強(qiáng)化練(十四)科普知識(shí)類說(shuō)明文(限時(shí)：25分鐘)A(2022·安徽“皖南八校”聯(lián)考)Everypersonyawns.Sodomanyothervertebrate(有脊椎的)animals，includingsnakes，dogs，cats，sharks，andchimpanzees.Whileyawningiscontagious(會(huì)傳染的)，noteveryonecatchesayawn.Around60%－70%ofpeopleyawniftheyseeanotherpersonyawninreallifeorinaphotoorevenreadaboutyawning.Contagiousyawningalsooccursinanimals，butitdoesn’tnecessarilyworkthesamewayasinpeople.Scientistshaveproposedmanytheoriesforwhywecatchyawns.Probablythemostpopulartheoryisthatyawningservesasaformofnonverbalcommunication.Catchingayawnshowsyou’reaccustomedtoaperson’semotions.Scientificevidencecomesfroma2010studyattheUniversityofConnecticut，whichconcludedyawningdoesnotbecomecontagiousuntilachildisaboutfouryearsoldwhenempathy(共情)skillsdevelop.Inthestudy，childrenwithautism，whomayhaveimpairedempathydevelopment，caughtyawnslessoftenthantheirpeers.Studyingcontagiousyawninginotheranimalsmayprovidecluestohowpeoplecatchyawns.Contagiousyawninginanimalsmayserveasameansofcommunication.Siamesefightingfishyawnwhentheyseetheirmirrorimageoranotherfightingfish，generallyjustpriortoanattack.Contagiousyawningislinkedtotemperature，inbothanimalsandpeople.Mostscientistsspeculateitisathermoregulatorybehavior，whilesomeresearchersbelieveitisusedtocommunicateapotentialthreatorstressfulsituation.A2010studyofbudgerigars(虎皮鸚鵡)foundthatyawningincreasedastemperaturewasraisednearbodytemperature.Peoplecommonlyyawnwhentiredorbored.Similarbehaviorisseeninanimals.Onestudyfoundthebraintemperatureinsleepdeprivedratswashigherthantheircoretemperature.Yawningreducedbraintemperature，possiblyimprovingbrainfunction.Researcherswilldofurtherstudyonthis.1．Whatcanwelearnaboutyawningfromparagraph1?A．Allanimalsyawn.B．Readingaboutyawningmaymakeapersonyawn.C．Onlyvertebrateanimalsyawn.D．Yawningworksthesameforhumanandanimals.2．Whydoestheauthormentionchildrenwithautisminparagraph2?A．Toproveatheory.B．Todefineaconcept.C．Todevelopthetheme.D．Toprovidethebackground.3．Siamesefightingfishyawnto.A．showkindnessB．findapartnerC．giveathreatD．escapefromdanger4．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Moreresearchonyawningwillbecarriedoutinthefuture.B．Temperatureisnotafactorconcerningyawning.C．Thesecrettoyawninghasbeenworkedout.D．Yawningcanimprovebrainfunctiongreatly.BUsingthepowerofartificialintelligence(AI)，scientistshaverevealednewinsightsintothecreationanddestructionofmassextinction.Contrarytoconventionalknowledge，theirstudysuggeststhatlargerextinctionsarenotalwaysaformof“creativedestruction”thatallowsneworganisms(生物體)toradiateandevolve.Instead，itsuggeststhatmassextinctionisrarelyassociatedwithnewspeciesofradiation.Dr.HoyalCuthill，theleadstudyauthorfromtheUniversityofEssexintheUKandtheTokyoInstituteofTechnology，saidinastatement，“Someofthemostchallengingthingstounderstandthehistoryoflifearethevasttimelinesinvolvedandthenumberofspecies.Newmachinelearningapplicationscanhelpusunderstandthisinformationinhuman-readableform.Thismeansthatwecan，sotospeak，holdtheevolutionofhalfabillionyearsinthepalmofourhandandgainnewinsightsfromwhatwesee.”Theyconcludedthatmassextinctionandlaterradiationwerenotconnectedaspreviouslythought.Within5percentofthemostsignificantperiodsofdisruption(中斷)，AIdetected“bigfive”massextinctions，sevenmoremassextinctions，twomassextinction-radiationevents，and15massradiations.Mostimportantly，itdiscoversthatmassiveradiationandextinctionrarelyoccurredwitheachother，changingtheviewthatgreaterextinctionleadstoakindofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationofnature.Itappearsthatlargerextinctionsarecertainlynottheengineofevolutionaryradiation.TaketheCambrianeruptionforexampleanditwasabout41millionyearsagowhenalargegroupofanimalsfirstappearedontherecordofthefirstfossilrecordandthedawnofahighmobileanimalequippedwithmodernphysicalfeatures.Thisnewstudyfoundthatahandfulofothernotableexplosionsofbiodiversity，includingtheCambrianeruption，usuallyoccurredatatimewhentheywerelargelyisolated(隔離)fromextinction.Dr.NicholasGuttenberg，astudyco-authorfromtheTokyoInstituteofTechnologyexplained，“Ecosystemsaredynamicandyoudon’tneedanythingtoexisttoallowsomethingnewtoappear.”5．Whatdoesthefirstparagraphserveas?A．Anexplanationofartificialintelligence.B．Abackgroundofresearchers’study.C．Thereasonsforcreativedestruction.D．Theresultofresearchers’newstudy.6．WhatcanweinferfromDr.HoyalCuthill’swords?A．AIcontributesalottothestudyofevolution.B．Understandingthehistoryoflifeisverydifficult.C．NewAImachineslearnapplicationsbetter.D．Biologicalevolutioncanbecontrolledeasily.7．Whatistheresearchers’discovery?A．Massextinctionisunlikelytocauseevolutionaryradiation.B．Thefirstanimalwithmodernfeaturesoccurredduringeruption.C．Thevolcaniceruptionledtoamassextinctionandradiation.D．Theideaofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationhasturnedouttrue.8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Newprocessesofbiologicalevolution.B．Newviewofradiationfromnaturalspecies.C．Newunderstandingofmassextinction.D．Newoutbreaksofbiologicalpopulations.CMidwaythroughTheMatrix，Cypherfeastsonanenormoussteak，wellawarethathisrealityisnotreal，partofadigitalprogramtellinghisbrainthatthesteakisaconstructionandthatitis“juicyanddelicious”．Twodecadesafterthemoviemadeitsfirstappearance，somethingunexpectedarises：Thefutureofrealitywillnotonlybevirtualbutalsosynthetic(合成的)．Cypher’sfuturemealwillbeaphysicalone，synthesizedfromanimalcells.Andthesynthesisgoesbeyonddinner.Startingwithcomponentsfromthenaturalworld，scientistsarelearningtoengineermicroorganismsandbuildbiocomputingsystems.However，biologyhasatendencytoevolveinunexpectedways.Synthesizedmeatisonecaseinpoint.Thedrivingforcesbehindthemeatmovementarepractical.Ithasbeenestimatedthatcultured(培育的)meatwouldrequire7to45percentlessenergyandproduce78to96percentlessgreenhousegasthanconventionalanimalsfarmedforconsumption.Butoncewe’reabletosynthesizemeat，theoretically，we’llhavethecapabilitytoculturemeatfromanyanimal，eventhosewe’dneverconsidereatingtoday，likedolphinsorchimpanzees，whichwillposeanewregulatorychallengeforus.Usingsyntheticbiology，wecaneveneditandrewritelife，thetechnologyofwhichisalreadyinuse.In2021，scientistsinsomecountriesannouncedtheyhadgrownmonkeyembryosinjectedwithhumanstemcells.Herecomesthesituationworthconsidering：suchamonkey-humanhybridwilldemonstratequalitiesthataresomewherebetweenhumans，onwhichexperimentationisn’tallowed，andanimals，whichareoftenraisedspecificallyforresearch.Howwillwedecidewhenananimalbecomestoohuman?Dependingonwhereyoustand，thesyntheticrealitieslandsomewherebetween“reallyexciting”and“criticallyconcerning”．Asi