考點(diǎn)43閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)題

高考頻度：★★★★★

歷年來高考試題中的生詞量有增無減?！督虒W(xué)大綱》要求學(xué)生“讀懂生詞率不超過3%的傳記、故事、記

敘文、科普小品文和有關(guān)社會(huì)文史知識(shí)等不同題材的材料?！痹谟⒄Z閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中的生詞障礙往往會(huì)成

為學(xué)生理解的“絆腳石”，這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類：1.舊詞新義，考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義；如：

NearbyistheIndianapolisracecourse,wherethenation'smostfamouscarraceisheldeachyearonMay30叫我們

學(xué)過course的意思是“過程，課程”等，在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文course是汽車賽舉行的地方，可推

斷course在該句是“車道"或“跑道”的意思。2.合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生詞，如shoplifting,heartbroken,

computer-literate,decision-thinking,imperfect等；3.“靈活”的常用詞增多，這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文

語境才能正確理解；4.“新鮮”的外國(guó)人名、地名、專有名稱增多，這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景5.超

綱生詞。

有的學(xué)生在閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中存在著“生詞恐懼心理”，一遇到生詞就有讀不下去的感覺。那么閱讀理解

時(shí)遇到大量生詞該怎么辦？查詞典當(dāng)然是排除詞義障礙的一種方法，當(dāng)然這只有在平常的閱讀訓(xùn)練中才可

以使用。但是，頻繁的交閱詞典既影響閱讀速度，又容易破壞學(xué)生閱讀的思路和興趣。況且，一詞多義是

英語詞匯的主要特點(diǎn)，詞典不一定能為學(xué)生提供單詞在特定的二下文中的具體或確切的含義。平時(shí)的練習(xí)

中遇到生詞不要馬上查詞典，可以通過一定的方法來猜測(cè)理解。猜測(cè)詞義不僅是一項(xiàng)閱讀技巧，也是高考

閱讀能力考查的?個(gè)方面，每年在高考閱讀中都有猜測(cè)詞義的試題。掌握正確方法快速而又準(zhǔn)確地猜測(cè)出

生詞的含義，對(duì)提高閱讀速度和答題效率相當(dāng)重要。

該類題常見的考查形式有：

1.Thephrase"...”inthesentencecouldbereplacedby.

2.Theword"...”intheparagraphrefersto.

3.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordintheparagraph?/Whatdoestheunlinedwordmean?

4.Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtothephrase

5.Thewordu../'mostnearlymeans.

對(duì)此類試題，考生應(yīng)該進(jìn)行大膽猜測(cè)，但這種猜測(cè)不是胡亂的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。

下面介紹幾種常見的猜測(cè)詞義的方法供同學(xué)們加以運(yùn)用。

I.構(gòu)詞法猜詞

閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，掌握構(gòu)詞法對(duì)猜測(cè)詞義很有幫助。如：

unforeseeable.這個(gè)詞,可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法把它拆成un,fbre,see,able；其中sec是詞根，fbrc是“先，前,預(yù)”

的含義，un是否定,able是“能……的，可……的”,因此unforeseeable是“未能預(yù)見到的”意思。

罷和利新

...Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey'rebeingstaredat.Ifpeopledoubt

theoutcomeofhistwoexperiments,saidBaker,“Isuggesttheyrepeattheexperimentsandseefbr

themselves."...

70.Theunderlinedword“outcome“inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.

A.valueB.result

C.performanceD.connection

【答案】B

【解析】運(yùn)用一構(gòu)詞法”進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。動(dòng)詞詞組comeout的意義為露出、出現(xiàn)、顯露出”。再根據(jù)句子的語境,

可猜測(cè)出其意義是：（實(shí)的的霜果。

2.利用同義近義詞猜詞

在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語中推知生

詞的含義。統(tǒng)稱在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or,這些詞語或短語在句中作相同的成分，并且and或

or連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，甚至推出它

的大致詞義。

典的劇折

...Fermat'sLastTheorem（定理）,firstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatinthe

seventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwoman

scientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

abletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique....

65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle“asitisusedinthetext?

A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.

B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.

C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.

D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.

【答案】B

【解析】由句中不難看出Ferma的定理使得最具有數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁（beat）,并且在句中beaten

和baffled處于同等的并列關(guān)系，根據(jù)這一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、難倒、難以理解”的意思。

3.利用反義詞猜詞

對(duì)比是描述，說明事物的常用方式。在對(duì)比中，對(duì)比的事物是互為相反的，因此根據(jù)反義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系

可從已知推出未知。利用反義詞央說明生詞的意義，如反義詞hotandcold,perfectandimperfect,甚至前、

后句為肯定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。

罷和知新

...Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffiin,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,an

Evasionmotheroftwo,ages4and18months....

74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?

A.Apartydesignedbyspecialists.

B.Aplanrequiringcarefulthought.

C.Asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble.

D.Ademandmadebyguests.

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)前句的否定doesn't與后句的肯定canbe這一對(duì)比關(guān)系，可以判斷出，為了慶祝孩子的生日，

又不至于麻煩，可以買一個(gè)生日開心包。Hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反，而與diffkully,trouble相近。答案

為C。

4.利用上下文語境猜詞

任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容.上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上

下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年

來高考考查的熱點(diǎn)，

罷和知新

（2018?新課標(biāo)卷III）

Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydowcoftenassumethatmoreismore

whenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdid

hov/tolivemorewithless.

Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.

Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemother

wasunabletopayfbrherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwere匕ssoftenused

whenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfiind（基金）（ourkindergartendaughterisseriousabout

becomingadoctor）.

【文章大意】這是一片夾敘夾議文。文章講述作者引導(dǎo)孩子主動(dòng)捐獻(xiàn)玩具，并從玩耍簡(jiǎn)單玩具中獲得

快樂的做法。

【答案】A

【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句…1canhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolive

morewithless可以推斷出，人們通常認(rèn)為越多越好。故選A。

5.利用定義和解釋猜詞

有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義，我們可以利用定義來猜測(cè)這些詞的意思。

釋義法就是根據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對(duì)生詞以定語（從句）、表語甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加

以解釋說明的方式。

罷和利新

“Organicproduceisalwaysbetter,MGoldsaid,"Thefoodisfreeofpesticides（農(nóng)藥），andyouaregenerally

supportingfamilyfarmsinsteadoflargefarms.Andmoreoftenthannotitislocally（本地）grownandseasonal,so

itismoretasty."Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingintotheorganictrend,andsupermarkets

acrossBritainarccountingonmorelikehimastheygrowtheirorganicfoodbusiness.

62.Whatisthemeaningof“theorganictrend“asthewordsarcusedinthetext?

A.Growinginterestinorganicfood.

B.Betterqualityoforganicfood.

C.Risingmarketfbrorganicfood.

D.Higherpricesoforganicfood.

【答案】A

【解析】由Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingsomething可以推斷出,越來越多的顧客像Gold

?樣開始購(gòu)買有機(jī)食物，其實(shí)也就是對(duì)這類食物產(chǎn)生了越來越濃厚的興趣。答案為A。

6.根據(jù)語義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞

有時(shí)文章的作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，會(huì)用一些含有表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，副詞或短語。如：though,

although,still,but,yet,instead,insteadhowever,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,unlike,ratherthan,

foronething,foranother等，我們可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折意思猜測(cè)詞義。

典例劇折

...Howeverobviousthesefactsmayappearatfirstglance,theyarcactuallynotsoobviousastheyseem

exceptwhenwctakespecialpainstothinkaboutthesubject.

71.InParagraph3,“takespecialpains”probablymeans"

A.tryveryhardB.takeourtime

C.areveryunhappyD.feelespeciallypainful

【答案析】A

【解析】由However從句當(dāng)中的atfirstglance（乍一眼看上去）,與下文中的takespecialpams進(jìn)行對(duì)比，

既然不是一眼就看出那么簡(jiǎn)單，那么自然要費(fèi)力去想了。由此可以推斷出A項(xiàng)為最佳選項(xiàng)。

7.利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)猜詞

罷和利新

...“Iwasonthewaytoapersonal-injuryaccidentinWestNashville.AsIgotontoHighway40,bluelights

andsirens（警笛）going,IfellinbehindagoldPontiacFirebirdthatsuddenlyseemedtotakeoffquicklydownthe

highway.Thedriversomehowpanickedatthesightofme.Hewasgoingmorethanahundredmilesanhourand

beganpassingcarsontheshoulder.”

63.Themeaningof-panicked“inParagraph2isrelatedto.

A.shameB.hateC.angerD.fear

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容描述，可以知道panicked意思是“驚慌”，相當(dāng)于fear。

檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練

題組一(2018年高考真題)

Passage1(2018?新課標(biāo)卷I,C)

Languageshavebeencoiningandgoingfbrthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscoining

andalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groups

developedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat1(),000years

ago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoo

becamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthe

nation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunications

inthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,

SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.The

generalruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzones

havelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa

2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichP叩uaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.The

mediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarcspokenby

fewerpeoplethanthat.

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof;6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderly

speakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),Lipan

ApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseems

tohavemuchchanceofsunival.

28.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?

A.Theydevelopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.

C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D.Theywerecloselyconnected.

29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominantnunderlinedinparagraph2?

A.Complex.B.Advanced.

C.Powerful.D.Modern.

30.Howmanylanguagesarcspokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?

A.About6,800B.About3,400

C.About2,400D.About1,200

31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.

B.People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.

C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.

D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.

Passage2（2018?新課標(biāo)卷II,）

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe'san

environmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingtilingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrive

dov/ntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplastic

shoppingbags.

Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesor

alonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（收銀臺(tái)）.Thebagsareprohibited

insonic90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiring

scientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarcnotasbadfbrtheplanetasmostpeopleassume.

Amongthebagmakers'argutnent:manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,which

areeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,

theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.

Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.

Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,

longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedat

least131timestobebetterfbrtheplanetthanplastic.

Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（質(zhì)疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooand

wantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsfbryears.

24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?

A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.

C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefbrtheuseofplasticbags.

25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds"inparagraph2referto?

A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.

C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.

26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?

A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.

C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.

27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironment

C.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl

Passage3（2018?浙江卷，B）

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe'san

environmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingtilingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrive

dov/ntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplastic

shoppingbags.

Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesor

alonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（收銀臺(tái)）.Thebagsareprohibited

insonic90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiring

scientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarcnotasbadfbrtheplanetasmostpeopleassume.

Amongthebagmakers'argutnent:manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,which

areeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,

theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.

Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.

Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,

longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedat

least131timestobebetterfbrtheplanetthanplastic.

Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（質(zhì)疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooand

wantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsfbryears.

24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?

A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.

C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefbrtheuseofplasticbags.

25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds"inparagraph2referto?

A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.

C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.

26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?

A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.

C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.

27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironment

C.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl

Passage4（2018?北京卷，D）

PreparingCitiesforRobotCars

Thepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream,yearsawayfrom

materializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehicles

begangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttnilyselfdrivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthe

wayfbrcompaniestosellorrentoutself^drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxisenices.

California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincities

acrossthecountry.It,shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongit

takes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorfbrworse,

dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.

Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars（andrightfullys。），

policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions（，非

放）andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomake

surethatthosevehiclesarcenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoresharcc.

Dowcwanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewhere

mostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpacked

highwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.They

taketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingfbr

parking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheselfedrivingminibus.

Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershave

alreadyfoundinride-hailing（叫車）services.

AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpctrol-powcrcdprivatecars

worldwidewithelectric,sclf^drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%

andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure（基石山］殳施）andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsand

cheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybe

fiekledbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenance

issues（責(zé)任與維護(hù)問題）.Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecome

comfortablewiththetechnology.

Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn't

extendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwchavetoday.Thecomingtechnological

advancementpresentsachancefbrcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemore

people,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoining.Wejusthavetoplanfbrit.

47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan.

A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems

B.providebetterservicestocustomers

C.causedamagetoourenvironment

D.makesomepeoplelosejobs

48.Asfbrdriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?

A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.

C.Afibrdability.D.Management.

49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"fielded"inParagraph4probablymean?

A.Employed.B.Replaced.

C.Shared.D.Reduced.

50.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?

A.Doubtful.B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.

題組二（2017年高考真題）

Passage1（2（）17?新課標(biāo)卷H,D）

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIan

Baldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboring

plantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplants

pumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsfbrshort

ScientistshavefoundthatailkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It'saplant'swayofcrying

out.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpout

perlumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyanive,thetables

areturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.

Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusually

moreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmand

knewwhattodo.

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon,tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryof

painorwassendingamessagetoi:sownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighbors

justhappenedto“overhear“thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn'tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.

CharlesDanvin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（親密的）

thantheworldwccanseeandhear.Oursensesarcweak.There'sawholelotgoingon.

32.Whatdocsaplantdowhenitisunderattack?

A.Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.

C.ItstandsquietlyD.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.

33.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"thetablesareturned"inparagraph3?

A.Theattackersgetattacked.

B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.

C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.

D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.

34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.

A.predictnaturaldisasters

B.protectthemselvesagainstinsects

C.talktooneanotherintentionally

D.helptheirneighborswhennecessary

35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.

B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore

C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems

D.PeopleinDarwin'stimewereimaginative.

Passagc2（2017新課標(biāo)HI卷，C）

Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.Fourteenwolves

werecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrownto

morethan170wolves.

GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,

buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfrom

theYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumans

around.

Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfood

sources（來源）forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation［植被）.which

reducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyo:epopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyotes

killedalargepercentageoftheparksredfbxcs,andcompletelydroveawaythepark'sbeavers.

Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.They

hopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecause

theyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.

Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewoIvers.TheU.S.Fishand

WildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesover

howwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversand

redfbxcshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologists

decidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.

28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.

B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.

C.Theconflictbetweenfannersandgraywolves.

D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"displaced"inparagraph2mean?

A.Tested.B.Separated.

C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown.

30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?

A.Damagetolocalecology.

B.Adeclineinthepark'sincome.

C.Presen-ationofvegetation.

D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.

31.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?

A.Doubtful.B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.

Passagc3（2017?天津卷）

Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesfbr

autonomousvehicles（自主駕駛車軻）.Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcars

performincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.

Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley^^ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyarea

betweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfiiture.

Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosespropcrty（財(cái)產(chǎn)）damageoverpersonalinjury;thatit

neverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthe

drivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.

“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,5,saysDobrindt.Itwillputfully

driverlesscarsonanequallegalfoolingtohumandrivers,hesays.

Whoisresponsiblefbrtheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.

“Theliability（法律責(zé)任）issueisthebiggestoneofthemsaysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.

AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefbrdriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahumant4bc

watchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.

Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars."Whenyousay*driveriess

cars\peopleexpectdriverlesscars?,Meratsays."Youknow-nodriver.”

Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomated

withoutoperation.

Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloat

StanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddr