2024年新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀理解說(shuō)明文命題人

眼中的說(shuō)明文是什么樣子的呢？Expositorywriting(說(shuō)明文)logicalstructure結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)distincttopic主題鮮明clearattitude態(tài)度明確Ourfirstpriorityistoanalyzethestructureofexpositorywriting！理清說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)為重中之重！問(wèn)題解決型：?jiǎn)栴}

分析問(wèn)題（因果）

解決措施

呼吁或建議或評(píng)價(jià)

主題說(shuō)明型：引出主題（aphenomenon/project/plan/debate/theory...）

解釋主題(定義/原則/優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)/功能...)拓展主題（利弊、因果、影響、意義、評(píng)價(jià)...）研究發(fā)現(xiàn)型：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)

研究過(guò)程(背景、目標(biāo)、對(duì)象、原理、方法、數(shù)據(jù)、結(jié)果...)研究結(jié)論(前景、影響、意義、評(píng)價(jià)、未來(lái)方向、不足...)說(shuō)明文三大類型主要題型細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷（以推斷隱含信息為主）C篇特有詞義猜測(cè)/指代判斷題基本上出現(xiàn)在C篇其他標(biāo)題概括、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題設(shè)問(wèn)視角宏觀層面的信息定位微觀層面的信息理解題目類型近幾年新課標(biāo)I卷C篇閱讀理解試題來(lái)源文章出處:本文為選自BigThink網(wǎng)站中的文章(https://bigthink.com/neuropsychreadingmemory),原文標(biāo)題是"Whydoweremembermoreby

readinginprintvs.onscreen?"《為什么我們閱讀印刷品比在屏幕上閱讀記住得更多?》語(yǔ)篇類型說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)篇長(zhǎng)度363+147詞主題語(yǔ)境“人與社會(huì)”主題下“科學(xué)與技術(shù)”—學(xué)習(xí)媒介的選擇語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)

【1】Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no.”Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心態(tài))andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.【2】Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.【3】Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.【4】Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假說(shuō)).”Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.【5】Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.【6】Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.屏幕閱讀與紙質(zhì)閱讀在理解力上存在差異，紙質(zhì)材料上的閱讀更有效。心理因素也是同等重要的原因:數(shù)字文本閱讀的投入比印刷文本少教育者不應(yīng)認(rèn)為所有媒體都是一樣的。提出主題題紙張的物理屬性（觸感和地理位置）有助于記憶內(nèi)容。解釋原因（二）總結(jié)解釋原因（一）topicsentence題目類型2024年新課標(biāo)I卷C篇閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)細(xì)節(jié)理解細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷本次C篇閱讀理解的題型延續(xù)了往年的特色——以細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，詞義猜測(cè)題仍然出現(xiàn)在C篇StrikedownIdentifythelogictrapsineachquestion.詞義猜測(cè)題Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.上下文語(yǔ)境+邏輯詞、特殊符號(hào)難點(diǎn)：準(zhǔn)確理解shinethrough與上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。同義詞替換：printreading=paperreading根據(jù)前面moresuccessful可知作者應(yīng)該是肯定Thebenefitsofprintreading，排除AB,根據(jù)句意(如上)選D命題點(diǎn)：補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明句29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?

A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly.

B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstand.

C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly.

D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedia.StrikedownIdentifythelogictrapsineachquestion.

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Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假說(shuō)).”Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.命題點(diǎn)：解釋說(shuō)明句細(xì)節(jié)理解題同義替換無(wú)中生有

曲解文意干擾項(xiàng)，原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)并拼湊，但曲解文意，且不是“假說(shuō)”的內(nèi)容。notsoserious=treat...lightly30.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?

A.Theycanholdstudents’attention.

B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.

C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills.

D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.StrikedownIdentifythelogictrapsineachquestion.

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Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.命題點(diǎn)：因果句細(xì)節(jié)理解題先看題目定位turnto≈use;“so”因果連詞，前句就是原因。

同意替換：engaging引人入勝的≈attractive≈canholdstudents'attentionTIP:高考題在考查閱讀的過(guò)程中，喜歡用paraphrase/interpret/summarize等方式呈現(xiàn)正確答案，注意同義替換。31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?

A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.

B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.

C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.

D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.StrikedownIdentifythelogictrapsineachquestion.

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Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.推理判斷題關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容最后一段兩句話，重點(diǎn)在“however...”不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為所有媒體都是一樣的。結(jié)合本文強(qiáng)調(diào)印刷文本的作用。可知答案選C也用排除法:A主語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該是educators.B，D無(wú)中生有。命題點(diǎn)：主題句/轉(zhuǎn)折句解題策略——微觀解析通過(guò)觀察C篇各個(gè)問(wèn)題的信息句，命題老師的命題點(diǎn)通常位于：主題句（話題句、總結(jié)句）、承上啟下句、轉(zhuǎn)折（對(duì)比／因果／遞進(jìn)／解釋／并列／條件）句中，此外比較常見的還有定語(yǔ)從句（狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、特殊句式）、舉例項(xiàng)、引用、特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)后。因此在閱讀時(shí)，需要額外關(guān)注這些點(diǎn)位的句子，便于解題時(shí)快速、有效定位。在解題時(shí)，充分利用語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志詞，利用句子內(nèi)部、句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系和語(yǔ)法關(guān)系。節(jié)選自斯坦福大學(xué)網(wǎng)站2023年5月1日名為Comparisonofspecimensandfieldobservationsrevealsbiasesinbiodiversitydata的文章。試題來(lái)源考點(diǎn)分布【1】IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?

A.Theyarebecomingoutdated.

B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.

C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.

D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.解題步驟：審題—準(zhǔn)確定位（題文同序）—做題細(xì)節(jié)理解題解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第一段Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheform

ofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.可知，現(xiàn)在收集的物種記錄大多是以圖片、視頻和其它數(shù)字格式存在的，也就是說(shuō)，它們大多是電子格式的。選B。準(zhǔn)確定位【4】“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.【5】Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?

A.Mistakesindataanalysis.

B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.

C.Improperwayofsampling.

D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.Step

2：審題—準(zhǔn)確定位（題文同序）—做題解析：推斷。第四段是說(shuō)該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在探索網(wǎng)民們?nèi)臃矫娴钠?，比如網(wǎng)民們會(huì)因?yàn)榛ū炔莞语@眼而拍花，而不是拍草。第五段也呼應(yīng)了這個(gè)要點(diǎn)，即網(wǎng)民們采集的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)更加偏向引人注目的特征，而忽略了不怎么引人注目的特征，所以網(wǎng)民的采樣可能會(huì)有問(wèn)題。選C。內(nèi)容概括【7】“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?

A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.

B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.

C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.

D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.

解析：推斷。根據(jù)最后一段可知，生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序可以提醒用戶(公民科學(xué)家)那些已經(jīng)過(guò)度采樣的區(qū)域，引導(dǎo)他們?nèi)ノ幢怀浞植蓸拥牡胤綄?duì)物種進(jìn)行采樣，并且鼓勵(lì)用戶讓專家鑒定他們上傳的圖片以改善觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量。選D?？偨Y(jié)判斷偷梁換柱解題步驟：審題—準(zhǔn)確定位（題文同序）—做題曲解文意無(wú)中生有同義替換試題拓展與變式訓(xùn)練03WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestruc