第一節(jié)定語從句第一講三大從句

在復合句中,修飾名詞、代詞或整個句子的從句叫作定語從句。定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。引導定語從句的關系詞又分為關系代詞和關系副詞。考點一

關系代詞引導的定語從句(一)關系代詞的基本用法關系代詞先行詞在從句中所充當?shù)某煞謙hat人/物主語、賓語、表語which物主語、賓語、表語who人主語、賓語whom人賓語whose人/物定語as物主語、賓語、表語Whatiftheonlywayofgettingnewsfromfarawayfriendswaswritingletters

tookagestobedelivered?(外研必一U4)如果唯有通過寫信和漫長的等待才能得知遠方朋友的消息,你會怎樣?Thedigitalagealsoenablesustofindpeople

shareourinterests,suchascollectingmodelcarsorplayinganunusualinstrument.(外研必一U4)

數(shù)字時代還幫我們能夠找到志趣相投的人,例如收集汽車模型或演奏一種不尋常的樂器。that/whichwho/thatMr.Smithistheperson(

)Iamworkingwith.

史密斯先生是和我一起工作的人。Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.Ineedtorushtotheclassrooms

windowsareopen.(譯林選四U2)

看起來好像要下雨了。我得趕緊去那些窗戶開著的教室。whom/who/thatwhose(二)關系代詞的用法區(qū)別1.that和which的區(qū)別只用that的情況先行詞是all、everything、anything、nothing、something、little、much、none、few、the

one等不定代詞時。(如先行詞指人,可用who代替that)先行詞被the

only、the

very

(正是、恰是)、the

last等修飾時。(如先行詞指人,可用who代替that)先行詞被all、any、few、every、no、little、much、some等詞修飾時。(如先行詞指人,可用who代替that)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾或先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞時先行詞中既有人也有物時只用which的情況引導非限制性定語從句時關系代詞前有介詞時Thesecondbook

thewriterwrotewaspopularwithyoungpeople.

那個作家寫的第二本書很受年輕人的喜歡。Theseworksofliteraturearetheveryones

shouldberead.

這些文學作品正是人們所需要讀的。thatthatTheInternationalDayofFamilies,

wassetbytheUnitedNationsin1993,isheldon15Mayeveryyear.(外研必一U3)

國際家庭日由聯(lián)合國于1993年設立,每年的5月15日為國際家庭日。Buildingtheterracesthereforemeantthattheycouldincreasetheareasin

theycouldgrowrice.(外研必一U6)

開墾梯田意味著他們可以擴大水稻的種植面積。whichwhich2.which與as引導非限制性定語從句時的區(qū)別

whichas位置上只能放在先行詞的后面位置靈活,可位于句首、句中,也可置于句末搭配上無動詞的限制謂語動詞通常是表示感覺或心理活動的動詞,如see、hear、know、expect、remember等意思上這一點,這件事正如……,正像……的那樣

peoplesay,“Ittakesavillagetoraiseachild.”(外研選四U4)

正如人們所說:“養(yǎng)育一個孩子需要整個村莊的力量?！盢ewstudentsneedtolearnabouttheschoolrules,

iscommonpracticeinmanyplaces.(譯林選四U2)

新生需要了解校規(guī),這在許多地方是很常見的做法。Aswhich3.其他關系代詞的用法區(qū)別關系代詞先行詞在從句中所充當?shù)某煞謜ho人主語、賓語(限制性定語從句中可省略)whom人賓語(限制性定語從句中可省略)whose(=of

whom/of

which)人或物定語Onthefirstday,Ishouldwanttoseethepeople

kindnessandgentlenessandcompanionshiphavemademylifeworthliving.(外研選一U2)

在第一天,我想看到那些待我善良、溫柔和友好,從而使我的生命值得活下去的人。Johnismybestfriendandheisoneofthepeople

Ihavecompleteconfidencein.(譯林選四U2)

約翰是我最好的朋友,他是我完全信任的人之一。whosewho/whom考點二

關系副詞引導的定語從句先行詞關系副詞在從句中所充當?shù)某煞峙c“介詞+關系代詞”的關系表示時間的名詞:time、day、year等。when時間狀語=at/in/on/during

which表示場所的名詞:park、place、country、house等。where地點狀語=in/at/to/on

which表示理由的名詞:the

reasonwhy原因狀語=for

whichPeoplewereexcited—thezooistheonlyplaceinthecountry________itispossibletoseepandas.(外研必一U5)

人們很興奮,因為動物園是這個國家唯一可以看到熊貓的地方。Thereweretimes

questionslike“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,please?”wouldbemetwiththereply“WhywouldImind?”(譯林選四U2)

有時,像“你介意把果醬遞給我嗎?”這樣的問題會得到“我為什么會介意?”的答復。wherewhenTherearemanyreasons

thishasbeenpossible,butoneofthemainfactorshasbeentheChinesewritingsystem.(人教必一U5)

(中華文明)存續(xù)至今的原因有很多,但主要因素之一是漢字的書寫體系。

why[點撥]

(1)當先行詞為一些表示抽象地點的名詞,如point、situation、case、stage等時,如果引導詞在從句中作狀語,常用關系副詞where引導定語從句。(2)先行詞occasion意為“時機”時,用關系副詞when;意為“場合”時,用關系副詞where。(3)當先行詞way意為“方法、方式”,且在從句中作狀語時,可用that、in

which或省略關系詞這三種形式。Whenwetravel,weshouldpayattentiontosituationswheretheremightbeunwrittenrules,suchasgiftgiving.(譯林選四U2)當我們旅行時,我們應該注意那些可能有不成文規(guī)則的情況,比如送禮物。Thiswouldmeanwehavetosignificantlychangetheway(that/in

which)welive.(北師大選一U3)這意味著我們必須極大地改變生活方式?？键c三

“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句1.分類類別句法功能示例介詞+關系代詞(which/whom)狀語These

terraces

were

built

by

the

local

Zhuang

and

Yao

people,to

whom

Guangxi

is

home.(外研必一U5)龍脊梯田是由廣西當?shù)氐膲炎搴同幾寰用耖_墾的。介詞+whose+名詞狀語He

was

the

man

from

whose

room

the

thief

had

stolen

his

bag.他就是被小偷從房間里偷走包的那個人。名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞+介詞+關系代詞(which/whom)主語Later,the

medicine

was

tested

on

malaria

patients,most

of

whom

recovered.(人教選一U1)后來,該藥物在瘧疾患者身上進行了測試,其中大多數(shù)患者都康復了。2.“介詞+關系代詞”結(jié)構中介詞的確定(1)根據(jù)定語從句中動詞、形容詞所需要的某種習慣搭配來確定。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson

whomshecouldturnforhelp.(turntosbforhelp)

在黑暗的街道上,沒有一個她可以求助的人。Physicsisthesubject

whicheverystudentinourschoolisinterested.(beinterestedin)

物理是我們學校每個學生都很感興趣的課程。toin(2)根據(jù)與先行詞搭配的具體含義而定。Thosewithoutoutsidespacecanrentsmallpiecesofland___________whichtogrowthings.(ontheland)(外研必一U6)

住宅外部沒有空間的居民可以租用小塊土地種植作物。(3)根據(jù)所表達的意思來確定。Thecolorlessgas

whichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.(withoutthegas)

這種無色的氣體就是氧氣,離了它我們無法生存。onwithout1.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

分類用法定語從句限制性定語從句限制性定語從句限制了所修飾的先行詞的意義,如果去掉,主句意思不完整甚至失去意義。主從句之間往往不用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句和主句關系不是很密切,從句只是對先行詞作補充說明,如果去掉,主句意思仍然完整。主從句之間往往用逗號分開。Hehastwosons,

workinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)

他有兩個兒子,他們在同一家公司上班。Hehastwosons

workinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehasmorethantwosons.)

他有兩個兒子在同一家公司上班。whowhoHefailedinthematch,

wasagreatpity.(非限制性定語從句,先行詞為前面的句子)

=Hefailedinthematch,and

wasagreatpity.

他在比賽中失敗了,這真令人遺憾。whichit2.定語從句和其他句式的區(qū)別(1)定語從句與并列句并列句有and、but、so等并列連詞或兩個句子用分號連接。并列句中絕對不可再用引導定語從句的關系詞。①Ihavethreecars,noneof

isingoodcondition.

②Ihavethreecars,butnoneof

isingoodcondition.

①句中cars后面是非限制性定語從句,空格中填關系代詞which;②句中有并列連詞but,題干是并列句,空格中填代詞them。(2)定語從句與狀語從句①定語從句修飾、限制先行詞,常放在先行詞的后面,而狀語從句說明動作發(fā)生的情況,可以放在主句的前面。Thesolutiontothemysteryofthemonarch’samazingabilitycomesatatimewhenitisinserioustrouble.(when引導

從句;外研必一U5)

當黑脈金斑蝶這一驚人能力的奧秘被揭曉時,這一生物正處于水深火熱的生存狀態(tài)中。定語Whenthemeetingwasover,itwasalreadyfiveo’clock.(when引導

從句)

會議結(jié)束時,已經(jīng)五點鐘了。②when、where和why在引導定語從句時可以用“介詞+which”的結(jié)構來替換,在引導狀語從句時則不行。There,theywerewelcomedtotheChinese-stylecompoundwheretheyweretolive.(where引導

從句;外研必一U5)

在那兒,他們受到熱烈歡迎,并被接到給他們安排的中式院子里。時間狀語定語Putbackthebookwhereitwas.(where引導

從句)

把書放回原處。③定語從句中的關系詞在從句中充當某種句子成分,因此去掉之后從句成分不完整;而狀語從句中的連接詞在從句中不作任何成分,去掉后從句的成分仍然完整。Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(as引導

從句,作動詞like的賓語)

這是一本我們都喜歡的有趣的書。地點狀語定語Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(that引導

從句,不充當從句的成分)

這是一本如此有趣的書,我們都喜歡它。(3)定語從句與同位語從句①定語從句在復合句中相當于形容詞,對先行詞起修飾或限制的作用,與先行詞之間有從屬關系。②同位語從句的作用相當于名詞,對前面的名詞給予補充說明或進一步解釋,是前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容,與前面名詞之間是同位關系。結(jié)果狀語Thesuggestionthathecameupwithispractical.(that引導的是______從句,that代替先行詞在從句中充當賓語,可省略)

他提出的建議是切實可行的。Hegavemeasuggestionthatweshouldreadaloudeverymorning.(that引導的是

從句,that在從句中不作任何成分,但不可省略)

他給了我一個建議,我們應該每天早晨大聲朗讀。定語同位語【典例1】

Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson,

madehiseldersondiscouraged.

答案

which

[空前句子完整且設空處無提示詞;分析句子結(jié)構知,設空處引導非限制性定語從句,指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容,并在從句中作主語。]【典例2】

Iwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillage

Ispentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.

答案

where

[空前句子完整且設空處無提示詞;分析句子結(jié)構知,設空處引導限制性定語從句,先行詞是village,且在從句中作地點狀語。]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Thedishbecameknownas“cross-bridgenoodles”inmemoryofthewife

discoveredadishthatwouldstaywarmasshecrossedthebridgetotheislandeveryday.(2025·安慶高三二模)

2.Unlikeotheroverseas-borngiantpandas

havebeensenttoChina,LeLewon’tundergoquarantine(檢疫)atthebasesinYa’anorWolong.(2025·蚌埠高三三模)

who/thatthat/which3.Themysteriousancientroads,

datebackover2,200yearsandpredatetheRomanRoadsbyover200years,areknowntobeanaturalmuseuminthehistoryofroadconstruction.(2025·池州高三二模)

4.Ithasbecomeapopulardestination

visitorscanglimpsediverseanimalsandappreciatethebeautyandsignificanceoflife.(2025·濟寧高三二模)whichwhere5.Inadditionto“HappyLoong”,theGansuProvincialMuseumoffersstuffedtoysinspiredbytheflyingapsaras(飛天)oftheMogaoGrottoesandthebronzegallopinghorsefromtheEasterHanDynasty(25-220),allof

combinerichhistorywithGen-Zappeal.(2025·惠州高三三模)

6.Herreport,

titlewas“Ihaveadream”madeherdreamofbuildingafreeall-girlshighschoolknowntoall.(2025·鷹潭高三二模)

whichwhose7.Qiangembroidery(羌繡)datesbacktotheHanDynasty_________

itwasadoptedforuseonclothing.(2025·景德鎮(zhèn)高三三模)

8.

anofficialdocumentexplained,teaisafundamentalculturalelementtoChinesepeople’sdailylife.(2025·梅州高三二模)

9.Technologicaltransformationisaffectingthewayin

peoplelearnandchildrengrow.(2025·長沙二模)

10.TheMingDynastymarkedaboomintheeconomyofSuzhou,theveryperiod

turnedthecityintoamajorculturalcenter.(2025·南京二模)

whenAswhichthatⅡ.語法與寫作1.Sometimesweholdeventsinthelocalcommunity

.

有時我們在當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)舉辦活動,目的是提高人們的環(huán)保意識。2.Besides,knowaboutallkindsoffieldsasmuchasyoucanandfindtheone

.

此外,盡可能多地了解各種領域,找到最感興趣和最適合你的領域。whoseaimistopromotepeople’sawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionthatinterestsandsuitsyoubest3.Acloserlookconvincedhimthatitwasonlyarabbit,

.

仔細一看,他確信那只是一只兔子,它很快就消失在黑暗中。4.I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool

lastyear.

我與好幾位去年在英語演講比賽中結(jié)識的同校同學成了好朋友。whichquicklydisappearedinthedarkwho/whom/thatImetintheEnglishspeechcontest5.WheneverIrecallthemoment

,

thisclasswillcomeintomymind,bringingsweetmemory.

每當我回憶起我踏進這所學校的那一刻,這節(jié)課就會浮現(xiàn)在我的腦海里,帶來甜蜜的回憶。whenIsteppedintothisschoolⅢ.語篇提能練Therewasatime1.

IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.

myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3._________Imetmanystrangers,Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately,myguide,4.__________teacherwasMrYu,communicatedwithmefacetoface.He,from5._________Igainedsomeusefulinstructions,alsoshowedmeagoodpartner,andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.

wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.

encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish,into8.________Iputmyenti