2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題12007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million大1家ofthesenationslooked大2家tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence大3家theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers大4家totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the大5家toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.大6家therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya大7家setoflaws.Ontheissueof大8家ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,大9家,therewaslessagreement大10家theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone大11家bytheSpanishcrown.大12家mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism大13家theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe大14家ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying大15家fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad大16家inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpains大17家colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch大18家becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies大19家.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas大20家self-ruleanddemocracy.1.AnativesBinhabitantsCpeoplesDindividuals2.AconfusedlyBcheerfully2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題2CworriedlyDhopefully3.AsharedBforgotCattainedDrejected4.ArelatedBcloseCopenDdevoted5.AaccessBsuccessionCrightDreturn6.APresumablyBIncidentallyCObviouslyDGenerally7.AuniqueBcommonCparticularDtypical8.AfreedomBoriginCimpactDreform2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題39.AthereforeBhoweverCindeedDmoreover10.AwithBaboutCamongDby11.AallowedBpreachedCgrantedDfunded12.ASinceBIfCUnlessDWhile13.AasBforCunderDagainst14.AspreadBinterferenceCexclusionDinfluence15.AsupportBcry2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題4CpleaDwish16.AurgedBintendedCexpectedDpromised17.AcontrollingBformerCremainingDoriginal18.AslowerBfasterCeasierDtougher19.AcreatedBproducedCcontributedDpreferred20.ApuzzledbyBhostiletoCpessimisticaboutDunpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題5Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills；b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina；c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania；d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletor2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題6computerprogrammingarenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21.ThebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedtoAstresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.BspotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.Cintroducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.Dexplainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeansAfun.Bcraze.Chysteria.Dexcitement.23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemoryAdependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.Bresultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.Cisdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.Drequiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.24.EricssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethatAtalentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.Bbiographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.Ctheroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.Dhighachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?A“Faithwillmovemountains.”B“Onereapswhatonesows.”C“Practicemakesperfect.”D“Likefather,likeson.”2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題7Text2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”P(pán)eopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold；thatgaveheranIQof228thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,Whatsthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?Itsnotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildrensversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavantsarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadershipthatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetheritsknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題826.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?AAnsweringphilosophicalquestions.BFoldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.CTellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.DChoosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?APeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.BMoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.CThetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.DScientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavantsbecauseAthescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.Bcreativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.CvosSavantscaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.DthedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.29.WecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthatAtestscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofonesability.BIQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.Ctestinginvolvesalotofguesswork.Dtraditionaltestareoutofdate.30.WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardsIQtests?ASupportive.BSkeptical.CImpartial.DBiased.2007年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題9Text3Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Todaysfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetbackaback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffam