冶金教程3表面處理課件_第1頁
冶金教程3表面處理課件_第2頁
冶金教程3表面處理課件_第3頁
冶金教程3表面處理課件_第4頁
冶金教程3表面處理課件_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩33頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

1、Course of Metallurgy 冶金教程 Part 2 Heat Treatments and Surface Treatments 第二部分 熱處理與表面處理A. MantiniQuality 2 Wheels06/08/20221INDEX 索引 1 Heat treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理 - Annealing 退火 - Normalizing 正火 - Quenching 淬火 - Tempering 回火 - Stress Relieving 應(yīng)力消除 2 Surface Thermo Chemical Treatments of steels 鋼的

2、表面熱-化學(xué)處理 - Case Hardening 表面硬化 - Nitriding 滲氮 3 - Protection Surface Treatments of steels 鋼的表面保護(hù)處理 - Phosphating 磷化 - Zinc Plating (Galvanizing) and Dacromet 鍍鋅與 Dacromet - Chrome Plating 鍍鉻06/08/20222Heat Treatment of Steels 鋼的熱處理1 - ANNEALING 退火 Ferrite and Pearlite (globular) 鐵素體與珠光體(球狀)2 - NORMA

3、LIZING 正火 Ferrite and Pearlite (lamellar) 鐵素體與珠光體(薄片狀) 3 QUENCHING (Hardening) 淬火(淬水) Martensite, Bainite 馬氏體,貝氏體4 - TEMPERING 回火 Tempering Martensite (Sorbite) 馬氏體回火(富氮碳鈦礦)5 STRESS RELIEVING 消除應(yīng)力 Martensite 馬氏體6 SURFACE HARDENING (Quenching + Tempering + Surface Quenching + Stress Relieving) 表面硬化(淬

4、火+回火+表面淬火+消除應(yīng)力)7 DIFFUSION THERMO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS (Case Hardening, Nitriding) 滲透熱-化學(xué)處理(表面硬化與滲氮)06/08/20223Heat Treatment of Steels 鋼的熱處理TimeTemperature C 溫度AC3AC1ga + gaNormalizing正火Quenching淬火MSTempering 回火Annealing退火Stress Relieving消除應(yīng)力06/08/20224Heat Treatments of Steels鋼的熱處理TimeTemperature C

5、AC3AC1ga + gaMSMFQuenching + Tempering 淬火+回火06/08/20225Heat Treatments of Steels 鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4 鋼38NiCrMo4 Workmanship annealing: 工藝退火-austenitizing 850C for 1 hour, furnace cooling.奧氏體化 850 C 一個小時,爐冷Microstructure: Ferrite -Pearlite with globular pearlite 顯微組織:鐵素體-球狀珠光體Brinell Hardness HB = 1

6、80布氏硬度 HB=180Ultimate Strength R = 635 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度 R = 635 N/mm2 06/08/20226Heat Treatments of Steels 鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Normalized: austenitizing 860C for 30, air cooling (out of furnace)正火:奧氏體化 860 C 30分鐘,空冷(在爐外)Microstructure: Ferrite - Pearlite with lamellar pearlite.顯微組織:鐵素體-薄片狀珠光體。Rockwell Har

7、dness HRC = 20洛氏硬度 HRC = 20Ultimate Strength R = 770 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度 R = 770 N/mm2Yield Strength RS= 600 N/mm2A5 = 20% 屈服強(qiáng)度 RS= 600 N/mm2A5 = 20%Toughness KCU = 200 Joules韌性/剛性 KCU = 200 Joules06/08/20227Heat Treatment of Steels 鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C for 30, oil cooling淬火:奧氏體化

8、860 C 30分鐘,油冷Microstructure: Acicular Martensite.顯微組織:針狀奧氏體Rockwell Hardness HRC = 55洛氏硬度 HRC = 55Ultimate strength R = 1980 N/mm2極限強(qiáng)度 R = 1980 N/mm2Yield strength RS = N.D.A% = N.D 屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = N.D.A% = N.DKCU = N.D.06/08/20228Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C

9、 for 30, salt bath at 330C for 1 hour, air cooling淬火:奧氏體化 860 C 30 分鐘, 在330 C 鹽浴一個小時, 空冷Microstructure: Bainite顯微組織:貝氏體Rockwell Hardness HRC = 42洛氏硬度 HRC = 42Ultimate Strength R = 1347 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度 R = 1347 N/mm2Yield Strength RS = 1200 N/mm2A5 = 15%屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = 1200 N/mm2A5 = 15%KCU = 130 Joules06/08/20

10、229Heat Treatment of steels 鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C for 30, oil cooling淬火: 奧氏體化 860 C 30分鐘,油冷Stress relieving: 200C for 2 hours消除應(yīng)力: 200C 達(dá)2個小時Microstructure: Acicular Martensite 顯微組織:針尖狀馬氏體Rockwell Hardness HRC = 52洛氏硬度 HRC = 52Ultimate strength R = 1820 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度 R = 182

11、0 N/mm2Yield Strength RS = 1550 N/mm2A5 = 8%屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = 1550 N/mm2A5 = 8%KCU = 30 Joules06/08/202210Heat Treatment of steels 鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C for 30, oil cooling.淬火:奧氏體化 860 C 達(dá)30分鐘,油冷Tempering: 600C for 2 hours回火600 C達(dá)2小時 Microstructure: Tempered Martensite (Sorbite).

12、顯微組織: 回火馬氏體(富氮碳鈦礦)Rockwell Hardness HRC = 32洛氏硬度 HRC = 32 Ultimate Strength R = 1050 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度 R = 1050 N/mm2Yield Strength RS = 900 N/mm2A5 = 14%屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = 900 N/mm2A5 = 14%KCU = 120 Joules06/08/202211Heat Treatment of steels 鋼的熱處理06/08/202212Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理06/08/202213Heat Treatmen

13、ts of steels 鋼的熱處理06/08/202214Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理06/08/202215Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理06/08/202216Surface Hardening 表面處理Surface hardening (induction hardening) on crankshaft對曲軸的表面處理 (感應(yīng)淬水)06/08/202217 DIFFUSION THERMO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS 滲透熱化學(xué)處理With the diffusion thermo chemical tr

14、eatment is obtained the modification of the superficial characteristics of a material by the diffusion (trough the surface) of an alloying element. For the steels the more diffused treatments are the Case Hardening and the Nit riding.通過滲透(經(jīng)表層)合金元素而改善材料的表面特性,這就被稱為滲透熱化學(xué)處理。對于鋼來說,滲透力較為明顯的是表面硬化(滲碳)以及滲氮。1

15、 - Case Hardening: 表面硬化(滲碳) Solid Case Hardening (into a box) 固體表面硬化(在箱子中) (固體滲碳) Liquid Case Hardening 液體表面硬化 (液體滲碳) Gas Case Hardening 氣體表面硬化 (氣體滲碳)2 - Nitriding: 滲氮 Gas Nitriding 氣體滲氮 Ionic Nitriding 離子滲氮06/08/202218Case Hardening 表面硬化06/08/202219Case Hardening表面硬化06/08/202220Case Hardening 表面硬化0

16、6/08/202221Case Hardening 表面硬化Rocker arms of an engine 4 Strokes 4 Valves: steel 16CrNi4 cemented and chrome plated (white layer).4沖程4 氣門的發(fā)動機(jī)的搖臂:鋼16CrNi4 接合層與鍍鉻層(白色層)The cemented layer (darker colour) is under of the layer of hard chrome. 結(jié)合層(較暗色)處于硬鉻層之下At core could be noticed a typical martensitic

17、 structure obtainable by quenching a low carbon steel. 在芯部可以看到有因低碳鋼淬火而產(chǎn)生的典型的馬氏體組織。x 20006/08/202222Case hardening 硬化Rocker arms of an engine 4 Strokes 4 Valves: steel 16CrNi4 cemented and chrome plated (white layer).4沖程4 氣門的發(fā)動機(jī)的搖臂:鋼16CrNi4 接合層與鍍鉻層(白色層)The cemented layer (darker colour) is under of t

18、he layer of hard chrome and it shows a crack due to a localized overheating caused by a wrong grinding operation. 接合層(較暗色)處于硬鉻層之下. 因為磨削而導(dǎo)致局部過熱, 造成一道裂痕。The cemented layer appears altered in the superficial side (of darker colour)接合層在表面的一側(cè)似乎改變了(較深色的)X 50006/08/202223Case hardening 表面硬化Case Hardening S

19、teel 16CrNi4 表面硬化鋼16CrNi4 Carburizing: 900C for 10 hours, 滲碳:900 C 10 個小時Quenching: 800C in oil, 淬火:800 C 油淬 Stress relieving: 150C for 2 hours. 消除應(yīng)力:150C 2小時 Air cooling. 空冷Surface Hardness HRC = 65表面硬度 HRC = 65Surface Microstructure: thin martensite表面顯微組織: 薄的馬氏體06/08/202224Case hardening 表面硬化Case

20、Hardening Steel 16CrNi4表面硬化 鋼16CrNi4 Same specimen than the precedent photograph but at core除了芯部外, 與之前的圖片是一樣的樣本Core hardness HB = 327 (HRC= 35)芯部硬度 HB = 327 (HRC= 35)Microstructure: acicular martensite with ferrite islands 顯微組織:含鐵素體島的針狀馬氏體06/08/202225Case hardening 表面硬度Case Hardening Steel 16CrNi4表面

21、硬度 鋼 16CrNi4Material submitted to gas case hardening, 汽油表面硬度處理材料quenched in oil from 840C and stress relieved 180 C for 2 hours從 840C 進(jìn)行油淬,并且180 C 消除應(yīng)力2 個小時Surface Hardness HRC= 58表面硬度 HRC= 58Surface Microstructure : Martensite with retained Austenite (5 - 6%)表面顯微組織:殘余奧氏體(5 - 6%)+馬氏體06/08/202226Case

22、 hardening 表面硬度06/08/202227Nitriding 滲氮06/08/202228Nitriding 滲氮Nitriding Steel 41CrAlMo7 ( no metallographic etching)滲氮鋼 41CrAlMo7(無金相侵蝕)Quenched in oil from 880C, tempered at 550C for 3 hours.從880 C 油淬 , 550C 回火3個小時Nitriding: 530C for 50 hours in dissociated ammonia.滲氮:在離解氨中50小時 530 C Surface Hardn

23、ess HV = 1000表面硬度 HV = 1000 You could see the surface layer of surface nitrides of iron and chrome sayings white blanket.”從鐵與鉻滲氮表面的表面層,你可以感受到這么句俗語“白毯子”x 50006/08/202229Nitriding 滲氮Nitriding Steel 41CrAlMo7 (metallographic etching)滲氮鋼 41CrAlMo7 (金相腐蝕)Quenched in oil from 880C, Tempered at 550C for 3

24、hours.從880 C 油淬 , 550C 回火3個小時Nitriding: 530C for 50 hours in dissociated ammonia.滲氮:在離解氨中50小時 530 CSurface Hardness HV = 1000表面硬度 HV = 1000 Sub Superficial Microstructure: nitrides of iron and chrome lattice into Sorbite matrix. 表面下層金相組織:鐵和鉻滲氮后晶格為富碳氮鈦矩陣.06/08/202230Nitriding 滲氮Nitriding Steel 41CrAl

25、Mo7滲氮鋼 41CrAlMo7Same specimen than the precedent photograph but at core除芯部外,與之前的圖片的樣本一樣Core Hardness HRC = 38芯部硬度HRC = 38 Microstructure: Tempered Martensite (Sorbite)顯微組織:回火馬氏體(索氏體)06/08/202231Phosphating 磷化The Phosphating is a superficial treatment protection that consists of the cover the surface

26、 of a steel manufactured article by a compact layer of Phosphates of Zinc and Manganese.磷化是屬于一種對表面進(jìn)行保護(hù)的處理。就是在機(jī)器制成品的表面覆蓋一層密致的磷酸鋅和磷酸錳。There are the phosphating against the rust (F FAR Z, phosphates of zinc and iron) and the phosphating against the seizure (FF-AG, phosphates of manganese and iron).磷化防銹

27、 (F FAR Z, 磷化鋅與磷化鐵) 和磷化防seizure(FF-AG,磷化錳與磷化鐵)Both the treatments consist of the immersion of the finished piece (and polished up in surface) in a bath of melt phosphorus salts with opportune additions of oxidant and catalysts agents.兩種處理都是將完成的料件(表面有打磨)浸入盛有溶化了的磷酸鹽的池中并適當(dāng)?shù)奶碛醒趸锱c催化劑.The process has com

28、pleted by a passivation that consists of the immersion of the piece in oil of peculiar characteristics; for the high strength steels is advisable a careful dehydrogenation (180C x 2h) within four hours from the treatment. 此過程由“鈍化”得以完成,就是將料件浸入有著特殊特點的油中;對于高強(qiáng)度的鋼,建議在進(jìn)行了此處理的4個小時時進(jìn)行精心的脫氫作用(180C x 2h)To ch

29、eck the uniformity of the layers is applied to brief exposures in salt spray test (60); 24 - 48 hours if oiled.為了檢測層的均勻,在鹽霧測試中(60) 將其短時暴露;如果浸油的話, 24 - 48 小時06/08/202232Zinc Plating and Dacromet 鍍鋅與DacrometThe zinc is a material fewer noble than the iron and accordingly when the two materials are sim

30、ultaneously in presence of an aggressive agent the zinc corrodes for first; in this way until there is zinc the steel to it joined does not come corroded.鋅的抗腐能力不及鐵,因此當(dāng)這兩種物質(zhì)同時遇到較富侵略性的物質(zhì)時,鋅會首先受到腐蝕,in this way until there is zinc the steel to it joined does not come corroded.For this reason has been in

31、vented the technical of Zinc Plating that consists of the cover a manufactured article of steel with a thin layer but uniform and compact of pure zinc.基于以上原因,就發(fā)明了利用其特性的鍍鋅,就是在機(jī)器制成品的鋼的表面覆蓋一層薄,均衡與密致的純鋅涂層。According to the technology of deposition are spoken about Deep Galvanization (immersion of the man

32、ufactured article in a bath of fused zinc) and of Electrolytic Galvanization (immersion in a electrolytic bath and deposition of the zinc by means of passage of current electric); in this case the high strength steels must be subjected to dehydrogenation heat treatment. 根據(jù)所說及的深層鍍鋅(將機(jī)器制成成品浸入有溶化鋅的池中)及

33、其電解鍍鋅(沉浸在電解池,通入電流,產(chǎn)生鋅沉積物)的沉積物的工藝,在這種情形下,要獲取高強(qiáng)度的鋼就要通過脫氫熱處理。In the applications of our interest is preponderant the use of the electrolytic galvanization with film of zinc with thickness from 7 to 15 microns, followed by passivation of the zinc in way to increase the resistance to the atmospheric oxid

34、ation.基于工業(yè)上的效益考慮,較常用的是厚度為7-15微米的電鍍鋅膜,隨后是鋅的鈍化,以此來增強(qiáng)抗氧化性。06/08/202233Zinc Plating and Dacromet 鍍鋅與 達(dá)可羅An evolution of the process of galvanization is the Dacromet that consists of the superficial deposition of metallic zinc through an organic varnish.鍍鋅工序的發(fā)展稱為Dacromet.是通過一層有機(jī)清漆而產(chǎn)生表面的金屬鋅的沉積。The treatme

35、nt has performed for immersion follows from centrifugal (at the end of remove the excess of varnish) and following passivation.此處理是將料件沉浸與離心(最終去除過多的清漆),然后鈍化。The treatment of dacromet is more expensive than the galvanization but in remuneration do not require dehydrogenation and it allows of double th

36、e times of resistance in salt spray test.Dacromet處理比鍍鋅昂貴但是其好處是不再需要進(jìn)行脫氫且可以在鹽霧 試驗中耐腐蝕時間增加一倍For the galvanization that for the dacromet the passivation happens by immersion of the pieces in baths of salts of chromic ions, extremely dangerous for whom he performs the treatments and on the way of have se

37、t outlaw. 鈍化工序就是將料件浸入在有鉻離子的鹽池中。如果沒有按要求操作的話,操作員會處于很危險境況中。06/08/202234Chrome plating 鍍鉻The Chrome Platings are treatment used for confer or a better wear resistance (Hard Chrome Plating) or a better appearance to metallic manufactured items (Decorative Chrome Plating).鍍鉻處理會賦予或增強(qiáng)耐磨性能(硬的鍍鉻),或者還會使金屬加工物外觀更佳。(裝飾性的鍍鉻) Sometime the differenc

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論