Unit1RelationshipsLesson1(Grammar)LearningObjectivesPART.01UnderstandthedailystudyandlifeofBritishmiddleschoolstudentsbywatchingvideos.Basedonyourowndailystudyandlife,comparethestudyandlifeinChineseandBritishschools,andfindoutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwo.Talkaboutyourfirstimpressionofhighschoollife,andhaveapreliminaryperceptionofthestudyandlifeintheseniorhighschoolstage.LearningObjectivesDiscoverandmasterthestructureandusageofthepastperfect,andapplyitflexiblyinreal-lifecontexts.Expandvocabularyrelatedtoeducation,personalexperiences,anddailyevents.Thetopicof“pastevents”connectstouniversallifeexperiences,helpingstudentsrecognizesharedculturalnarrativesaboutpersonalstoriesandhowpastactionsshapepresentoutcomesacrosscultures.Developyouranalyticalthinkingbyexploringtherulesofthepastperfect,andstimulatecriticalthinkingthroughtasks.Wheninventingexplanationsforsituations,studentsusecreativitytoapplygrammar.Practicegrammar-in-contextstrategiestomasterthepastperfecttense.Learntoself-checktenseusagebyanalyzingactionsequences.UnderstandthedailystudyandlifeofBritishmiddleschoolstudentsbywatchingvideos.Basedonyourowndailystudyandlife,comparethestudyandlifeinChineseandBritishschools,andfindoutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwo.Talkaboutyourfirstimpressionofhighschoollife,andhaveapreliminaryperceptionofthestudyandlifeintheseniorhighschoolstage.TeachingFocusesandAnticipatedDifficultiesMasterthestructureandusageofthepastperfect,andapplyitflexiblyinreal-lifecontextswithexpandedrelatedvocabulary.Analyzingactionsequencestoself-checkpastperfectusageandcreativelyapplyingthetenseininventedsituationexplanations.Lead-inPART.02Comparewhatthedifferencesarebetweenthefollowingtwosentences.所有人早已收到神秘信件，才來到島上?！稛o人生還》Everyonehadreceivedthemysteriousletterbeforearrivingontheisland.Everyonereceivedthemysteriousletterbeforearrivingontheisland.僅陳述事實：所有人登島前收到了信。中性語氣，不強調(diào)動作的先后關系或影響。強調(diào)“收到信”發(fā)生在“登島”之前，并暗示這一動作對后續(xù)事件（如登島后的行為）有影響。懸疑語氣，隱含“早有預謀”的伏筆。GrammarPART.03Readthesentences.Whichactionhappenedbeforetheotherineachsentence?1.BeforeMrJenkinstaughtme,sciencehadsimplybeenasubjectfullofstrangewordstome.“Sciencehadsimplybeenasubjectfullofstrangewordstome”happenedbefore“BeforeMrJenkinstaughtme”.Readthesentences.Whichactionhappenedbeforetheotherineachsentence?2.Grahamwasverydifficultbeforehecameintomyclass.Ihadheardstoriesabouthisbadbehaviour.“Ihadheardstoriesabouthisbadbehaviour.”happenedbefore“Grahamwasverydifficultbeforehecameintomyclass.”3.IknewIhadchosenajobwithalotofstress.“Ihadchosenajobwithalotofstress”happenedbefore“Iknew”.Pastperfect(過去完成時)一、過去完成時的概念過去完成時表示過去某一時間或動作之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，以及對過去的某一點造成的某種影響或是結果，強調(diào)時間先后關系。WhenIarrivedattheparty,Tomhadalreadyleft.我到派對時，湯姆已經(jīng)走了。動作順序：①Tom離開

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②

我到達二、過去完成時的構成過去完成時由“助動詞had(通用于各種人稱和數(shù))+過去分詞”構成。三、過去完成時的形式1.過去完成時的肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞+其他BythetimeIgottoschool,theclasshadstarted.

我到學校的時候，課程已經(jīng)開始了。2.過去完成時的否定句：主語+had+not+過去分詞+其他Hehadnoteatenbreakfastwhenhelefthome.

他離開家的時候，還沒吃早飯。3.過去完成時的被動語態(tài)：主語+had+been+過去分詞+其他ThenewschoolbuildinghadbeenbuiltwhenIbecameastudenthere.

我來這里上學時，新教學樓已經(jīng)建成了。4.過去完成時的一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞+其他?

回答方式：Yes,主語+had./No,主語+had+not.—Hadyoufinishedreadingthebookbeforetheclass?

上課前你讀完這本書了嗎？—Yes,Ihad./No,Ihadnot.

是，讀完了

。/不，沒讀完。四、過去完成時的用法1.過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。Whenshearrivedatthecinema,themoviehadalreadystarted.

她到電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開始了。2.還可表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間或還要持續(xù)下去，常用的時間狀語有bythen，bytheendof等。Bytheendoflastterm,ourclasshadplantedover100treesintheschoolyard.

到上學期末，我們班已經(jīng)在校園種了100多棵樹

。Bythen,mylittlesisterhadsavedover500yuanfromherpocketmoney.

到那時，我妹妹已從零花錢里存了500多元。3.用于表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件從句中。Ifshehadstudiedharderlastterm,shewouldhavepassedalltheexams.

要是她上學期學習再努力點，就會通過所有考試了。4.過去完成時也用于hardly...when...,nosooner…than...,Itwasthefirsttime+that(從)等一些固定句型中。Hardlyhadhesteppedintothehousewhenitstartedtorainheavily.

他剛踏進家門，就開始下大雨了。5.表示未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言、想法等，常用過去完成時。Hehadplannedtogohikingthisweekend,butitrained.

他本打算這周末去徒步，結果下雨了。五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別1.時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”，而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。Bytheendoflastweek,shehadfinishedreadingfiveclassicnovels.

到上周末為止，她已經(jīng)讀完了五本經(jīng)典小說。（“讀完”在“上周末”這個過去

時間前就完成了）Shefinishedreadingapoemcollectionlastnight.

她昨晚讀完了一本詩集。（單純說昨晚發(fā)生的動作

）五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別2.在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。Hehadpreparedabigsurpriseforhismom.Hegaveittoherwhenshegothome.

他給媽媽準備了一個大驚喜

。媽媽回家時，他把驚喜送出去了

。（“準備驚喜”

先于“送驚喜/媽媽回家”，所以“hadprepared”是過去完成時，“gave”“got”是

一般過去時。）Readthesentencesagain.Decidewhichtenseisusedtotalkabout:aneventinthepast

aneventthathappenedearlier,beforetheotherpasteventinthestory

simplepasttensepastperfecttenseChoosethesentencethatbestdescribeseachpicture.a.Thefilmbeganwhentheyarrivedat

thecinema.b.Thefilmhadbegunwhenthey

arrivedatthecinema.Choosethesentencethatbestdescribeseachpicture.a.Thepolicearrestedthemanwhowasbreakingintoajewelleryshop.b.Thepolicearrestedthemanwhohadbrokenintoajewelleryshop.Provideanexplanationforthesituations,usingthecuesandthepastperfecttense.Thenaddanotherpossibleexplanation.Example

ThewholeclasscheeredforJohn.(John/winanaward)

ThewholeclasscheeredforJohnbecausehehadwonanaward.ThewholeclasscheeredforJohnbecausehehadrunthefastestonSportsDay.1.Mycarbrokedownonthewaytothebeach.(it/runoutofpetrol)Mycarbrokedownonthewaytothebeachbecauseithadrunoutofpetrol.Mycarbrokedownonthewaytothebeachbecauseithadhitastonehalfway.Provideanexplanationforthesituations,usingthecuesandthepastperfecttense.Thenaddanotherpossibleexplanation.2.Thedoghidunderthesofa.(it/eatthefamily’sdinner)

Mycarbrokedownonthewaytothebeachbecauseithadrunoutofpetrol.Mycarbrokedownonthewaytothebeachbecauseithadhitastonehalfway.3.Acarcrashedintoatree.(driver/fallasleep)Acarcrashedintoatreebecausethedriverhadfallenasleep.Acarcrashedintoatreebecauseithadbrokendown.4.TheSmithswentonaround-the-worldtrip.(MrSmith/getapayrise)TheSmithswentonaround–the–worldtripbecauseMrSmithgotapayrise.TheSmithswentonaround–the–worldtripbecauseMrSmithhadgotapromotion.ExercisePART.04Bythetimethefiremen________(arrive),thebuilding__________(burn)foroveranhour.?She_______________(notrealize)howmuchworktheprojectrequireduntilshe________(start)it.?He__________(apologize)becausehe____________(forget)ourappointmentthedaybefore.?Myparents__________(live)inLondonforadecadewhenthey_______(decide)tomovebacktotheirhometown.Exercise:用所給詞的適當形式填空arrivedhadburned?hadnotrealizedstarted?apologizedhadforgottenhadliveddecidedIfhe__________(tak