、y; common; communication; communitycomm = commissioncomp = complete; computer; competitioncon = conclusion; againstcond = conditionclk = clerkcont. = continent; continuedcorp = corporationcust = customer; custom; customsDec = DecemberDec = Decemberdec = deceased; declarationdef = defender; defensede

27、g = degreedep = deposit DEPT = departmentdisc = discountdist = distance; distinguishdiv = divide; divorceddo. = ditto (同上）cont. = continent; continueddorm = dormitorydpt = departuredz = dozene = east; earth; engineeringecon = economics; economyed. = education; editore.g. = exempli gratia = for examp

28、leencl. = enclosed; enclosureesp. = especiallyetc. = et cetera = and so on ex. = example; exception; extraexp. = exportexpln = explainext = extend; extensionFAX = facsimileFeb. = Februaryfem = female; femininedorm = dormitoryff. = followingfig = figuresfin = finance; financialfl = fluidFLT = flightF

29、OB = free on board (船上交貨；離岸價格)for = foreign; forestryfp = freezing pointfr = frequentFri. = Fridayfrt = freight (貨物；貨運)ft = foot; feet (腳；英寸)fut = futureFYR = for your reference (僅供參考)g = gold; grain; guide; gender; gravityG.A. = General Assembly (聯(lián)合國大會)gen. = generallyff. = followinggent = gentlema

30、n; gentlemengm = gram; general managergov = governmentgs = general secretary (秘書長)h = harbor; hundred; husband; hydrogenhd = head (頭部；首腦) hf = halfHon = honorable; honoraryH.Q. = headquartershr = hourht = heighthypoth = hypothesis; hypotheticali.a. = in absence; absentib. = ibidem = in the same plac

31、eID = identity; identity cardi.e. = id est = that isimp = import; imperialgent = gentleman; gentlemenIMPS = impossibleIMPT = importantin. = inch; inchesind = industrial; independent indiv = individualinfo = informationins = insuranceinst. = instant; instituteint. = interior; interest (興趣；利息)I/O = in

32、stead ofIOU = I owe you (借據(jù))I.Q. = intelligence quotientIVO = in view of (鑒于，考慮到)is. = islandJ = judge; justicejour = journal; journalistjr. = junior (大學三年級學生; 年少的; 初級的)IMPS = impossiblekg = kilogram (千克；公斤)km = kilometer (公里) lat. = latitudelb. = pounds (磅；英鎊)L/C = letter of credit (信用證)leg = legal

33、lib = library; librarianliq = liquidlit = literaturelong. = longitudeM.A. = Master of Artsmach = machinerymag = magazineman. = manual; manufactureMar = Marchmath = mathematicsMDL = model (型號；模特) kg = kilogram (千克；公斤)Mdm = Madammed. = medicine; medicalmem = member; memoir (回憶錄)memo = memorandum (備忘錄)

34、mid = middlemin = minute; minimummkt. = marketmod = moderate; modernMon. = Mondaymph = mile per hour (每小時英里數(shù); 車速)Mr. = MisterMrs. = MistressMS = manuscripts (手稿)msg = message Mt = Mount; mountainmus = music; museumn = north; noon; name; normalMdm = Madamnat = national; native; naturaln.d. = no date

35、(無日期)NLT = not later than (不遲于)No. = numberNov. = Novembernr = nearobj = object; objectiveobs = obsolete (過時的); observeobt = obtainOct. = Octoberoff. = office; officialop. = opera; operation; opposite ord = ordinaryorg = organizationorig = originaloz. = ounce (盎司)p. = page; power; pressurenat = nati

36、onal; native; naturapara = paragraphpart = particular; partnerpass = passive; passengerPAT = patentpayt = paymentpc = piece; personal computerpd. = paid (錢款)已付perf = perform; performancePh.D. = Doctor of Philosophypk = park; peak (備注：pk這個符號大家可以根據(jù)時髦的用語來靈活拓展其含義) pkg = packagePLS = pleasep.m. = post me

37、ridiem = wafternoonPOB = post-office boxpop = popular; populationpr. = pair; preferredprec = precedingpara = paragraphprim = primary; primitiveprin. = principlepro = productProf. = professorpub. = public; publishqr. = quarterqt. = quantityqua = quality r. = radius; railroad; retiredrcd = receivedrcp

38、t = receiptRd = roadre = about (關于)reg = register; regionrep = representativerev = revise; reverse; revenueriv = riverprim = primary; primitiverm. = roomrpt = report; repeatSat. = Saturdaysch = schoolsci = sciencesec = second; section; sector sig. = signal; signaturesitn = situationsp. = species (物種

39、); specimen (標本)sq. = squareSTD = standardSun. = Sundaysurg = surgery; surgeontech = technologytel. = telephonetemp = temporary; temperatureThur. = Thursdayrm. = roomTKS = thankstrans = transaction; translationtrf = trafficttl = total Tu. = TuesdayT.U. = Trade Union (英)工會ult = ultimate UN = United N

40、ationsuniv = universityup = upperusu. = usuallyvil = villageV.P. = Vice Presidentvs. = versusv.v. = vice versa (反之亦然)wel = welcome; welfareXL = extra large (特大號)TKS = thanksNote-taking: What to noteNote down the main ideas.Systematically note down the links between different ideas.Note down the poin

41、t of view being expressed.Pay attention to verb tenses, conditional forms, and modal verbs.Note down accurately the numbers, dates and proper names.Note-taking: What to noteNote .筆記的原則 1. 口譯為主，筆記為輔。譯者應以聽看講者，全面地吸收訊息、組成口譯訊息為工作主體，筆記只是輔助的作用，不宜舍本逐末。 2. 筆記應呈現(xiàn)訊息的概念與結構。無論用圖標或文字與符號，都應將之組成完整的訊息概念或組織結構。 .筆記的原則 1. 口譯為主，筆記為輔。譯者應以聽看講者，3. 記下密度與難度高的訊息。訊息負荷過量且不易記住的內容（如數(shù)字、專有名詞），一定要做筆記。 4. 筆記的內容與符號，以多重利用為原則。任何已記下的筆記內容