強(qiáng)化練(十三)說(shuō)明文(限時(shí)：25分鐘)AApaperpublishedonNovember15inCurrentBiologysuggeststhatapatch(小塊)ofcellsdevelopedforidentifyinghumanfaces，thefusiformfacearea(FFA)，isupandrunningininfants(嬰兒)asyoungastwomonthsold.RebeccaSaxe，aprofessorofbrainandcognitivesciencesattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology，andhercolleaguesscanned42infantsranginginagefromtwotoninemonthsusingaspecialfunctionalmagneticresonance(磁共振)imaging(fMRI)helmetdesignedspecificallyforbabies.Datafrom16oftheinfantshadtobethrownoutbecauseitisextremelydifficulttokeepthemhappy，stillandawakeforlong.Forthe26remaininginfants，thescientistscomparedactivityinvisualareasofthebrainwhiletheywatched2.7-secondvideoclipsthatdescribedfaces，bodyparts，landscapes，andotherobjects.Resultsshowedmoreactivityintheareasofthebrain’svisualsystemthatarespecializedforrecognizingfaces，bodiesandscenesthanareasforotherobservedobjects.“There’severyreasontothinkthatbabiesarebornexpectingandlookingfortheirmostimportantsocialpartners，”Saxesays.“Somethingintheirbrainmakestheminterestedinfacesactuallybeforethey’vehadanyexperiencewithfacesatall.Babieslooktowardface-likeimagesfromhoursafterbirth.”O(jiān)therresearchersarenotconvincedbySaxe’sconclusions.“Idon’tbelievethattherearefacepatchespresentatbirth，”Livingstonesays.HeviewsthatexperienceandlearningareessentialforthedevelopmentoftheFFA.ToKalanitGrill-Spector，apsychologyprofessoratStanfordUniversity，themostexcitingpartofthenewpaperisnotaboutthisquestionoflearnedversusinborndevelopment.“Ithinkthestudyiskindofattemptingtoaddressthisquestion，butitdoesn’treallyprovideaperfectansweronewayoranother.Whatimpressedmeistheamountofbabiesthatthey’vescannedandwithalotofnewinnovationsinbabyfMRI，”shesays.“That’sgoingtopushthefieldforward.”1．Whywerethedatafromthe16infantsabandoned?A．Becausetheinfantsdidn’twatchthevideoclips.B．Becausetheinfantsmadenoresponsetotheobjects.C．Becausetheinfantscouldn’tfocusonobjectsforsometime.D．Becausetheinfantswereunwillingtowearhelmetsforlong.2．Howdidtheresearchersgettheresults?A．Bylistingfigures.B．Byaskingquestions.C．Byanalyzingreasons.D．Bymakingcomparisons.3．WhichstatementwouldRebeccaSaxeprobablyagreewith?A．Infantscanprocessfacialpatternsandgivethemmeaning.B．Specializedareasforrecognizingfacesarepresentatbirth.C．Someabilitiesofthevisualsystemaregraduallydeveloped.D．ExperienceandlearningareessentialforthedevelopmentoftheFFA.4．WhichwordbestdescribesGrill-Spector’sattitudetothewayoftheresearch?A．Objective. B．Skeptical.C．Favorable. D．Disapproving.BEverysummer，thecallsofthousandsofswampsparrowscanbeheardacrossNorthAmerica’swetlands.Theselittlebrownbirdsknowonlyafewsongs，buttheyknowthemverywell.Infact，theirmusicalsetlistprobablyhasn’tchangedmuchforcenturies.Likehumans，babyswampsparrowslearntocommunicatebycopyingadults.Fromayoungage，theylearntocopy，ormimic，songssungbytheirelders.“Swampsparrowsveryrarelymakemistakeswhentheylearntheirsongs，”saysbiologistRobertLachlan.Infact，theirmimicryissoaccuratethatthemusicchangeslittlebetweengenerations.Justlikechildren，thesparrowsdon’tremembereverysongtheyhear.Lachlansays，“Theydon’tjustlearnsongsatrandom；theypickupcommonersongsratherthanrarersongs.”Inotherwords，theylearnsongstheyhearmostoften.It’sanexampleofastrategythatscientistscallconformistbias.Untilrecently，thislearningabilitywasthoughttobespecialonlytohumans.Between2008and2009，Lachlan’sresearchteamrecordedthecallsof615maleswampsparrowsacrossthenortheasternUnitedStates.Theresearchersusedcomputersoftwaretobreakeachsongintoacollectionofnotes，orsyllables.Theythenmeasuredthedifferencesbetweenthetunes.Theresearchrevealedthatonly2percentofmalesparrowssangadifferentsongfromthestandardtune.Thecombinationofaccuratemimicryandconformistbiasallowsthebirdstocreatetraditionsthatlastforcenturies.“Withthosetwoingredientstogether，youendupwithtraditionsthatarereallystable，”saysLachlan.“Thesong-typesthatyouhearinthemarshesofNorthAmericatodaymaywellhavebeenthere1,000yearsago.”Lachlan’sstudyisalsoamongthefirsttomeasurethelongevityofsongtraditionswithinabirdspecies.Thefindingsarereallyexciting，saysscientistAndrewFarnsworth.Hehopesthatfutureresearchwillevolvefromthesestudies.Forexample，scientistsmaybeabletoidentifyhowotheranimalsareabletopreservetheirculturaltraditions.“Seeingthepotentialforitinotherorganismsissupercool，”saysFarnsworth.5．WhatdoweknowaboutLachlan’sresearch?A．Thecallsof615femaleswampsparrowswererecorded.B．Accuratemimicryallowsthebirdstocreatethecenturies-longtraditions.C．Itaimedtostudyswampsparrows’learningability.D．Computertechnologyhelpedalotduringtheresearch.6．Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofconformistbias?A．Anewslangwordbecomespopularwithagroupofteenagers.B．Adoglearnstodoatrickbecauseitsownerrewardsitregularly.C．Astudentmemorizeshistoricaleventsforahistoryexam.D．Astudentlovessingingandjoinstheschoolchorus.7．WhatisAndrewFarnsworth’sattitudetowardsthefindings?A．Indifferent. B．Negative.C．Positive. D．Conservative.8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheAmazingLifespanofSwampSparrowsB．TheTraditionalMusicalSetListofSwampSparrowsC．TheEvolutionofSwampSparrowsinNorthAmericaD．TheGreatLearningAbilityofSwampSparrowsC(2022·廣西南寧二模)Inordertogetridofgoldenrodfromthecity，thegovernmentofWuhanisencouragingresidentstoreportanyfindingsoftheplant，whichisclassifiedasaharmfulalien(外來(lái)的)species.Goldenrodisoneofthemostsuccessfulandwidespreadalienplantspecies.Itisoftenreferredtoas“theflowerofthedevil”，asitspreadsextremelyfastandcausesotherplantstodie.BesidesHubeiProvince，theplanthasalsobeenfoundexpandinginotherprovincessuchasJiangxiandZhejiang.Althoughlocalauthoritieshavetriedtogetridoftheplant，itisprovingtobeadifficulttask.Goldenrodrepresentsjustoneofthealienspeciesthatareaggressivetowardsthecountry’snativespecies.Statisticsshowthatby2020，nearly800kindsofalienspecieshadinvadedthecountry，amongwhich638specieshaveinvadedthecountry’sagriculturalandforestryecosystems，causingdirecteconomiclossesofabout200billionyuan($31.36billion)．AttheUnitedNationsBiodiversityConferenceheldinKunming，YunnanProvince，theinvasionofalienspecieswasthesubjectofdiscussions，asitwasregardedasoneofthetwomostimportantfactorsleadingtothelossofbiodiversity，theotherbeinghuman-causedecologicaldamage.ChinapasseditsBiosecurityLawonApril15，2021，whichprovidesthelegalbasisforpreventingtheinvasionofalienspeciesandprotectingbiodiversityinthecountry.Therelevantdepartmentsalsostrictlycarryoutportinspectionsandquarantinessoastokeepharmfulorganismsoutofthecountry，andtheystrengthenearlywarningandmonitoringsystemssoastoaddresstheinvasionasearlyaspossible.However，whilegovernmentdepartmentsaremakingeveryefforttopreventandcontrolthesituation，theparticipationofthepeopleshouldnotbeignored.Itisalsonecessary，asWuhanisdoing，toencouragepeopletopayattentiontoinvasivespeciesandactivelyplayaroleinkeepingthematbay.Preventinganyinvasionbyanalienspeciesandprotectingbiodivers