1、為你加 油(趙海燕上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)國(guó)際教育學(xué)院一.段落的結(jié)尾段落的結(jié)尾或重申主題,或總結(jié)全文要點(diǎn),或點(diǎn)明結(jié)果,或做出推論。寫(xiě)得好,可以成為段落的點(diǎn)睛之筆;而如果寫(xiě)得不好,則會(huì)給人虎頭蛇尾的感覺(jué),即使段落的開(kāi)頭和展開(kāi)都很理想,也無(wú)濟(jì)于事。結(jié)尾句的重要性可見(jiàn)一斑。對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō),熟悉段落的結(jié)尾,還有助于在段落的重組練習(xí)中分析判斷哪個(gè)句子應(yīng)該放在結(jié)尾。下面就幾種不同的結(jié)尾來(lái)舉例說(shuō)明。大家不妨復(fù)習(xí)一下前面學(xué)過(guò)的內(nèi)容,邊看邊找主題句,并注意段落是如何展開(kāi)的,支持句是從哪些方面來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的。例一:M anual labour i s one of the pr inci pal devel opm ent re

2、sour ces inanyindust rali singcount ry,as the follow ing exam pl es dem onst rat e.T obeginw i th,pl oughingf iel ds,pl anti ngandharvesti ngcr ops,andrai singl ivestockare im port ant todevel opm ent andall r equi re people w how orkw itht hei r hands.S econdly,m ini ngnatural r esources,building r

3、 oads and br idges,and constructi ng dam s for i rri gation and el ectri cal pow er are al so im por tant to devel opm ent and al so requir e peopl e w ho know how t ouse t hei r hands skill ful ly.F i nal ly,the establi shm ent of eff icient transpor tati onandcom m uni cati onsyst em s,essent ial

4、ser vicesi na m odernizingeconom y,rel ies heavily onal abour for ceof expert craf tsm enw hotakepride intheir m anual skill s.C learly,i nagricult ure andinindustry,the progress of a count ry depends on t he busy hands of i ts w orki ng peopl e.上段以主題句開(kāi)頭,一開(kāi)始點(diǎn)明段落的中心思想:在任何一個(gè)正在實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的國(guó)家,手工勞動(dòng)力都是一個(gè)非常重要的資源

5、。支持句分別用了to begi n w it h,secondl y,fi nal ly 等表示例證的信號(hào)詞,思路清楚,條理分明。結(jié)尾句以cl ear l y 起句,強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容:一個(gè)國(guó)家的工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展有賴(lài)于勞動(dòng)人民的勤勞的雙手。例二:C ooki ng in a m icr ow ave oven has si m plif ied m y busy li fe.I nstead of havi ng to w ait t he long ten m i nut es for m y m or ni ng cof fee,I can place m y cup in t he m ic

6、row ave oven and have hot coff ee i n seconds.I no longer have t o decide in t he foggy m orni ng w hat ingredi ent s m ust be def rost ed for the eveni ng m eal.I can nowcom e hom e at 5p.m .,decide w hat I feel like eating,andhave it def rost edina m atter of m i nutes.T he shor tenedcooking ti m

7、e m eans I can have f ull course m eal s that once t ook m e hours t o cook.T he m i cr ow ave al so m akes clean-up m uch easier because t he di sh I cook i n is the dish I eat in.I n short ,the m icr ow ave oven saves m e t roubl e in pr epari ng for m y hot coff ee,m y di nner and also m y clean-

8、up.上段開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,以主題句點(diǎn)明這一段要講的主要內(nèi)容:使用微波爐做飯使“我”忙碌的生活變得簡(jiǎn)單了。接下來(lái)一一闡述微波爐從哪幾方面使“我”的生活變得更為簡(jiǎn)單,而結(jié)尾句則對(duì)前面闡述的要點(diǎn)加以總結(jié):能快速喝到熱咖啡;縮短了做飯的時(shí)間;飯后的清潔工作也更為簡(jiǎn)單方便。例三:It issignifi cant that now adays fiber is consideredtobe anim por tant part of ahealthydiet.Inw hite br ead,for exam ple,t he fiber has beenrem oved.B ut i t is present

9、 i nunrefinedf lour and of courseinvegetables.It isinter estingt onote that incountriesw here thenational diet contains lar ge quant iti es of unr efinedf lour andvegetables,cer tain diseases ar e com par ati vely rar e.H ence t he em phasis placed on the eat ing of w hole w heat br ead and m or e v

10、eget abl es by m oder n experts on"healthyeat ing".上段也在開(kāi)首句點(diǎn)明了中心內(nèi)容:現(xiàn)在,纖維是健康飲食很重要的一個(gè)部分。接下來(lái)指出哪些食物是含有高纖維的,并且常吃這類(lèi)食物,不容易得某些疾病。結(jié)尾說(shuō)段落的結(jié)尾和重組自考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)輔導(dǎo)(V I 明結(jié)果:現(xiàn)代飲食專(zhuān)家很重視全麥面包和蔬菜的攝入。例四:B ut consi der N ew Y ork's advantages.F ir st,t here are i ts peopl e.If yougotoC hina,youw il l seeC hi nese,in

11、 N i ger ia you w ill m eet N igeri ans,and in P eru P eruvians.B ut i f you stand on a cor ner inm idtow n N ewY or k,you w i ll encounter people of all races and creeds fromal l part s of t he globe.P eople contr ibute t hei r t alents and culture toN ewY or k,m aking it a t rul ycosm opol itancit

12、y and anexcit ingplacet olive in.C onsider,too,the beautyof thecity.T he M anhatt anskyli ne,as seenf rom oneof N ew Y ork's m any bri dges,or f romthe B rookl yn si de of the East R iver,is one of the w orl d's m ostaw esom e sights.W henever I see it,I ampr oud of m y being a N ew Y orker.

13、L ast ly,consi der N ewY or k'shear t.It has never rejectedt he poor andt he unf ortunate w hohave com e t oit fr om other sections of the countr y or fr omforeign l ands.I t has spent m ore i n trying to help themin f act,in sodoi ng,i t has nearl y bankruptedi tsel fthan any ot her A m er ican

14、city.上段用了很常見(jiàn)的例證方法,即用了f i rst,lastl y這樣明顯的信號(hào)詞。紐約的優(yōu)勢(shì)分別是,紐約的人、紐約的美麗以及紐約的善心,很顯然,最重要的觀(guān)點(diǎn)放在了最后。一個(gè)城市的心,就像一個(gè)人的心一樣,是最重要的。例五:A s her w eddingdat e appr oached,I t hink that I w as alm ost as excitedas m y sister.S he cl aim s she di d not sleepat al l the w eekbefore the w edding,andI don't reallythinkI di

15、deither.I know that at least tw oof those night s w e sat up al l night review ingplans,checking t osee that w e haddone ever ything on our"t odo"li st.T w o days before the w eddi ng,m y excit em ent had reached such a peak t hat I didn't even eat.M aybe I have bor row ed l ove fr om

16、m ysi ster andw as li ving oni t,but I just w ent saili ngt hrough the day,ful l of energy and not the least bi t hungry.O n the dayof t he w edding,I w as up at4:30i nt he m or ning,shoutingat ever yone t oget up.I evenbegan t oget dr essed for the w eddingan hour bef ore m y sister did.A nd af ter

17、 I w as dressed in m y bridesm aid's gow n, I coul dn't sit dow n.I just pacedthe floorf or anentire hour.I don't thinkI couldtake havinga sister get m arried veryoften.上段的主題句(第一句告訴我們:姐姐的婚禮臨近了,我?guī)缀鹾退粯优d奮。接下來(lái)就說(shuō)明我的興奮表現(xiàn)在什么地方:和姐姐一樣,我在婚禮前一周幾乎沒(méi)有睡覺(jué);其中至少有兩個(gè)晚上,我們坐在一起檢查計(jì)劃,看看還有哪些事情有待完成;而婚禮前兩天,我興奮得幾乎

18、吃不下東西,而且精力充沛,一點(diǎn)兒也不覺(jué)得饑餓,就好像是從姐姐那里借來(lái)了愛(ài)情的力量、并以此為生似的;最后,到了婚禮當(dāng)天,我4點(diǎn)半就起床了,并把每個(gè)人都叫起來(lái),我早早地穿上了伴娘的服裝,比姐姐穿禮服還早了一個(gè)小時(shí),而穿了伴娘服之后便無(wú)法坐下來(lái),因此整整一個(gè)小時(shí),我就只能走過(guò)來(lái)走過(guò)去。如此準(zhǔn)備婚禮,哪能不精疲力竭?因此,結(jié)尾句得出推論:如果有姐姐經(jīng)常結(jié)婚我可就吃不消了。二.段落的重組段落的重組是段落部分一個(gè)非常重要的內(nèi)容。做這個(gè)練習(xí),要會(huì)熟練運(yùn)用我們之前學(xué)過(guò)的一些技能,如判斷主題句,段落如何圍繞中心思想加以展開(kāi),如何結(jié)尾等等。我們還要借助一些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)判斷兩個(gè)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的句子哪句在前,哪句在后。例如,如

19、果一個(gè)句子用了不定冠詞,另一個(gè)句子在某名詞前用了定冠詞,我們就可以判斷有不定冠詞的句子在前,有定冠詞的句子在后。大家可以閱讀英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教程關(guān)于連貫性(coher ence的內(nèi)容,對(duì)做這個(gè)練習(xí)會(huì)有很大的幫助。下面我們來(lái)舉例說(shuō)明。例一:1.C oaches andat hletes of ten feel tensi onbefore big gam es because theydo not w ant t ocom m it errors t hatm i ght cause their team s to lose.2.T here are m any sit uat ions w hich

20、cause pr essure and tensi on to bui ldupi nsi de of us.3.W e suff er fr omf ear of m aki ng an em bar rassing m istake duri ng t he per for m ance.4.Per or m i ng in ront o an audience com m onl produces pr essure.f f f y5.M any of us al so exper ience t ensi on w hen w e ar e am ong newpeople.6.I f

21、 eel tensi onr ight now as I w rite this paragraphbecause I w ant i t tobe thebest paragr aphI've w rit tenthissem ester.7.I nsuchsituati ons,w e becom e qui et out of fear t hat other peopl e w ill label us as"loudm ouths".8.N o m at ter how hard w e tr yto avoid pr essur e andt ensio

22、n,t her e w ill inevi tably be tim es w henbreathi ngbecom es hardandf ear gets a gr ipon us that is diffi cult tol oosen.571這個(gè)段落有8個(gè)句子,其中有三個(gè)句子的順序已經(jīng)給出。先把這8個(gè)句子通讀一遍,然后重點(diǎn)讀這三個(gè)句子,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),這三個(gè)句子都是支持句。我們?cè)僮屑?xì)閱讀其他5個(gè)句子,然后設(shè)法判斷主題句。之前我們做過(guò)這樣的練習(xí),即在一些句子中尋找最適合做主題句的句子,現(xiàn)在正是這個(gè)技能的用武之地。通過(guò)閱讀剩下的5個(gè)句子,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)第二句正是概括全文中心思想的主題句:讓我們感受到壓

23、力和緊張的情況有許多。我們知道,主題句的位置一般在段首,但也有在段中和段尾的情況。那么,這個(gè)主題句應(yīng)該放在哪里呢?其實(shí),該句以t her e ar e開(kāi)頭,一定是放在段首的。接下來(lái),我們可以預(yù)測(cè),即將告訴我們的應(yīng)該是哪些情況下我們會(huì)有壓力、感到緊張。這些情況是按什么順序一一羅列的呢?這時(shí),我們只剩下四個(gè)句子了,即3、4、6、8。我們先看看哪些句子是有語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)的。第3句有per f or m ance,第4句有per f or m i ng,可以判斷這兩句應(yīng)該放在一起。哪句在前呢?第3句的per f or m ance之前有定冠詞t he,據(jù)此判斷第4句在前,第3句在后。剩下第6句和第8句。第6

24、句講作者自己寫(xiě)下這段文字時(shí)也感到緊張,因?yàn)樽髡呦Ｍ@是我這個(gè)學(xué)期寫(xiě)得最好的。第8句的意思是,不管我們?nèi)绾蜗敕皆O(shè)法避免緊張和壓力,其實(shí)是不可避免的。這是作者根據(jù)前面的例子得出的結(jié)論,符合結(jié)尾句的特點(diǎn),因此第8句應(yīng)該放在最后。因此,排序如下:24357168例二:2.S unday w as a busy day.3.In the afternoon,I w ent to the ci ty librar y and checked out a coupl e of books onbusi ness m anagem ent.4.Then I hurri ed tocatch the bus t

25、o the other side of the city to tut or m ynew st udent.5.Then I vi si ted m y grandm ot her,st ayed t here f or dinner and w at ched t he new s on T V.6.W e enjoyed t he color ful and excit ing f est ival so m uch that w e m issed the last bus and w hen w e fi nal lyretur ned hom e byt axi,i t w as

26、already past m idnight.7.T hat t ook m e t he w hol e m or ni ng.8.A f ter t hat,I rode onthe bus w ith m yfam ilyf or a speci al lanter nfest ival inthe seaside park.9.I w as exhaustedaf ter t w ent yhours of acti vity.735上段以時(shí)間為順序加以展開(kāi),和例一相比,句子較短,更容易把握其脈絡(luò)。同樣,我們先通讀一遍這九個(gè)句子,大致了解這段的內(nèi)容:星期天一天的行程。再看給出的3個(gè)句子

27、。第7句提示我們,在此句之前應(yīng)該是早上做的事情。第3句和第5句則是敘述下午所做的事。因此可以斷定,一天的行程完全是按照時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)的,沒(méi)有倒敘。仔細(xì)讀讀其他6句,很容易判斷第2句是主題句:星期天是個(gè)忙碌的一天。接下來(lái)的事情應(yīng)該從起床開(kāi)始,所以是第1句。接下來(lái)還有四句,第4句講我匆忙趕車(chē)去城市的另一端去給我的新學(xué)生做家教,沒(méi)有時(shí)間提示,我們可以先放一邊;第8句中有個(gè)a speci al l ant er n f esti val,第6句中有個(gè)t he col or ful and exci ti ng f est ival,可以斷定這兩句都是講晚上的事情,放在第5句之后,而且是有不定冠詞a 的第

28、8句在前,有定冠詞t he 的第6句在后。而第9句則講這一天的感受:累,是個(gè)典型的結(jié)尾句,放在段落最后。隨即也可斷定第4句做家教是上午的事情,放在第1句之后。因此,排序如下:例三:1.F or these r easons,W i lm a usuall ypr efers buses insteadof pl anes unless she has t ogetsom ew here i n a hurr y.2.For exam pl e,she enj oys drivingt hroughthe big citi es of P hil adelphi a,P i ttsbur gh,

29、andF ortW ayne.3.W i lm a li kes traveli ngbybus better thant ravelingbyairpl ane,andther e are several reasons forher prefer ence.4.F irst itcostsless.5.S econd,tr aveling by bus gives her a closer l ook at t he cit ies and countr yside t han she could get from a plane.6.T hi rd,W i lm a fi nds tha

30、t the passengers on the bus are oft en closer to her ow n age.7.F our th,r idi ng a bus all ow s W ilm a to explore any stop along the w ay.8.She can ride by bus fr omN ewY or k to C hicago f or $20,but the air f ar e bet w een the tw o citi es i s $78.9.So,theyare easyto tal kw it hont he sharedtra

31、vel adventure.10.I ncont rast,m any ai rli ne passengers ar e busi nessm en w ho keep busy w it ht heir w or kw hil e f lying.11.F or instance,once she got off t he bus at a sm al l tow nin Indiana and spent t he night w it ha girl fri end.12.Then,the next day she took another bus to C hicago.上段相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)

32、。先讀一遍這12個(gè)句子,能從中找出主題句嗎?對(duì)了,就是第3句:威爾瑪喜歡坐汽車(chē)旅行勝過(guò)坐飛機(jī)旅行,原因有幾點(diǎn)。我們前面講到過(guò),用了t her e be 句型的主題句,通常放在句首。第4、5、6、7句分別以f i r st ,second,t hi r d,f our t h 開(kāi)始表示原因,看似連在一起,實(shí)則不然,往往是個(gè)陷阱。其實(shí),其中的兩句順序已經(jīng)給出,5與6之間插進(jìn)了第2句,這就告訴我們,不能盲目地把這幾句直連放在一起,因?yàn)樵诿恳稽c(diǎn)原因后面,往往會(huì)有進(jìn)一步的解釋。跟在主題句后面的毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是第一點(diǎn)原因(第4句,便宜。接下來(lái)通過(guò)具體的數(shù)字來(lái)說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)(第8句:從紐約到芝加哥坐汽車(chē)要20美元,坐

33、飛機(jī)要78美元。這樣,我們就來(lái)看看第6句之后是哪一句。第6句是第三點(diǎn)原因:汽車(chē)上的乘客多為同齡人,我們看到第9句中的代詞t hey 應(yīng)該指代第6句中的passenger s,因此放在第6句之后,第10句語(yǔ)義相關(guān),比較了飛機(jī)上的乘客的不同。接下來(lái)是第四點(diǎn)原因,坐汽車(chē)更自由,可以沿路到站就停,第11、12句舉例說(shuō)明她的經(jīng)歷,她曾經(jīng)在印第安納州的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)下車(chē),與一女伴過(guò)了一晚上,然后第二天又搭乘另一輛車(chē)前往芝加哥。第1句就是結(jié)尾句,與首句相呼應(yīng):由于上述原因,除非趕時(shí)間,威爾瑪通常選擇坐汽車(chē)。因此排序如下:練習(xí)請(qǐng)重組下列段落:I .1.For exam ple,evenbefor e the inv

34、enti onof the t elescope,astronom ers noti cedt hat bright st ars suddenly appear int he sky,andthenlater disappear.214735869526526348*2.The oldbeli ef t hat the uni ver se never changes is qui te w rong.3.In fact w e nowknowthat they are reall yold st ars w hich are slow ly dying.4.Arecent case of

35、nova occur red in 1918,and one of the f ewpeopl e w ho sawt hi s w as t he A m eri can ast ronom er Edw ar d B ar nard.5.T hese st ars w ere cal led 'novae'because they w er e t hought to be new .6.S uddenly he not iceda star that he hadnever seenbefore,andexclaim ed,"T hat star shouldn

36、ot be there!"7.H e w as in fact w atching the expl osi on of a nova.8.H e w as dri ving al ong in a car,occasi onal ly lookingup intot he sky.I I .1.T he house ow ner,for exam ple,know s that his propert ycan be dam aged by fi re;the ship ow ner know s t hat h is vessel m aybe lo st at sea ;the brea dw inner k now s that he m aydie at ane arlyageandleavehis fam ilythe poo rer.2.N early everyone is exposedt or