1、 三、產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評(píng)估（LCA) ISO的定義是：對(duì)某產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)全生命周期的輸入、輸出和潛在環(huán)境、能源、經(jīng)濟(jì)影響進(jìn)行評(píng)估的過程。 An evaluation process of input/output and environment, energy and economy impact within total product life cycle. 1、生命周期評(píng)估內(nèi)容與標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 生命周期評(píng)價(jià)起源于企業(yè)內(nèi)部 LCA的最初應(yīng)用可追溯到1969年美國可口可樂公司對(duì)不同飲料容器的資源消耗和環(huán)境釋放所作的特征分析。 一些國際著名的跨國企業(yè)，如HP、IBM、AT&T、德國西門子公司等，一方面開展生命

2、周期評(píng)價(jià)方法的研究，另一方面積極對(duì)其產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行生命周期評(píng)價(jià)。1990年由“國際環(huán)境毒理學(xué)與化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì) (SETAC)”首次主持召開了有關(guān)生命周期評(píng)價(jià)的國際研討會(huì)。在該會(huì)議上首次提出了“生命周期評(píng)價(jià)”的概念。生命周期概念的正式提出LCA的工作內(nèi)容與程序定義目標(biāo)與邊界條件建立系統(tǒng)模型編制清單作系統(tǒng)總量計(jì)算三方面（3E)進(jìn)行影響評(píng)估環(huán)境（Environmental)能源（Energy)經(jīng)濟(jì)（Economic)分析與決策敏感度分析3E綜合分析決策ISO14000管理性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO14000是ISO推出的第二個(gè)管理性系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)環(huán)境管理系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，目前有成員國80個(gè)。中國也是成員國之一。 ISO14000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主

3、要組成The Main Components of ISO14000 Series ISO14000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基本組成 ISO14000是一個(gè)環(huán)境管理系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，共有100個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)，其主要組成如下： ISO1400, the mail component of ISO1400 series, is the series standard of environmental management, including 100 standards, and the main ones are: ISO14001ISO14009 環(huán)境管理體系 EMS (Environmental Management

4、System ) SO14010ISO14019 環(huán)境審核 EA (Environmental Auditing) ISO14020ISO14029 環(huán)境標(biāo)志 EL (Environmental Label) ISO14030ISO14039 環(huán)境行為評(píng)價(jià) EPE (Environmental Practice Evaluation) ISO14040ISO14049 生命周期評(píng)估 LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) ISO14050ISO14059 術(shù)語和定義 T&D (Term & Definition) ISO14060 產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的環(huán)境因素 EAPS (Enviro

5、nmental factor of Product Standard) ISO14061ISO14100 預(yù)留號(hào) (For Reserving)ISO14000在中國的推行 The Development of ISO14000 In China1996 初 成立國家環(huán)保局環(huán)境管理體系審核中心Early 1996 Established the Auditing Center of Environmental Management System in State Environmental Protection Administration1997.5.27 國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)成立“中國環(huán)境管理體系認(rèn)

6、證指導(dǎo) 委員會(huì)”。由國家環(huán)保局任主任 May 27th 1997 the State Department authorized “Chinese environmental management system authentication instruction committee”, which is in the change of the State Environmental Protection Administration.1997.8.28 中國環(huán)境管理體系認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)可委員會(huì)（認(rèn)可委）28/08/1997 Chinese environmental management sys

7、tem authentication instruction committee (AC)1997.8.29 中國認(rèn)證人員國家注冊(cè)委員會(huì)環(huán)境管理專業(yè)委員會(huì)（注冊(cè)委）29/08/1997 Chinese national registration committee special for the environmental management (RC)國家環(huán)保局環(huán)境管理體系審核中心（認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)）the Auditing Center of Environmental Management System in State Environmental Protection Administrati

8、on (AC)北京環(huán)環(huán)境管理與工程咨詢中心（咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)）Beijing environmental management and engineering consulting center (CC)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào) Standard中文名稱 Chinese Name (Environmental management system-EMS)采用的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Adopted International StandardGB/T 24001-1996環(huán)境管理體系 規(guī)范及使用指南 Guide to the using of EMSISO 14001:1996GB/T 24004-1996環(huán)境管理體系 原則、體系和

9、支持技術(shù)通用指南 Current guide to the principle, technique supporting of EMSISO 14004:1996GB/T 24020-2000環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境標(biāo)注和聲明 通用原則 Current principle of EMS, Environmental Label and technique supporting ISO 14020:1998(第1版)GB/T 24021-2001環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境標(biāo)注和聲明 自我環(huán)境聲明（II型環(huán)境標(biāo)志）Self-declaration of environment, EMS and Environment

10、al Label II ISO 14021:1999GB/T 24024-2001環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境標(biāo)注和聲明 I型環(huán)境標(biāo)志 原則和程序 Principle and procedure of EMS, Environmental Label I and Declaration GB/T 24031-2001環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià) 指南 Guide to the evaluation of EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14031:1999GB/T 24040-1999環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià) 原則與框架 Principle and frame of evaluati

11、on to EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14040:1997GB/T 24041-2000環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià) 目的與范圍的確定和清單分析 Objective, range and list analysis to EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14041:1998(第1版)GB/T 24042-2002環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià) 生命周期影響評(píng)價(jià) Life Cycle Estimation of EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14042:2000GB/T 24043-2002環(huán)境管理 環(huán)境表

12、現(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià) 生命周期解釋 Life Cycle Explanation of EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14043:2000GB/T 24050-2000環(huán)境管理 術(shù)語 Terms of EMSISO 14050:1998(第1版)中國發(fā)布的環(huán)境管理國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及對(duì)應(yīng)的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)The Chinese National Environmental Management Standard and the Corresponding International Standard 中國全生命周期的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Chinese Standard of Life Cycle 國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組

13、織頒布的ISO14040標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系列對(duì)LCA方法的原則、框架和實(shí)施方法作出了規(guī)定。 The International Standard Organization issued ISO14040 to regulate the principle, frame and implement method of LCA GB/T 24040-1999ISO14040環(huán)境管理-生命周期評(píng)估-原則與框架;ISO14040 Environmental Management-LCA-Principle and frameISO 14040:1997GB/T 24041-2000ISO14041環(huán)境管理-生命周

14、期評(píng)估-目標(biāo)和范圍界定;ISO14041 Environmental Management-LCA-Objective and range definitionISO 14041:1998(第1版)GB/T 24042-2002ISO14042環(huán)境管理-生命周期評(píng)估-影響評(píng)價(jià)；ISO14042 Environmental-Management-LCA-Evaluation of the influenceISO 14042:2000GB/T 24043-2002ISO14043環(huán)境管理-生命周期評(píng)估-解釋;ISO1404 Environmental Management-LCA-Explana

15、tionISO 14043:20002、中國生命周期評(píng)估應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀the present application status of LCA in China 目前中國在以下幾個(gè)領(lǐng)域開展全生命周期的研究： the LCA research is mainly conducted in the following areas 1、 鋼鐵領(lǐng)域 the Steel Industry 2、 汽車領(lǐng)域 the Automobile Industry 3、 化工領(lǐng)域 the Chemical Industry 4、 機(jī)電設(shè)備領(lǐng)域 the Electromechanical Industry 評(píng)估內(nèi)容包括環(huán)境

16、影響、能源和資源消耗。 the content of assessment includes the environmental factor, consumption of energy and resource. 廣西木薯乙醇車用燃料發(fā)展計(jì)劃全生命周期評(píng)估案例the case of LCA to a research plan in Guangxi, which is aimed to get ethanol from distilling the cassava and then develop a fuel for automobile substitute for gasoline

17、上海交通大學(xué)與廣西壯族自治區(qū)政府合作為廣西地方政府所作的產(chǎn)業(yè)計(jì)劃決策分析 Decision-making Analysis of the Industrial Plan via the cooperation of SJTU and the Government of Guangxi Chuang Autonomy 案例一Project one生物質(zhì)乙醇車用燃料發(fā)展的背景The development background of ethanol as vehicle fuel化石能源枯竭 Exhaustion of Fossil Energy 全球石油儲(chǔ)量?jī)H夠人類繼續(xù)使用40年, 急需發(fā)展可再

18、生能源 The global oil reservation will be exhausted in 40 years, so it is a urgent mission to develop the renewable energy MTBE將禁止使用，乙醇是最好的替代品Since MTBE will be forbidden, ethanol becomes the best renewable energy E10將是下一步標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車用汽油 E10 will be tomorrows standard automobile fuel 國家開始了E10的區(qū)域性試點(diǎn) the state go

19、vernment has put the new fuel into practice in some regions: 最初是河南、黑龍江; 現(xiàn)已推廣到黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、河南、安徽5省以及湖北、山東、江蘇、河北四個(gè)省的部分城市 firstly in Henan and Heilongjiang province, now the practice region has developed into a great area including: Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Heilongjiang and Anhui province and other cities

20、in Hubei, Shandong, Jiangsu province.GuangXI locates in south China全區(qū)屬喀斯特地形Beautiful sceneryPoor soil廣西壯族自治區(qū)Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNear 1/5 land is karst landform in Guangxi廣西位于中國南方Case study 1： Life Cycle Assessment of Cassava Ethanol Fuel Automobile案例1：木薯乙醇燃料汽車生命周期評(píng)估土地貧瘠風(fēng)景優(yōu)美大部分土地不宜種糧食，但適宜

21、種木薯Most of the soil is not suitable for rice plant, however it is wonderful for the growing of cassava廣西木薯種植區(qū)域The cassava areas in Guangxi territory 木薯：一種生長在淺表土壤層的塊莖植物 Cassava: one kind of tuber plant which grows in the surface soil木薯：過去苦難的象征； 今后致富的財(cái)源。木薯富含淀粉，是制造乙醇的好原料；cassava is rich in starch, whic

22、h is good material to produce ethanol 過去制造酒精為了醫(yī)用，市場(chǎng)很小，農(nóng)民無法以此為生；ethanol is only for medical use in the past, the market is very limited, the farmer are not able make living from cassava.酒精進(jìn)入車用燃料市場(chǎng)，提供了巨大的市場(chǎng)空間；Since ethanol was treated as a fuel, a huge market had appeared. 木薯不與人、畜爭(zhēng)奪糧食和飼料，與小麥、玉米為原料的酒精相

23、比，具有強(qiáng)大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。Since cassava has no common needs with human or domestic animal for living, it is a better choice to produce ethanol than wheat and maize .Cassava: the symbolization of poor in the past; the cash tree in the future.發(fā)展木薯乙醇車用燃料，使廣西農(nóng)民脫貧致富Making money from developing the cassava ethanol indus

24、try 廣西政府的戰(zhàn)略項(xiàng)目Guangxi government stratagem program估計(jì)：Estimation使400萬畝土地得到應(yīng)用，促進(jìn)GDP的增長，增加地方政府的財(cái)政收入；Make use of 26.666 million hectare poor soil, promote the GDP, and increase the local government revenue;使約150萬農(nóng)民有物可種，脫貧致富 Make sure 150 million farmers have suitable crop to plant, and help them eliminat

25、e poverty.解決約5000人的就業(yè)問題 Providing jobs to 5000 unemployed citizens.木薯的種植與收獲 growing and harvest of cassava木薯的運(yùn)輸 transportation of cassava木薯酒精生產(chǎn) producing of cassava ethanol 酒精的運(yùn)輸 transportation of ethanol 酒精與汽油或柴油的混合 mixture of ethanol, gasoline and diesel 酒精燃料的分配 allocation of ethanol fuel 木薯酒精燃料全生

26、命周期評(píng)估LCA of cassava-ethanol fuel資源需求Resource demanding能源消耗 energy consumption環(huán)境污染 environment pollution3ELCA的第一步 定義、建模the first step of LCA: Definition, modeling 1）定義目標(biāo) Set Objective 以廣西生產(chǎn)的木薯為原料，生產(chǎn)車用燃料乙醇（99.5），混配成E10汽油，供中國汽車使用。 Produce the ethanol fuel (99.5%) for vehicle from the cassava, then mix

27、it with traditional fuel to provide energy for automobile.2 ）建立模型 modeling method肥料、除草劑、殺蟲劑的生產(chǎn)produce of fertilizer, herbicide, insecticide肥料、除草劑、殺蟲劑的運(yùn)輸transportation of fertilizer, herbicide. insecticide木薯的種植Cassava grow 木薯的運(yùn)輸 cassava transport 酒精的生產(chǎn) ethanol produce酒精的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存 transport and storage of

28、 ethanol酒精和汽油的混合 mixture of ethanol and gasoline酒精和汽油的燃燒 burning of ethanol and gasoline石油的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存 transport and storage of oil石油的開采 oil exploit石油的精煉 distill of oil汽油的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存 transport and storage of gasoline燃料準(zhǔn)備Fuel preparation manufacture of car 汽車制造汽 車 行 駛 car driving汽車維修 car repair 汽車報(bào)廢 car discard

29、環(huán)境模型的主要假設(shè)The mail assumptions of environment model忽略混合過程的排放 ignore the discharge during the mixing process只計(jì)算木薯皮中的氫氰酸和丹寧酸 only count the hydrocyanic and tannin乙醇生產(chǎn)中的固體廢物完全處理為DDGS和肥料 the solid wastes are completely turned into DDGS and fertilizer火車機(jī)車和卡車的燃料為柴油 the fuel of locomotives and trucks is die

30、sel 能量模型的主要假設(shè)The mail assumptions of energy model包含從種植地到車輛使用燃料周期的能量消耗 including the whole cycle from land plant to the vehicle fuel忽略原料階段的能量消耗 ignoring the energy waste during the raw material period 包含后處理階段產(chǎn)生的沼氣 including the marsh gas in the post-processing stage成本模型的主要假設(shè)The mail assumptions of co

31、st model包含發(fā)酵階段產(chǎn)生的CO2 和后處理階段產(chǎn)生的DDGS飼料和肥料。Including the CO2, the DDGS and fertilizer which is produced in the post-processing period和雜醇油及后處理階段產(chǎn)生的沼氣，盡管它們有利潤收益。Although we can make profit from the fusel oil and marsh gas, we mix them together3）定義邊界條件 definition of boundary condition以年產(chǎn)10萬噸燃料乙醇廠為評(píng)估單元；set

32、 the factory whose output is more than 100 thousand tons as an evaluation unit從木薯種植起，到E10燃料在車輛發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中燃燒后從尾氣中排出為該產(chǎn)品全生命周期；the product life cycle is from land plant to E10 vehicle fuel to the after burning discharge所有輸入均考慮附帶的環(huán)境、能源與經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，即間接排放污染與間接能耗；all inputs are taken into account with environmental, ene

33、rgy and financial factors, which are indirect pollution and consumption 車輛工況：100,000公里，達(dá)到歐I標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Working condition of vehicle: 1000,000 Km, reach European I standard以合理的技術(shù)環(huán)境為依據(jù)。 reasonable basis of the technical environmentLCA的第二步 清單設(shè)計(jì)與總量計(jì)算the second step of LCA: List designing and gross calculation生物質(zhì)

34、E10燃料的LCA-3E清單設(shè)計(jì) The LCA-3E list designing of E10“Fishbone” Sketch1）建立環(huán)境影響計(jì)算清單Design the calculating list of environmental impacts2 ）建立能源影響計(jì)算清單Design the calculating list of energy influence3 ）建立成本計(jì)算清單 Design the calculation list of cost4 ）進(jìn)行總量計(jì)算 total calculation本項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù)來源：the source of this project直接

35、采集：實(shí)地調(diào)查的單位包括黑龍江華潤金玉公司、黑龍江省發(fā)改委；河南天冠集團(tuán)、河南省農(nóng)業(yè)廳；廣西天昌投資公司、廣西桂孚科技投資公司、廣西三西農(nóng)場(chǎng)、廣西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院、廣西熱帶植物研究所。 Directly collection: the investigation objects including: Huarun Gold Jade company, Heilongjiang development and innovation committee, Henan Tianguang Group, Henan agriculture office, Guangxi Tianchang Invest

36、 Company, Guangxi Guifu Technical Invest Company, Guangxi Sanxi farm, Guangxi Agricultural Institute of Technology and Guangxi Tropic Plant Research Center. 相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫：如美國阿崗實(shí)驗(yàn)室GREET模型，歐盟Biofit 模型等； Related database: e.g. the U.S. GREET model in AGAN Laboratory, EU Biofit model公開發(fā)表的研究成果：如論文、會(huì)議報(bào)告等； Publish

37、ed Research Achievement: papers, conference reports etc.公開出版物：如年鑒、專業(yè)書刊等 Published books: such as annuals and professional booksLCA的第三步 3E評(píng)估the third step of LCA: 3E evaluation1 ）環(huán)境影響評(píng)估 evaluation environment impacts結(jié)論：多數(shù)指標(biāo)與汽油的排放持平，CO, SOx, 與GHGs排放優(yōu)于汽油。Result: most of the discharging index are simila

38、r to gasoline, while CO, SOx and GHGs are less than those of gasoline燃料乙醇生命周期排放Life cycle discharge of ethanol fuel 與同能量汽油相比，燃料乙醇的NOx與SOx兩項(xiàng)排放明顯高于汽油。從清單中發(fā)現(xiàn)，它們來自種植過程化肥生產(chǎn)與發(fā)酵過程煤的燃燒。 When getting the equivalent energy, ethanol will discharge more NOx and SOx than gasoline. From the list we get to know th

39、at those waste gas come from the fertilizer producing and cassava ferment which need plenty of coal to sustain a high temperature. 2 ）能源影響評(píng)估 evaluation of energy impact燃料乙醇的能量輸入/輸出比：生產(chǎn)出具有1千焦耳能量的乙醇，需要X千焦耳的能量Energy input/output of ethanol: demanding of energy (X J) for 1,000 J ethanol energy 木薯乙醇（廣西）C

40、assava ethanol (Guangxi)小麥乙醇（河南）Wheat ethanol (Henan)玉米乙醇（美國）Maize ethanol (US)蔗糖乙醇（巴西）Cane sugarEthanol(Brazil)汽油GasolineX0.630.80.60.40.2結(jié)論：Result從木薯乙醇中得到1千焦耳的能量必須消耗0.63千焦耳的能量。 0.63 KJ energy should be consumed to produce 1KJ energy from cassava ethanol木薯乙醇是燃料但不是能源。 the cassava ethanol is just fue

41、l not energy source每噸乙醇的凈能量YThe net output energy for 1 ton ethanol YY=噸乙醇所含能量生產(chǎn)一噸乙醇所消耗能量Y=the energy of 1 ton ethanol-the energy cost乙醇在我國不是能與汽油相比的能源In China, there is no possible for ethanol to share the fuel market with gasoline.木薯乙醇Cassava ethanol小麥乙醇Wheat ethanol玉米乙醇Maize ethanol汽油gasolineY=（MJ

42、/噸乙醇）13,11210,29912,54328,3243 ）經(jīng)濟(jì)影響評(píng)估evaluation of economy influence 一個(gè)10萬噸乙醇生產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目：a 100,000 tons ethanol production project 可以將30萬畝土地得到使用； Make use of 1.999 million hectare poor soil農(nóng)民可收入9473萬元，取代原扶貧款8578萬元；farmers get 94,730,000 RMB income, replace the former 85,780,000 RMB which is fund for pover

43、ty alleviation by the government可安置300個(gè)工業(yè)就業(yè)崗位； bring about 300 industrial working position 乙醇廠，運(yùn)輸分配系統(tǒng)均具明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益；ethanol factory and transportation distribution system gain obvious financial benefit 政府在全過程可得稅收8,362 萬元 ；increase government revenue by 8,362,000 RMB廣西地方GDP增長 19,023萬元; enhance the regiona

44、l GDP by 19,023,000 RMB 但是，由于乙醇價(jià)格高于汽油，熱能低于汽油，車主又不愿支付E10與汽油間的差價(jià)，政府必須補(bǔ)貼16,667萬元，抵去稅收，政府地方財(cái)政實(shí)際補(bǔ)貼8,035萬元 。However, the price of ethanol is higher than gasoline, energy release is less than gasoline, and vehicle holder are not willing to pay for the price difference, so the government has to give 16,667,

45、000 RMB subsidies, subtract 8,362,000 the government actually give out 8,035,000 RMB結(jié)論：Result木薯乙醇項(xiàng)目可以推動(dòng)廣西GDP的增長。Cassava could stimulate the GDP progress of Guangxi.但是政府必須給予補(bǔ)貼。However, the government should give subsidies. LCA的第四步 分析、決策the forth step of LCA: analysis and decision-making 1）敏感度分析 sensi

46、tivity analysis 研究可變因素對(duì)結(jié)論的影響程度，為綜合分析準(zhǔn)備依據(jù) analyze the variable factors influence degree to the result, as the basis for comprehensive analysis將一些不敏感的可變因素從思維中剔除 eliminate the insensitive variable factors from mind 對(duì)評(píng)估結(jié)果造成重要影響的因素不一定是敏感因素 insensitive factor may cause deep influence 找出重要、又敏感的因素 find out

47、the important (deep influence) and sensitive factor環(huán)境敏感因素分析 analysis of environment sensitivity factor煤是影響VOC, CO, NOX, PM10和SOX排放的關(guān)鍵因素 Coal is the main source of VOC, CO, NOX, PM10 and SOX木薯種植是影響溫室氣體排放的關(guān)鍵因素 cassava grow is the main influence factor of green-house gas emission 化學(xué)品是影響所有排放的另一個(gè)主要因素 che

48、mical is another main factor of all emissions 結(jié)論：result主要排放來自于煤的燃燒和木薯的種植。The main gas emission comes from the coal combustion and cassava growX:石油價(jià)格（美元/桶）X: price of oil (buck/bucket) P(x):汽油價(jià)格（元/升） gasoline price (RMB/L)C1,2,3(x): 小麥、玉米、木薯乙醇價(jià)格（元/升） price of wheat, maize and cassava ethanol (RMB/L)結(jié)

49、論：補(bǔ)償?shù)闹饕蚴鞘蛢r(jià)格的影響Result: the main reason of subsidies is the impact current price of gasoline木薯原料成本過高 the price of cassava is too high乙醇價(jià)格高于同熱能汽油Ethanol is more expensive than gasoline providing the same energy經(jīng)濟(jì)敏感因素分析 analysis of economic sensitivity factor木薯種植過程 the process of cassava grow1.383101

50、4J木薯處理過程 the process of cassava treatment 6.7841011J生產(chǎn)乙醇過程 the process of ethanol producing1.3991015J乙醇變性過程 the properties changing process of ethanol 8.2451012J加油過程 refuel process9.4251011J運(yùn)輸過程 transport process4.2391013J 總計(jì) total1.5901015J能量消耗總計(jì)表 total energy consumption Table能量敏感因素分析 analysis of

51、the energy sensitivity factor 結(jié)論：主要能量消耗是生產(chǎn)乙醇過程。Result: the ethanol producing process consumes the most energy2 ）結(jié)論 RESULT乙醇是燃料，不是能源；ethanol is fuel, not energy source;按現(xiàn)有技術(shù)水平廣西的木薯資源如果全部用來發(fā)展燃料乙醇，最大潛力每年約為500萬噸；the greatest potential cassava ethanol production is about 5,000,000 tons, according to toda

52、ys technological level 乙醇燃料帶有很大的地域性，其最大范圍取決于原料運(yùn)輸成本的極限半徑； the ethanol is a regional fuel, which depends on the maximum radius of material transport cost E10燃料的使用，可降低汽車對(duì)城市環(huán)境污染，但對(duì)整個(gè)人類環(huán)境帶來NOx及SO2的嚴(yán)重污染；E10 will reduce vehicle from polluting the city area, while cause drastic pollution of NOxSO2 to the gl

53、obal environment廣西發(fā)展乙醇燃料工業(yè)，能為地區(qū)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來明顯的效益；Guangxi province could galvanize the cassava ethanol to enhance the citizens living condition and stimulate the regional economy 為推行乙醇燃料的應(yīng)用，政府必須在E10燃料與汽油差價(jià)上，給予補(bǔ)貼；to encourage the application of ethanol fuel, government should give subsidies to meat the p

54、rice differences between ethanol and gasoline和玉米、陳化糧相比，木薯乙醇具有最好的綜合效益。Cassava has the best overall efficiency comparing to maize and old rice結(jié)論：發(fā)展乙醇燃料對(duì)廣西政府來說是可行的。Result: Develop the cassava ethanol is feasible to Guangxi government 3）決策 decision making建議走農(nóng)工一體化道路，降低木薯原料的成本，從而減少政府計(jì)劃的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性；encourage farme

55、rs to follow the agro-industrial road, cut the cost of cassava material, thus reducing the risk of the governments plan 建議充分發(fā)揮廣西水電資源豐富的優(yōu)勢(shì)，采用電熱鍋爐生產(chǎn)蒸汽用于發(fā)酵；同時(shí)增加復(fù)合肥、減少氮肥的使用，從而減少全生命周期的排放污染；Guangxi has rich hydropower resources, using electric boilers for steam production fermentation at the same time inc

56、reasing composite fertilizer and reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizer, thus reducing the total life cycle emissions pollution 世界石油價(jià)格在相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間里，將保持上漲的態(tài)勢(shì)，因此，是發(fā)展乙醇燃料的良好時(shí)機(jī)； in a long future, the world oil prices will maintain a rising trend, therefore, is a good time to develop fuel ethanol制定新的木薯收購、乙醇生產(chǎn)、

57、E10燃料稅收政策，大力扶持木薯乙醇燃料的生產(chǎn)；enact a new cassava purchase, the production of ethanol, E10 fuel tax policy, and vigorously support cassava ethanol fuel production;加大科技投入，開發(fā)木薯高產(chǎn)良種與低溫發(fā)酵技術(shù)。Put more technological skill in to cassava ethanol production, research a new high yielding variety of cassava and low t

58、emperature fermentation technology研究目標(biāo)：objective 對(duì)電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行環(huán)境影響分析，并和燃油助動(dòng)車系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行比較。 Conduct an environmental impact analysis of the electric bicycle system, compare it with the motorcycle power system燃油助動(dòng)車 motorcycle 電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車 electric bicycle案例二 project 2福特中國電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車計(jì)劃全生命周期評(píng)估LCA of Ford electric bicycle plan

59、 in china 隨著人民生活水平的提高，自行車已不能滿足人們出行的要求，但轎車一時(shí)還不能進(jìn)入家庭，因此助動(dòng)車是人們最好的選擇。With the improvement of living standards, a bike has been unable to meet the requirements of the people, but its too early for car entering the family, electric bicycle is the best choice for people. 上海市有600,000輛燃油摩托車，造成城市大量的空氣污染，上海市政府

60、計(jì)劃用電動(dòng)自行車替代燃油摩托車。There are 600,000 motorcycles in Shanghai which cause a lot of urban air pollution, to change this condition, the metropolis government decide to replace motorcycle with electric bicycle which is clean.兩輪動(dòng)力車輛是發(fā)展中國家重要的私人交通工具，福特有意進(jìn)入這一市場(chǎng)。Two wheel transport tools play the main role in p