GoodMorning

LadiesandGentlemenBFT培訓(xùn)考試復(fù)習(xí)資料Nicetomeetyou!1王曉明中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院國際文化中心

主任北京市國際語言工程建設(shè)委員會顧問劍橋大學(xué)BETS考試北京地區(qū)考官組長(RTL)國家外專局BFT考試高級考官及資深培訓(xùn)師2GeneralskillsKnowinghowtochangegearKnowinghowtostartthecarKnowinghowtopark3Test-takingskillsDoingthetheorytestReversingroundacornerDoingathree-pointturn4Befamiliarwiththetests5ListeningTestSpeakingTestReadingTest

BFTPapersWritingTest67ReadingStrategiesandSkills1.Prediction2.

Skimming3.

Scanning5.GuessingNewWords

6.ReadingforMainIdea7.

Inference8.UnderstandingtextOrganization4.

DetailedReading9,10Writer’sPurposeandattitude8ReadingStrategiesandSkills1.

Prediction2.

Skimming3.

Scanning4.

Detailedreading(MeaningGroups,EyeSpan)5.

Guessingunknownwords6.Understandingthemainidea(Topicsentence)7.

Inferring(imply&infer)8.

Understandingtextorganization9.

Assessingawriter’spurpose10.

Evaluatingawriter’sattitude91.PredictionUsesomeknowledgeofthesubjecttohelpyouanticipatewhatareadingtextcontains.E.g.Title,picture,diagrametc.“CaughtintheWeb”“InCase

YouLoseYourLuggage”“Sixmonths

inAnotherWorld”“CulturalVariationonStyleofThinking”102.SkimmingReadquicklythroughatexttogetanoverallideaofitscontents.Featuresofthetextthatcanhelpyouincludethefollowing:1)Title2)Sub-title(s)3)Detailsabouttheauthor4)Abstract5)Introductoryparagraph6)First,secondandlastsentencesoffollowingparagraphs7)Concludingparagraph12HintsforSkimming

1. Moveyoureyesacrossthelinesrapidly.2. Donotstop.Alwayslookforward;donotlookback.3. Focusasmuchaspossibleonkeywords.4. Rememberthatthefirstsentenceusuallypreparesthereaderfortheparagraph.

5.Thelastsentenceofthepartwillimplythecontentofthefollowingparagraphs.13Peoplespeakdifferentlyindifferentsituations.Socio-linguistsanalyzetheeffectsofsituationonlanguage.Threeofthemajorpointsthatsocio-linguistsconsideraretheplace,thepeople,andthepurposeoftheconversation.First,socio-linguistslookattheplace.Peoplemayspeakdifferentlyiftheyareathome,atschool,inchurch,orinagovernmentoffice.Second,theyconsidertherelationshipofthepeoplewhoarespeaking.Awomanmaytalkinadifferentwaytoherson,hersecretary,orhermother.Third,socio-linguistsanalyzethepurposeoftheconversation.Peoplemayuselanguagedifferentlyiftheyareexplainingaproblem,complainingaboutaproblem,ortryingtopersuadesomeonetodosomethingaboutaproblem.PracticeExercises—Paragraph1141. ThemainideaofParagraph1isthat______________.a.peoplespeakdifferentlywhentheyhaveaproblemb.peoplemayhaveabetterrelationshipiftheytalktoeachotherc.thesituationaffectshowpeoplespeak

2.Theparagraphmentions_____pointsthatsocio-linguistsconsider. a.1 b.3 c.5Keys:cbParagraph115Peoplespeakdifferentlyindifferentsituations.Socio-linguistsanalyzetheeffectsofsituationonlanguage.Threeofthemajorpointsthatsocio-linguistsconsideraretheplace,thepeople,andthepurposeoftheconversation.First,socio-linguistslookattheplace.Peoplemayspeakdifferentlyiftheyareathome,atschool,inchurch,orinagovernmentoffice.Second,theyconsidertherelationshipofthepeoplewhoarespeaking.Awomanmaytalkinadifferentwaytoherson,hersecretary,orhermother.Third,socio-linguistsanalyzethepurposeoftheconversation.Peoplemayuselanguagedifferentlyiftheyareexplainingaproblem,complainingaboutaproblem,ortryingtopersuade

someonetodosomethingaboutaproblem.Paragraph116Handout--skimmingPractice—大綱Part2173.ScanningLookingforspecificwords,phrasesanditemsofinformationasquicklyaspossible,whichinvolvesrapidreadingforthespecificratherthanthegeneral;forparticulardetailsratherthantheoverallidea.Suchas:1)percentagefigure2)yearforparticularhistoricaleventsetc.18

Hintsforscanning

1.Notethearrangementofinformation.

a.Alphabeticalorder?--phonenumber

b.Non-alphabeticalorder?

c.Prose韻文material?(newspapers,texts,

magazine

2.Keepkeywordsinmind

3.Gofast!

19Example:

Whatkindofpeoplepreferblue?_____.

Thecoolcolorsaregreen,blue,andviolet.Thesecolors,unlikewarmcolors,arerelaxing.Wheretherearecoolcolors,peopleareusuallyquiet.Peoplewholiketospendtimealoneoften

preferblue.

20Whatkindofdayisared-letterday?_________.

ManyexpressionsinEnglishusecolors.Theseexpressionsshowhowpeoplefeelaboutthecolors.Forexample,peopleassociateredwithastrongfeelinglikeanger.Whensomeoneisveryangry,peoplesaythatheorsheseesred.Redisanactivecolor.Ared-letterdayisaluckyday.Whencriminalsarecaughtinthemiddleofacrime,peoplesaythattheywerecaughtred-handed.Greenisthecolorofgrassandleaves.Whensomeonegrowsplantswell,peoplesayhehasagreenthumb.Blueisasad,thoughtfulcolor.Whensomeoneisverysad,shesayssheisblue.Thebluesisakindofjazzthatisusuallyverysadandslow.

21PracticeWhichcolorbendsthemost?_________(Information:nameofacolor)Scientistscanexplainhowsunlight,alsocalledwhitelight,formsaspectrumwhenitpassesthroughaprism.Whenarayoflightentersaprismatanangle,itsspeedchanges.Whenitsspeedchanges,therayoflightbends.Differentwave-lengthsofcolorhavedifferentspeeds,soeachbendsatadifferentangle.Violetbendsthemost.Redbendstheleast.Bybendingatdifferentangles,wavelengthsofcolortakedifferentpathsthroughtheprism.Thenthecolorsarevisible.violet224.DetailedReadingThesecondandthirdreadingofatext.Itcanbedescribedasmorecomprehensivereading.Itinvolvesaslowerandmorecarefulreadingprocess.235.UnknownWordsItisunlikelythatyouwillunderstand100%ofthevocabularyinatext.Consultingyourdictionarywillinterruptyourprocessofreadingandunderstanding.ThenWhatshouldwedoaseffectiveandactivereaders24SoreThumbofnewwords!25TheReaderAsDetectiveThree

basicwaystounderstandthemeaningofanewword.Onewayistofindthestructureofaword;(itsprefix前綴,suffix后綴,androot詞根).Asecondway

istolookthewordupinadictionary.Athirdway,andperhapsthemostimportantandmostusefuloneofall,istousethecontextofawordtounderstanditsmeaning.Contextisthesentenceorparagraphinwhichawordappears.

Manytimes,thesentenceorsentencesaroundtheunfamiliarwordwillofferanindicationof,orclueto,theword'smeaning.Theseindicationsorcluesarereferredtoascontextclues.26(1)Definition

a.Maryis

indecisive，thatis，shecan’tmakeuphermind.b.

Thecontextisthewordsaroundanewvocabularyitems.27(2)Restatement

a.Iama

resolute

man.OnceIsetupagoal，Iwon’tgiveitupeasily.b.Mostinternationalstudentsmajorin

practicalsubjects.Thesesubjectsprovideusefulskillsthathelpstudentsfindgoodjobs.28(3)GeneralKnowledgea.ThedoorwassolowthatIhitmy

headonthe

lintel

[lintl].

b.Markgotonthemotorbike,Isatbehindhimonthe

pillion

[‘pilj

n],andweroaredoffintothenight.29(4)RelatedInformation

Justbeforetheexam，Mike’shandsshookandsweated

somuchthathecouldnotholdapen.Hisheartbeatfastandhisstomachached,eventhoughheknewthesubjectverywell.Hereallyhadastrangephobiaabouttakingtests.

30(5)Example

Sheisstudying

glaucoma

[gl:’koum

]andotherdiseasesofeye.31(6)Comparison(similarity)

Thesnowwasfalling.Big

flakes

driftedwiththewindlikefeathers.32(7)Contrast(difference)

a.Peterwasnot

frugal

[fru:gl]sincehespentmoneysofreely.b.Janewastalkingwithothers

whileElizaremained

reticent

[‘retis

nt]allthetime.33Nowyoualreadygotsomeideasoffindingoutthenewwordsthroughthecontextclues.Pleasepracticeyourskillswhileyourreading.The“sorethumbofunknownwords”willneveroccurinyourreadingagain!CONGRATULATIONS!34Exercises:

TheIditarodisadogsledracethatcelebratesaneventthathappenedinAlaska.In1925,AlaskandogscarriedmedicinefromAnchoragetothefarawayvillageofNome.InNome,manypeopleweredyingfromthediseasecalleddiphtheria.Atthattime,dogsledswereusedtotravellongdistancesinAlaska,somushers

tookthemedicinetoNomebydogsled.35Today,manymushersentertheIditarodraceandfollowthesametrailfromAnchoragetoNome.TheIditarodisnotaneasyrace;manypeopledonotevenfinishit.Infact,onlyasmallpercentageofmushersactuallycrossedthefinishline.Thisisbecauseduringtherace,themushersexperiencetoomuchabusetotheirbodies;theygetonlyalittlesleepandtheyarephysicallytired.36Iftheyhavetostopandabandontherace,theyfeelveryfrustratedbecausealltheirhardworkpreparingfortheracehasgonedownthedrain.Itoftentakesmonthsbeforetheyfeelgoodagainandcangetbackintotheswingofthings.

37ExpandyourVocabularyEuthanasiaEu—than—AsiaCandidatecan—did—ate

Bachelorb—ache—lorElephantelephantdoordoorodor38全腦記憶法愛上記單詞步驟： 1以新找熟

2新熟聯(lián)想 3默想編碼 4嘗試回憶 5及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)

39以新找熟

1）分解法：car-go貨物，port-end預(yù)知，ten-ants

房客，in-no-cent純潔的，單純do-use浸泡

40以新找熟

2）替換法：前--chop(shop),mirth(birth)歡笑，歡樂

后--belt帶子(bell),coffer(coffee)保險(xiǎn)箱中--mop拖把(map),slum貧民窟(slim)，41以新找熟

3）加減法：

加--dive潛水(drive),lean倚靠，傾斜(learn)減--prose散文(pose)，ally同盟

（all）

42以新找熟

4）交換法：odor氣味(door)，dab輕排(bad)

moor(room)荒野，

evil(live),devil(lived)43以新找熟

練習(xí)insane—in/same神經(jīng)錯(cuò)亂的target—car/get目標(biāo)assassinate—ass/ass/in/ate暗殺ivy—iv/y(四季長青)gallanttall/ant英勇的carrot—car/rotslake—s/lake解渴pageant—page/ant壯觀的bother—brotherarena[

‘ri:n

]競技場—a/ren/a(兩個(gè)人戴著頭盔在競技場決斗)44新熟聯(lián)想

提高想象力：暗示自己有豐富的想象力，沒有不能聯(lián)想的事物。聯(lián)想的原則：1）視覺化和體驗(yàn)化抽象的詞（人、物、情景） 2）奇特化—擬人、夸張、幽默 3）

個(gè)人化步驟： 1）轉(zhuǎn)化—語詞到單個(gè)形象 2）組合—單個(gè)形象到圖畫 3）造句—看“圖”說話 4)潤色—突出關(guān)鍵心像 5)重復(fù)—強(qiáng)化

45新熟聯(lián)想

mood

心情

moon

月亮

46新熟聯(lián)想

閉上眼睛聯(lián)想（圖象或情景要生動，鮮明）patch（補(bǔ)?。猰atch,boon（恩惠）book，ledge（暗礁）edge,chill（寒冷）child，47新熟聯(lián)想–練習(xí)ransack—ran/sack細(xì)細(xì)搜索beckon—back/on招手示意badger—bad/guy糾纏testimony—test/money證據(jù)stalwart—star/war健壯的mushroom—much/room蘑菇48默想編碼：大腦能夠接受的模塊

字母

a—apple尖塔，蝌蚪，頭盔等b—boy手機(jī)，大拇指，口哨6等c—cat月牙，嘴巴，鐮刀，耳朵，香蕉d—dog輪椅，腳，煙斗e—egg鵝，眼睛，衣扣，梳子f—fat拐杖，劍，手槍g—goat手銬，葫蘆，8/949默想編碼：大腦能夠接受的模塊

字母

h—head椅子，梯子，牙刷i—ice人，蠟燭，針頭j—jack魚鉤，撲克Jk—kite7，蹺蹺板l—log木棍，樹干，筆1m—men山峰，大門，橋洞，鼻子n—none凳子，隧道口，小門，

o—owl太陽，月亮，大餅，盤子，雞蛋p—pig紅旗，斧頭，刀，停車場，路牌

50默想編碼：大腦能夠接受的模塊

字母

q—quilt氣球，球拍，9r—rock小草，叉子，路燈s—sand蛇，繩子，t—toy傘，十字架，圖釘

七u—unit杯子，試管，井，桶v—vase漏斗，山谷，領(lǐng)口，楔子w—wing翅膀，波浪，燈絲，鋸齒x—x-ray剪刀，y—yes樹枝，高腳杯，花束，衣架z—zoo閃電

鴨子251默想編碼：大腦能夠接受的模塊字母組合

ab—阿爸，阿伯，啞巴ad—阿弟，廣告ag—阿哥，銀(silver)al—尖棍，鋁(aluminium)au—金，auntbl—61,玻璃br—兄弟，病人，溴（bromine）ca—鈣(calcium)，茶，癌ch—長椅，主席cl—長棍，氯（chlorine）co—公司，可樂，一氧化碳cr—成人，超人

52默想編碼：大腦能夠接受的模塊字母組合

cu—銅，醋dr—博士，醫(yī)生fe—鐵fl—地板，俘虜fr—法郎，夫人ic—電話卡ip—電話卡id—身份證gl—81,膠水gr—工人，GREpl—旗桿pr—刀叉，公關(guān)（publicrelation）pur—純水qu—女王

53默想編碼：大腦能夠接受的模塊字母組合

sh—上海，神話，生活sl—司令sn—密碼，蛇洞sm—司馬sp--專家，間諜squ--廣場st—街道，車站sw—軟件th—藤椅tr—樹，土人wh—武漢，外匯

54其他聯(lián)想abolish(啊不歷史，不再用歷史上曾有過的—廢止)abuse（啊不好用）absent(啊伯送東西去了，不在，缺勤)execute—exe(擴(kuò)展名，可執(zhí)行程序)執(zhí)行長官，總裁等abstract–abs(函數(shù)，求絕對值)absolute—絕對，抽象abroad—ab/roadabnormal—啊，不normal55Exercises:mango,heritage-her/it/age,bonus—bonus,capable,brideboy/ride,groomg/roomSatisfaction—sat-is-f-action564嘗試回憶：回憶當(dāng)時(shí)情景，聯(lián)想.

5及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)：1小時(shí)集中精力

24小時(shí)內(nèi)復(fù)習(xí)

1周—強(qiáng)化有問題的地方

1個(gè)月復(fù)習(xí)記牢

57Takeabreak586.UnderstandingMainIdeasEachparagraphwillusuallycontainonemainidea,sometimesreferredtoastheparagraphtopicLocationoftheTopicSentence:1)Atthebeginningoftheparagraph2)Inthemiddleoftheparagraph3)Attheendoftheparagraph4)Boththebeginningandtheend59ParagraphPatternsandTopicSentences

1.Deductivepatterne.g.Fromageneralideatoexamples60TopicsentencefirstsentenceCowardicegenerallyinvitesattacks.Adogmaychaseagirlwhoturnsandruns;whereas,ifthegirlholdsherground(堅(jiān)持，不讓步)

thedogwilldohernoharmandevenletitselfbepatted.Aboywhorunsawayatthefirstsightofaneighborhoodgangwillonlyattractpursuit.Hadtheboyjustcontinuedonhisway,thegangmightnothavepaidtheleastattentiontohim.61TopicsentencenearthebeginningStudentsarenotonlyonestobenefitfromcomputersineducation.Manyteachersfindthatcomputerscanhelpreducetheirworkload.Computerscanfreeteachersfromcertainkindsoftime-consumingbookkeeping.Testitemscanbe“banked”inacomputer,greatlyreducingthetimerequiredtoproduceanewtest.Testscanbescoredbycomputer,andmoreimportantly,thecomputercananalyzethetestresults,indicatingtotheteacherwhichpointsmayneedfurthertreatmentinclass.62ParagraphPatternsandTopicSentences2.Inductivepattern

e.g.Fromexamplestoageneralidea63Topicsentenceattheend(lastsentence)

OurexportcommoditiesareonshowattheFairtofacilitateourfriends’makingtheirownselectionagainstsamplesduringtheirbusinessnegotiations.Theyrangefromthetiniestintegratedcircuitstoenormousoildrillingplatforms;fromtraditionalivorycarvingstoultramodernlasermachines;fromfullandplumpsoybeanstofinesilkproducts.Allthesearebroughttogetherunderoneroof.TheFairfocusesitsattentiononexportsasitsmainobjective.

64

ParagraphPatternsandTopicSentences3.Centralpattern

e.g.Thispatternisusedwhenthedetailsintheparagrapharecloselyrelatedandthereisanadvantagetohavingsomeofthedetailsbeforeandsomeafterthestatementofthemainidea.65Topicsentenceinthemiddle

Althoughmoneyisagreatmotivator,itisonlypartoftheanswer.Veryfewself-employedentrepreneurscanearnwhattheyreceivedinalargescompany,atleastinthefirstfewyears.Theyinvestanyextracashintheirbusiness,ratherthaninexpensivecars,housesorholidays.Probablythemostimportantpartoftheanswerhastodowithbeingincharge.IntheU.S,peoplewhowanttomakeamilliondon’tcarewhethertheyown5%or10%ofthecompany,butintheUK,entrepreneurswant100%ownership:theywanttocontroltheircompanyandtomakeallthedecisionsthemselves.66

ParagraphPatternsandTopicSentences4.MixedPattern

e.g.Bothbeginning&end67Inprehistorictimesthetypesofdinosaurs

wereasvariedasthetypesofanimalsaretoday.

ThereweregiantplanteatersliketheBrontosaurusandDiplodocus.TherewerefiercepredatorslikeAllosaurusandTyrannosaurus.Therewereflyersandswimmers.Therewastherhinosaurus-likeTriceratops,andtherewastheStegosaurus,withgiantplatesonitsback.Andthereweretinydinosaursnolargerthanasmallrodent.Justliketoday,therewasananimaltofiteveryspace.

TopicsentenceBothbeginning&end68Topicsentence—thelocationTheparagraphaboveshowclearlythatthetopicsentencemayappearanywhereintheparagraph.Sometimesthetopicsentenceinaparagraphisnotexplicitlystatedatallbutismerelyimplied.Forexample:69

ParagraphPatternsandTopicSentences5.Descriptivepattern

e.g.NoTS70Topicsentencenotopicsentence

AmongthegreatgeniusesoftheRenaissance,manywereartists,likeRaphae;Titan,Michelangelo,VanDyke,andRembrandt.Otherswerepoets,suchasSpenser,Shakespeare,Tasso,andRonsard.Stillotherswerepioneersinscience:GalileoandKeplerinastronomy,forinstance,andVesaliusandHarveyinmedicine.71TopicsentencethelocationThisparagraphissowellknitthatanyreasonablythoughtfulreadercansumupthecentralideaoftheparagraphinhisownwords.Theimpliedtopicsentenceabovecanbe:

“TheRenaissanceproducedmanycreativemen.”72AdditionalExercisesAfterreadingeachofthefollowingparagraphs,selectothermostsuitabletopicsentencefromthethreechoicesfollowingit.Thentrytoexplainwhythetwochoicesarenotappropriate.Keepinginmind:

thetopicsentenceyoufinallychooseshouldbebroadenoughtocoverallandonlytheinformationyouwishtoincludebutnotbroaderthannecessary.73Paragraphone.

______________________.WhereBritonsendcertainwordswith-se,Americansusuallyendthesamewordwith-ce(Britishpractisevs.Americanpractice).NoticealsotheBritishpreferenceforfinal–reovertheAmerican–er(metrevs.meter).Finally,mostAmericansconsiderneighboracorrectspelling,butaBritoncharacteristicallyaddsauandspellsthewordneighbour.74Paragraphone.

Themostsuitabletopicsentenceis:a.BritishandAmericanEnglishhavemanydifferencesinspelling.b.TherearesomeminordifferencesbetweenAmericanandBritishspelling.c.TheendingofBritishandAmericanwordsarenotthesame.a75ParagraphTwo

______________________.Theoperationofbothcanbethoughtofasbeingdividedintothreephases:input,processing,andoutput.Inthecaseofthecomputer,theinformationwhichisfedintothemachinethedataistheinput;theinternaloperationsofthemachineconstitutetheprocessing;andtheresultusuallyaprintoutiscalledoutput.Thetelephone,too,actsoninformationpresentedtoitandproducesaresult.Theinputistheactualdialingofthenumber.Theswitchingsystemwhichlocatesthenumbercanbeconsideredtheprocessingphase.Finally,thetelephoneringsontheotherendoftheline.Indicatingthatthecallhasbeencompleted;thisconstitutestheoutput.76ParagraphTwo

Themostsuitabletopicsentenceis:a.Boththecomputerandthetelephonearehelpfulinventionsinourdailylife.b.Computerterminology,suchasinput,processing,andoutputisfrequentlyusedinothercontexts.c.Despiteapparentdifferences,theoperationofthecomputerandthetelephonehavemuchincommon.c77ParagraphThree______________________.Thefirstoneisthesmalldictionary.Dictionariesofthistypeareusuallyonlyabridgments(makeshorter)ofearlier,morecomprehensivedictionaries.Thedefinitionsfoundinapocketdictionaryareusuallyrathersketchy,andfewornoexamplesentencesaregiventohelptheforeignstudentstounderstandhowthewordisactuallyusedinasentence.Equallyinadequateisthebilingualdictionary(Thai-English,Spanish-English,Russian-English,etc.).Thistypeofdictionaryisoftenbasedontheideaofmakingword–forwordtranslations,anotionwhichshowsnounderstandingoftheidiomaticnatureofalllanguages.Moreover,bilingualdictionariesoftenhastilyandsloppilycompiled,aswellashopelessoutofdateevenbeforetheyarepublished.78ParagraphThreeThemostsuitabletopicsentenceis:a.Therearemanykindsofdictionariesforforeignstudentstochoosefrom.b.Somedictionariesarenotcomprehensiveenoughforforeignstudents.c.Anumberofdictionariesarenotappropriateforforeignstudents.c79ParagraphFour______________________.Infantsusuallysatisfythisverybasicneedinthecourseofanordinarydayspentwiththeirparents(feeding,kissing,bathing,etc.)However,ifababyisneglectedorevenmistreatedbybeingdeprivedoftouch,hisdevelopmentwillsufferonalllevelsphysical,intellectual,andemotional.Somechildrenhaveevenbeenknowntodiefromthislackoftactile(thesenseoftouch)stimulation;itisthoughtbymanydoctorsthatmanyunexplained“crib(baby’sbed)deaths”aredirectlyrelatedtolackoftouchanditsvariousconsequences.Childrengivenoutforadoptionatatenderageandplacedinpoorlyrunorphanages,childrenbroughtupbyunaffectionateparents,andchildrenwhoseparentstouchthemonlytobeatthemallthesetypesofchildrenruntheriskofneverreachingtheirpotentialasfullydevelopedadults.80ParagraphFour

Themostsuitabletopicsentenceis:a.Babiesshouldinteracteverydaywiththeirparentsinordertogrowhealthily.b.Physicalcontactisanimportantfactorinaninfant’soveralldevelopment.c.Manychildrenarenotproperlytakencareofbytheirparents.b817.InferenceSometimesawriterwillsuggestorexpresssomethingindirectlyinatext.Inotherwords,awriterwillimply

somethingandleaveittothereadertoinferorunderstandwhatismeant.82Tomakeaccurateinferencesyouneedtopaycloseattentiontotheimplicationsofthefollowingclues:connotationsofwords,photos,graphs,figures&tables,humorincartoonsandtones.

Inference“astatementaboutthe

unknown

made

onthebasisof

whatis

known”

unstated

meanings

implied

by

clues,neverdirectlystated.WhatisInference83Becauseofthesituationsinwhichcertainwordsareoftenused,theyareusuallyassociatedwiththatsituation.Forexample,supposeyourprofessoraskedyoutocomeseeherthisafternoonaboutanessayyouwrote.Wouldyousayyouhaveadatemeetingwithyourprofessor?Whichwordisthemostneutral?Whichwordhasotherassociations?

InferenceConnotationsofWords

84Inthesituationwhereyouprobablyoftenfindyourselfacollegeclassroomthekindoflanguagethatispreferredisneutrallanguage.A“meeting”ismoreneutralthana“date”.It’strueadatemightbenothingmorethananappointment.Butthewordisoftenusedforameetingthathasromanticpossibilitiesadifferentsituation.Therefore,theword“date”inthiscontextisnotasneutralastheword“meeting”becauseofitsromanticconnotations.

InferenceConnotationsofWords

85Inferencefromphotos,graphs,figuresandtables,andcartoons86Inferencefromphotos,graphs,figuresandtables,andcartoonsinfer1.tif878.TextOrganizationThewriterwill:Outline

a

situationDiscuss

a

problemPropose

asolutionOffer

anevaluationWhat,Who,Why,When,WhereandHowCompareContrastTimeperiodChronologicalorderEtc.88ExampleCaughtintheWebSituation:excessofusinginternetProblem:declineofthequalityofstudents’essaysReasons:1)librarymisleading2)teachers’responsibilitySolution:1)teachersleadstudentstoreadeffectivelyandactively2)computersystemcrashandgivestudentstimetoreadactivelyConclusion:urgeintoaction.899,10,AWriter’sPurpose&AttitudePurpose

inform

or

persuadeentertain(Informative)

(persuasive)Attituderelatively

or

subjective/

neutral/

expressingopinion

objective

(supportoneside,urgepeopletotakesomeaction)

90SkillsforBFTReading91Skillsforpart11.快速瀏覽全文和8-9句話，了解文章的大意.skimming2.分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)。3.判斷邏輯關(guān)系。

并列、舉例、對比、遞進(jìn)、因果、條件、推理、讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折、時(shí)間、空間、指代、同義與近義等。92Compare/ContrastThemaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized…93Cause/EffectOfthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogetherhonesty,kindness,andsoonaccountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw-and,ultimately,nosociety.……Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.94DefinitionAccountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.95ClassificationTherearethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbest-sellers--unread,untouched.Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks--afewofthemreadthrough,butallofthemcleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.Thethirdhasafewbooksormany--everyoneofthemdog-eared,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.96Skillsforpart14.Timeperiod/spaceperiodetc.who,whathadhappened,where,when,andhow.注意：文章中每個(gè)獨(dú)立的段落都有自己的中心思想（MainIdea）topicsentencesupportingsentencesconclusion,或者講述同一個(gè)方面的事情。根據(jù)這些找出有關(guān)句子填入空中。97Skillsforpart15.注意上下文中所給的信息詞。E.g.Some….Others….aboutmoney$/numberetc.but/however/ontheotherhandetc.98Skillsforpart16.Payattentiontothevocabularyyoualreadyknew,andtrytolearntokickofftheunrelatedwords.關(guān)注已知詞匯，剔出無關(guān)信息。Practice--handouts99Skillsforpart2Purpose:Mainideaandthedetails(主題與細(xì)節(jié))Types:matchtopictotheparagraph,findthedetailstofillintheblanks.Skills:Findthetopicsentencerereadthedetailsno