1、克服思維定式解題因慣性思維而錯(cuò)選在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，由于種種原因，如學(xué)生的母語(yǔ)、知識(shí)面、思維習(xí)慣等都有可能令學(xué)生出現(xiàn)一些思維定式現(xiàn)象，即不善于思考，考慮問(wèn)題不全面，導(dǎo)致誤解一些題目，抑制思維能力的發(fā)展。在做完形填空題時(shí)，特別要注意中西文化的差異，克服思維定式。要養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)思維的習(xí)慣，要隨著文段發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，調(diào)整思維偏差。(一)學(xué)習(xí)單詞時(shí)受到的思維定式影響有些考生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)單詞過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化，僅記其中文意思，而不深刻理解其實(shí)際用法和英漢用法之間的細(xì)微差異。典例1(20186月浙江高考)OnedayI46.metaformerclassmateofminewhowas47.makingalotofmoneyrun

2、ningasideline(副業(yè))Sincehisregularjobwas48.boring,Iaskedhimwhyhejustdidntdohissidelinefull-time.Hesaidwithoutthejob,hewould49havetoomuchtimeandwouldjustdowhatIdidbackin50.college.Hesaidthatifhe51.quitthejob,hewouldlosehis52.drivetoworkandsucceed.49A.luckilyChopefullyBhardlyDsimply分析：選D根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，他說(shuō)如果沒(méi)有那份工

3、作，他確實(shí)會(huì)有很多時(shí)間。simply“(強(qiáng)調(diào)某說(shuō)法)確實(shí)，簡(jiǎn)直”。simply這個(gè)詞對(duì)于習(xí)慣漢語(yǔ)思維的我們而言有點(diǎn)兒抽象。我們比較熟悉的是它表示“簡(jiǎn)樸地；簡(jiǎn)單地”的義項(xiàng)，如：Theroomsaresimplyfurnished.和Thebookexplainsgrammarsimplyandclearly.(二)學(xué)習(xí)短語(yǔ)或習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)時(shí)受到的思維定式影響例如：學(xué)了waitfor這個(gè)短語(yǔ)以后，有的考生在做題過(guò)程中只要碰到wait，后面要接介詞時(shí)就毫不猶豫地中就不用for選擇for。但在“Hestoppedhiscartowaitattheredlight.”。典例2(2018全國(guó)卷)Iarrived

4、earlyatByronBaywhereweweresupposedto44.meet.Thebaywas45insunshine,andtherewasagroupofkayakersaround150mofftheshore.45A.bathedCdeepBcleanDformed分析：選A受思維習(xí)慣的影響，考生想到游客到達(dá)海灘，文章中常會(huì)描述那里的清潔情況，因此考生易誤選B項(xiàng)。bebathedinsunshine為擬人用法，意為“沐浴在陽(yáng)光下”，說(shuō)明天氣晴好，陽(yáng)光明媚，暗示作者激動(dòng)興奮的心情。典例3(2017北京高考)Oneday,whenshewasfiveyearsold,shewa

5、swalkingwithhermotherindowntownWinnipeg.Theysawaman36outofagarbagecan.Sheaskedhermotherwhyhedidthat,andhermothersaidthatthemanwashomelessandhungry.36A.jumpingCcryingBeatingDwaving分析：選B受思維習(xí)慣的影響，考生易誤選A項(xiàng)，因?yàn)閖umpoutof是常見(jiàn)搭配。但根據(jù)下文的“themanwashomelessandhungry”可知，她們看見(jiàn)一個(gè)人在垃圾桶里撿東西吃。故選B。典例4(2016北京高考)41January26

6、,Billyandthreeotherchildrenhaddied.41A.FromCByBOnDAfter分析：選C受思維習(xí)慣的影響，考生可能會(huì)根據(jù)老師平時(shí)講的“在具體的某一天前用介詞on”而誤選B項(xiàng)。因?yàn)榫渥拥闹^語(yǔ)使用的是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，因此應(yīng)用by?！癰y時(shí)間”與完成時(shí)連用，后跟過(guò)去的時(shí)間時(shí)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；跟將來(lái)的時(shí)間時(shí)，用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。句意：截至1月26日，比利和其他三個(gè)孩子都去世了。(鋪陰影的題目為“易因慣性思維而錯(cuò)選”)A體裁夾敘夾議文話題如何處理負(fù)面評(píng)論詞數(shù)324限時(shí)17分鐘Didyoufeellikethenegativeremarkwasmoreinfluentialthanth

7、ecomplimentsthatyoureceivedearlier?Iftheanswertothequestionis“Yes”，thenyouarenot1.Therearemanypeoplefeelinglikethis,butyouallneedtolearnhowto2negativeremarks.sWhennegativeremarkscomeabout,youremindyourselfthatitis3someoneopinionandeveryoneisentitled(使享有權(quán)利)toexpresstheiropinions.Theyhavethe4tosayanyt

8、hingtheywanttosay.Meantime,youchoosetodowhateveryouthinkiscorrectand5thenegativeones.WhenIwasakid,Iheardasaying“Abarkingdogwontstopamovingcarriage.”Thatistosayifacarriageismovingandadogis6itwhilebarking,thecarriagewont7becauseofthatdogsbarking.Onemorning,asIwas8toworkfromthenearesttrainstation,adrun

9、kenmanapproachedme.9，hegraspedmyleftarmandsaid,“Hey,man.Yourclothesaresougly.”Thenhe10myarm,andwalkedoff.Afewpeopleonthestreetstopped,11atme,andweremostlikelyexpectingareactionfromme.Ireplied12“Goodmorningtoyou,sir”，and13.Thepeoplewatchingthis14startedlaughing.Ijustwalkedawaywithoutpayinganyattentio

10、ntothem.Aboutanhourlater,a15andIwentbackonthatstreettobuysomefruits.Guesswhat?Wesawthepolicespeakingtothatman,andhewasinhandcuffs(手銬)Itoldmyworkmatewhathadhappenedtome16.sInanarticleinPsychologyToday,DrRajRaghunathansays,“The17betweenordinarypeopleandextraordinarypeopleissimple.Extraordinarypeoplech

11、oosetolistentotheir18andignoreotherpeoplenegativity.”Theyseethingsdifferently.19youshouldlearnhowtodealwithnegativeremarksandnotletthem20youremotionsandthoughts.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。我們都會(huì)聽(tīng)到負(fù)面評(píng)論，因?yàn)槿藗冇袡?quán)發(fā)表意見(jiàn)。當(dāng)聽(tīng)到負(fù)面評(píng)論時(shí)，我們要正確地處理它，不要受其影響。作者用自己的親身經(jīng)歷教我們?nèi)绾翁幚碡?fù)面評(píng)論。1A.confidentCcalmBaloneDcorrect解析：選B根據(jù)下文“Therearemany

12、peoplefeelinglikethis”可知，如果你對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的回答是“是的”，那么不只是你一個(gè)人有這樣的感覺(jué)(負(fù)面評(píng)論比你收到的恭維更有影響)。2A.makeCstopBavoidDhandle解析：選D受思維習(xí)慣的影響，本題易誤選B項(xiàng)，理解為avoidnegativeremarks“避開(kāi)負(fù)面評(píng)論”。但根據(jù)下文的敘述尤其是最后一段“youshouldlearnhowtodealwithnegativeremarks”可知，但是你要做的是學(xué)會(huì)怎樣處理負(fù)面評(píng)論。3A.alwaysCusuallyBpossiblyDonly解析：選D當(dāng)負(fù)面評(píng)論產(chǎn)生時(shí)，你要提醒自己這只是某個(gè)人的意見(jiàn)而且每個(gè)人都

13、有表達(dá)自己想法的權(quán)利。4A.rightCtimeBreasonDability解析：選A根據(jù)上文“everyoneisentitled(使享有權(quán)利)toexpresstheiropinions”可知，他們有權(quán)利說(shuō)他們想說(shuō)的話。5A.opposeCignoreBnoticeDsolve解析：選C根據(jù)上文“youchoosetodowhateveryouthinkiscorrect”可知，同時(shí)你可以選擇去做無(wú)論什么只要你認(rèn)為是正確的事情，不理會(huì)別人的負(fù)面評(píng)論。6A.walkingaroundCrunningafterBlookingforDpassingby解析：選C根據(jù)上文“Abarkingdo

14、gwontstopamovingcarriage.”可知，吠犬阻止不了前進(jìn)的馬車。那也就是說(shuō)，如果一輛馬車在行駛，一條狗狂吠著追趕它。馬車不會(huì)因狗的狂吠而停下來(lái)。7A.stopCmove解析：選A參見(jiàn)上題解析。8A.drivingCrunningBcloseDfollowBridingDwalking解析：選D受思維習(xí)慣的影響，會(huì)誤選A(driving)，習(xí)慣地理解為“開(kāi)車去上班”。根據(jù)下文“adrunkenmanapproachedme.9，hegraspedmyleftarm”以及“Ijustwalkedaway.”可知，一位醉漢走近作者，抓住作者的左胳膊。作者走開(kāi)了。由此可推知，作者乘坐

15、完火車后步行去上班。9A.UnfortunatelyCSuddenlyBDisappointedlyDSurprisingly解析：選C根據(jù)該空上下文可知，suddenly符合語(yǔ)境。一位醉漢走近作者，突然抓住作者的左胳膊。10A.hurtCcaughtBletgoofDbrokeawayfrom解析：選B根據(jù)下文“walkedoff”可知，然后那位醉漢松開(kāi)了作者的胳膊，離開(kāi)了。11A.lookedBshoutedCsworeDlaughed解析：選A根據(jù)下文“Thepeoplewatchingthis14startedlaughing.”可知，街上有幾個(gè)人停下來(lái)，看著作者。12A.weakly

16、CangrilyBslowlyDpolitely解析：選D根據(jù)下文“Goodmorningtoyou,sir”可知，作者禮貌地答復(fù)，“早安，先生”。13A.criedCsmiledBleftDagreed解析：選B根據(jù)下文“Ijustwalkedawaywithoutpayinganyattentiontothem.”可知，說(shuō)完“早安，先生”，作者離開(kāi)了。14A.performanceCturnBactivityDaccident解析：選C受思維習(xí)慣的影響，易誤選A(performance)，認(rèn)為是“看到這種表現(xiàn)”。根據(jù)上文“.weremostlikelyexpectingareactionf

17、romme.Ireplied12Goodmorningtoyou,sir”可知，人們觀看到事情的轉(zhuǎn)變，開(kāi)始笑了。15A.friendCleaderBcolleagueDpoliceman解析：選B根據(jù)下文“Itoldmyworkmate”可知，作者和同事后來(lái)回到那條街上買水果。16A.earlierCagainBexpectedlyDunwillingly解析：選A根據(jù)上文“Itoldmyworkmatewhathadhappenedtome”可知，作者把他之前遭遇到的事情告訴給他的同事。17A.secretCdifferenceBrelationshipDsimilarity解析：選C根據(jù)下

18、文“Theyseethingsdifferently.”可知，DrRajRaghunathan在今日心理學(xué)雜志上寫了一篇文章，他說(shuō)：“普通人與杰出的人之間的區(qū)別是簡(jiǎn)單的?！?8A.adviceCheartBexperienceDpositivity解析：選D根據(jù)下文“andignoreotherpeoplesnegativity”可知，杰出的人選擇去聽(tīng)人們積極的話，而忽視他們消極的話。此處positivity和negativity為反義詞。19A.AndCWhenBSoDBut解析：選B作者在此處說(shuō)出他的勸告，即文章的中心思想，故用so(因此)引導(dǎo)。20A.controlCchangeBsho

19、wDmix解析：選A作者最后說(shuō)：因此你要學(xué)會(huì)如何去處理負(fù)面評(píng)論，不要讓它們控制你的情感和思想。B體裁記敘文話題助人為樂(lè)詞數(shù)277限時(shí)15分鐘Fromayoungage,myparentshavetaughtmetheimportanceofgivinggenerouslytothelessfortunate.Outof1，wheneverthereissomethingIcan2，Igiveittosomeoneonthestreets.Lastweek,3Ileftthehousetorunafewerrands(差事),Icarriedwithmesomeoldclothes,somefo

20、odandahandbagtohandovertosomeone4.Asthecar5atatrafficsignal,Isawagirloffiveorsixaskingformoney.I6hertocometomeandquickly7allthethingsIhad.AsIstartedhandingthemover,sheseemed8.Shelookedupatmewithasweetsmileonherfaceandaskedwhatwasinthe9.Itoldherthereweresomeclothesandfoodforher.10shelookedupatmeandas

21、ked,“Canyougivemesomewater？”ItwasthenthatInoticedher11lips.Itseemedasifshehadnothadadropofwaterallday.I12mybottleofwaterthatIalwayscarriedwithmeandhelpedhertodrinkfromit.Shefinisheditquicklyandgavemeaheart-warmingsmileof13.IwasthankfulthatIcould14hersimplewish!Irealizedonceagainthatdaythatyoudontnec

22、essarilyhavetomakebig15tohelpsomeone.Thisexperience16onceagainmybeliefinthe17actsofkindnessandhowtheycanmakesomeones18.Thenexttimeyouwanttodosomethingniceforsomeone,dont19，waitingfortherightchance.20anddoit!語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者幫助一個(gè)女孩的故事以及由此產(chǎn)生的一些感悟。1A.respectCsympathyBhabitDkindness解析：選B上文作者提到從小父母

23、就教育自己要對(duì)不幸的人慷慨解囊，所以此處指出于習(xí)慣(habit)。受思維定式影響，此題易誤選C。認(rèn)為是出于同情，對(duì)不幸的人慷慨解囊。2A.affordCspareBgetDserve解析：選C出于習(xí)慣，每當(dāng)有可以提供(給別人)的東西的時(shí)候，“我”就會(huì)把它送給流浪街頭的人。故spare“供給，給予”符合語(yǔ)境。3A.asConceBuntilDbefore解析：選A上星期，當(dāng)(as)作者離開(kāi)家去辦差事的時(shí)候，作者帶了一些舊衣服、食物和一個(gè)手提包去送給一些貧困的(needy)人。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，應(yīng)選as。4A.needyCdisabledBsickDsad解析：選A參見(jiàn)上題解析。needy意為“缺食物

24、(錢)的，貧困的”。5A.parkedCturnedBstaredDpaused解析：選D根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處指的是車暫停在了交通信號(hào)燈處。故pause“暫停，停頓”符合語(yǔ)境。此題易受思維定式影響誤選A。認(rèn)為停車一般用park，這樣就忽略此處交通信號(hào)燈的語(yǔ)境。6A.phonedCadvisedBsignaledDallowed解析：選B根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處是指作者招手示意(signaled)女孩過(guò)來(lái)。7A.threwCpackedBfetchedDcollected解析：選D女孩過(guò)來(lái)后，作者把自己放在車?yán)锏囊路褪澄锟焖偈占?collected)在一起。8A.ashamedCembarrassed

25、BupsetDastonished解析：選D根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及下文女孩問(wèn)問(wèn)題可以推知，女孩很吃驚(astonished)。9A.carCbottleBbagDclothes解析：選B根據(jù)上文中的“Icarriedwithmesomeoldclothes,somefoodandahandbag”可知，作者出門時(shí)帶的東西有衣服、食物和手提包。所以作者這里應(yīng)是把衣服和食物裝在包(bag)里送給她。10A.ThenCAgainBNextDBut解析：選C根據(jù)空后的“shelookedupatmeandasked”以及上文中的“Shelookedupatmewithasweetsmileonherfaceandasked”可知，此處應(yīng)是指女孩再一次(Again)抬起頭來(lái)看作者并問(wèn)問(wèn)題。11A.dirtyCthickBpaleDdry解析：選D根據(jù)下文中的“Itseemedasifshehadnothadadropofwaterallday.”可知，女孩由于缺水嘴唇比較干(