初中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題英語句子概論2021/10/101一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語和插入語。2021/10/1021.句子的成分主語:(Subject)

表示句子說的是什么人或什么事.

是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：2021/10/1031.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls。4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）2021/10/1047.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）2021/10/105

謂語

(Predicate)

說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：

1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：

Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.

Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2021/10/106

2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：

Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞構(gòu)成。如：

DoyouspeakEnglish？

Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：

Wearestudents.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。2021/10/1072.________________Ourchalkhasrunout.Onhearingthenews,hecheered.

★高考經(jīng)?？疾榈牟患拔飫?dòng)詞:

“發(fā)生”__________;__________;__________;____________________“用完,用光”________;________.....

★不及物動(dòng)詞的用法:

無__________,無_________

主語+謂語(S+V)happenoccurtakeplacecomeaboutbreakoutrunoutgiveout

賓語被動(dòng)語態(tài)2021/10/108e.g.<1>.“過去的幾年里我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了很大的變化”

Ourschoolhastakenplacegreatchangesinthelastfewyears.

________________________________________________________.

<2>.Doyouknowwhatwashappenedyesterday?(改錯(cuò))(×)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschoolinthelastfewyears.＼2021/10/109表語(Predicative)用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：

2021/10/10101.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞）2.Isityours?（代詞）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（數(shù)詞）2021/10/10116.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介詞短語）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副詞）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）2021/10/1012注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：

Heisateacher.2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：

Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.

3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,

例如：

Heseems(tobe)verysad.

2021/10/1013注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。

4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：

Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：

Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.

6）終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove,turnout,表達(dá)"結(jié)果是;證明是"，之意，例如：

Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.

2021/10/1014★系動(dòng)詞的用法:(注意三點(diǎn))

+___________作表語;

無__________;

無

__________;e.g.Thedish________________.(嘗起來好吃)Thestory_______________.(聽起來有趣).adj.

賓語被動(dòng)語態(tài)tastesdelicioussoundsinteresting2021/10/1015賓語（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）2021/10/10164.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動(dòng)名詞短語）（賓語從句）2021/10/1017賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：

Lendmeyourdictionary,please.

to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：

HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.

for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：

Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：

Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.2021/10/1018下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語

ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire

等，如：

Herefusedtolendmehisbike.2021/10/1019下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語

admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：

Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.2021/10/1020下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。

forgettodo表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，

forgetdoing表示“已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：

Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(還沒來)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(書已還給他了)

2021/10/1021賓語補(bǔ)足語（ObjectComplement）用于補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補(bǔ)”一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：2021/10/10221.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）2021/10/1023

以上的成分稱為基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2--4個(gè)基本成分。2021/10/1024定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautiful

city.Chinaisadeveloping

country;

Americaisadeveloped

country.Therearethirty

women

teachersisourschool.His

rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.

Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst

toentertheclassroom.Theteaching

planfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Tomisaboywholikesmusicverymuch.（形容詞）（分詞）（名詞）（代詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（介詞短語）（從句）2021/10/1025狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。通常有副詞，介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)．狀語種類如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（時(shí)間狀語）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因狀語）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（條件狀語）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）2021/10/1026Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式狀語Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴隨狀語Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.目的狀語Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.結(jié)果狀語Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.讓步狀語Iamtallerthanheis.比較狀語2021/10/1027同位語:

對(duì)其前面的名詞代詞做進(jìn)一步解釋.ThatisMr.Chen,ourEnglishteacher.

插入語:

對(duì)一句話作一些附加的解釋.

Tobehonest,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.定語，狀語，同位語及插入語可以稱為附屬句子成分。2021/10/1028LastweekIwenttothesupermarket.

Lastweek

I

went

tothesupermarket.

狀

主謂狀Theplaywasveryinteresting.

Theplay

was

very

interesting.

主系狀表Ican’thearaword.

I

can’thear

aword.主謂賓Theyweretalkingloudly.

They

weretalking

loudly.

主謂狀分析句子成分2021/10/1029ItwasSunday.

It

was

Sunday.

主系表InevergetupearlyonSundays.

I

never

getup

early

onSundays.

主狀謂狀狀I(lǐng)lookedattheyoungmanandtheyoungwomanangrily.

I

lookedat

theyoungmanandthe

主謂賓youngwoman

angrily.

賓狀2021/10/1030Ireadafewlines,butIdidn’tunderstandaword.

I

read

afew

lines,but

I

didn’t

主謂定賓連主謂understand

aword.

謂賓Myholidayspassedquickly,butIdidn’tsendcardstomyfriends.

Myholidays

passed

quickly,but

I

主謂狀連主didn’tsend

cards

tomyfriends.

謂賓狀2021/10/1031Igotupearlyandboughtthirtycards.

I

gotup

early

and

bought

thirty

cards.

主謂狀連謂定賓HeisworkingforabigfirmandhehasalreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.

He

isworking

forabigfirm

and

he

has

主謂狀連主謂already

visited

agreatnumberof

different

狀謂定定places

inAustralia.

賓定2021/10/10322.簡(jiǎn)單句基本句型英語五種基本句型列式如下：基本句型一:Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋謂）基本句型二:Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）基本句型三:Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）基本句型四:Ｓ+Ｖ+O1+Ｏ2（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）基本句型五:Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ(主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ))2021/10/1033基本句型一Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋謂）1.Time2.Thesun3.Theman4.Everybodyflies.rises.cooked.laughed．此句型中動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,能表達(dá)完整意思。主語可有修飾語---定語，謂語可有修飾語---狀語，如，Theredsunrisesintheeast.2021/10/10342.________________Ourchalkhasrunout.Onhearingthenews,hecheered.

★高考經(jīng)?？疾榈牟患拔飫?dòng)詞:

“發(fā)生”__________;__________;__________;____________________“用完,用光”________;________.....

★不及物動(dòng)詞的用法:

無__________,無_________

主語+謂語(S+V)happenoccurtakeplacecomeaboutbreakoutrunoutgiveout

賓語被動(dòng)語態(tài)2021/10/1035e.g.<1>.“過去的幾年里我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了很大的變化”

Ourschoolhastakenplacegreatchangesinthelastfewyears.

________________________________________________________.

<2>.Doyouknowwhatwashappenedyesterday?(改錯(cuò))(×)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschoolinthelastfewyears.＼2021/10/1036基本句型二Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）1.He2.Thedinner3.Theweather

issmellsbecametallandstrong.good.warmer.此句型中謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。系動(dòng)詞有三類：1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的：be,seem,appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste2.表狀態(tài)延續(xù)的：remain,stay,keep,continue,stand3.表狀態(tài)變化的：become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow2021/10/1037

基本句型三Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）ＳＶ（及物動(dòng)詞）Ｏ(賓語)1.Who

2.She3.I4.I5.Iknowslaughatwantdon’tknowenjoytheanswer?her.tohaveacupoftea.whattodo.livinghere.此句型中的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，必須跟一個(gè)賓語，才能使意思完整，而賓語成分的多樣化使這一結(jié)構(gòu)異常復(fù)雜。2021/10/1038

基本句型四Ｓ+Ｖ+IO+Ｏ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）ＳＶ（及物）ｏ（多指人）Ｏ（多指物）1.I2.Heshowedboughthimmemypictures.abeautifulskirt.此句型中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者（多指物），另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接賓語（多指人）。若要先說出直接賓語，后說間接賓語，則要借助與介詞to或for。Heboughtmeabeautifulskirt.Heboughtabeautifulskirtforme.2021/10/1039用to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對(duì)著某人。用for

側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing等。2021/10/1040

基本句型五Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）ＳＶ（及物）Ｏ（賓語）Ｃ（賓補(bǔ)）1.We2.They3.We4.Ikeepcallaskedsaw

thetablesupperhimthem

clean.dinner.tocomebacksoon.gettingonthebus.

此句型中謂語動(dòng)詞除了跟一個(gè)賓語外，還需跟一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來不足賓語，才能使意思完整。2021/10/1041注意：用it做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，是英語常用句型。即主語+謂語+it+賓補(bǔ)+真正賓語。如，Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.常用于此句型的動(dòng)詞有:think,believe,consider,suppose,find,feel,make2021/10/1042使用it當(dāng)形式賓語翻譯下面的句子1.他感到很難跟你交談。2.我認(rèn)為有可能用另一種方法解題。3.學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時(shí)學(xué)生要起立。4.我認(rèn)為與那個(gè)人談話是無益的。

1.Hefeltitverydifficulttotalkwithyou.2.Iconsideritpossibletoworkouttheprobleminanotherway.3.Theschoolmadeitarulethatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.4.Ithoughtitnousetalkingwiththatman2021/10/1043Youaresittingonthetrainhome.Therecomesthebus!Theego’spotentialforexpansionislimitless.BreckenridgehoststheinternationalSnowSculptureChampionships.Ourneighborsgaveusababybirdyesterday.Wethinkitourdutytostudywell.主+謂（S+V）主+謂（S+V）主+系+表（S+V+P）主+動(dòng)+賓（SVO）主+動(dòng)+間賓+直賓（SVOiOd）主+動(dòng)+賓+補(bǔ)（SVOC）判斷下列句子屬于何種句式．Exercises:2021/10/1044更正下列句子的錯(cuò)誤Exercises:1.Hecametheroom.2.Themusicsounds.3.Ihaveseen.4.Hegaveapenme.5.Thebossmadetheboytoworkhard.6.Myfatherboughtabooktome.1.Hecameintotheroom.2.Themusicsoundswonderful.3.Ihaveseenthefilm.4.Hegaveapentome.5.Thebossmadetheboyworkhard.6.Myfatherboughtabookforme.2021/10/1045Exercises:

翻譯下列句子并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)：1.我經(jīng)常在早晨讀英語。2.瑪麗是個(gè)聰明的學(xué)生。3.我的老師交給我一封信。4.我母親經(jīng)常叫我努力學(xué)習(xí)。5.我們叫我們的老師王先生6.他正在房里做家庭作業(yè)。1.IoftenreadEnglishinthemorning.2.Maryisacleverstudent.3.Myteachergavemealetter.4.Mymotheroftenasksmetostudyhard.5.WecallourteacherMr.Wang.6.Heisdoinghishomeworkintheroom.

主+謂+賓主+系+表主+謂+雙賓主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)主+謂+賓2021/10/1046英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。2021/10/10473.句子的分類分類說明例句簡(jiǎn)單句由一個(gè)主語或并列主語和一個(gè)謂語或并列謂語構(gòu)成的句子。即一套主謂關(guān)系。1.TomandIfoundherthere.2.Weallbreathe,eatandwork.并列句由并列連詞（and,so,but,or等）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。1.Helikeseggs,buthedoesn’tlikechickens.2.Workhardoryouwillfallbehind.復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子1.Ibelieveyouareright.2.Ifyoustudyharder,youwillpasstheexam.2021/10/10481）她喜歡集郵.2）食物很精美,但他卻沒什么胃口.3）我們到達(dá)電影院的時(shí)候,電影已經(jīng)開演了.Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.

翻譯下列句子：2021/10/1049

判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.