江蘇省揚(yáng)州中學(xué)20172018學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期開學(xué)檢測高三英語試卷2018.2第I卷（選擇題共85分）第一部分：聽力（共兩節(jié)，20小題，每小題1分，滿分20分）第一節(jié)聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1.Wherearethespeakers?A.Inasupermarket. B.Inarestaurant.C.Athome.2.Whatwillthewomanprobablydotomorrowafternoon?A.Seeadoctor. B.Meetherbrother.C.Watchamovie.3.Howwillthespeakersgotothebookstore?A.Bybike. B.Bybus.C.Bytaxi.4.Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?A.GotoFrance. B.Giveuptheprogram.C.Takethreemonthsoff.5.WhatdoweknowaboutDario?A.Hefeelshopeless.B.HelikesCokeverymuch.C.Hewastoobusytogoshopping.第二節(jié)聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽下面一段話，回答第6~7兩個(gè)小題。6.Whatkindofroomdoesthewomanwant?A.Asingleroom. B.Adoubleroom.C.Aroomforthree.7.Howmuchwillthewomanpaypernight?A.$100. B.$120.C.$150.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第8~9兩個(gè)小題。8.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Theingparty. B.Thehouseowner.C.Theconditionofahouse.9.Whatwaswrongwiththehouseyesterday?A.Itspipeneededreplacing.B.Itselectricitywentoff.C.Itslightwasbroken.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第10~12三個(gè)小題10.Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A.AtCustomerService. B.AtBensonSoftware.C.Overthephone.11.Whyisthemantalkingtothewoman?A.Toplaceanorder.B.TohaveCDplayersrepaired.C.Toplainaboutawrongorder.12.HowmanymoreCDplayerswillbesenttotheman?A.50. B.100. C.150.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第13~16四個(gè)小題。13.Whatdoesthemanenjoymostaboutthecourse?A.Meetingfamousmusicians.B.Organizingeverydetailofit.C.Hearingyoungmusiciansplay.14.Howdoesthemanadvertisethecourse?A.ThroughtheInternet. B.Throughtheuniversity.C.ThroughtheTVshow.15.Whatisrequiredtojointhecourse?A.Perfectperformance. B.BasicEnglishskill.C.Goodlooks.16.Whyisn’tthecountrysideagoodchoice?A.It’stoospacious.B.It’stooquiet.C.Thetransportisn’tconvenient.聽下面一段獨(dú)白，回答第17~20四個(gè)小題。17.WhenshouldparentspickuptheirkidsatthelatestonThursday?A.At1:00pm. B.At11:30am. C.A12:30pm.18.What’stheadvantageoforderingsuppliesfromschool?A.Itisveryconvenient. B.Ithasafreedelivery.C.Itwillcostmuchless.19.Whatdoesthemunitycharitydo?A.Helppeopleinneed.B.Lookformissingthings.C.Donatethingstotheschool.20.Whowillgetacallthenightbeforeschoolstarts?A.Newstudents. B.Teachers.C.Returningstudents.第二部分英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分35分）k#s5_uco*m第一節(jié)單項(xiàng)填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。21.Achildshouldbereceivingeithermeatoreggsdaily,preferably______.A.neither B.none C.either D.both22.Inthelecture,theprofessortoldhisstudentsabouthowtowritean_________ofagraduatepaper,expressingthemainargument.A.account B.application C.address D.abstract23.Itwasthemiddleofnight________myhusbandwokemeupandtoldmetowatchthefootballgame.A.whileB.thatC.asD.when24.Thebungalownearthesouthschoolgatewillbe______intoclassroomsformusicandart.A.transmittedB.transferredC.transformedD.transported25.NewYorkisthefashioncapitaloftheworld,saysanewstudyonFeb4.2014bytheGlobalLanguageMonitor,Paris____second,withShanghai_____10thwhileHongkong20th.A.

ing,

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es,

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ranking26.Lookingbackuponhisteachingcareer,hedoesn’tremembereverhavingbeendoubted,orchallengedinclass,________rejected.A.otherthanB.letaloneC.ratherthanD.morethan[來’’’’’s_________I’whyD.28.Likeallteenagersthere’sonethingshe’drather__________spots.A.dowithoutB.doupC.dowithD.dooff29.Theemployeemighthavebeendismissedbytheemployerlastmonth,______?A.hasn'theB.didn'theC.wasn'theD.mightn'the30.Onanaveragedaymostofus_____oursmartphones47times,andnearlydoublethatifwe’rebetweentheagesof18and24.A.checked B.wouldcheck C.willcheck D.check31.Shewaslikelytotellthewholetruth,incasesotherpeoplewouldhavekeptsilence.A.where B.that C.who D.which32.Somebelievethatchinafacessimilarproblemsasdevicesmeanttofightcrime_______toinvadeprivacy.A.beginningB.begunC.beginD.hadbegun33.She’saddedafewcharactersandchangedsomenamesbutthisisatruestory.A.pletely B.necessarily C.gradually D.essentially34.Itisvitalto______toteenagersthesimplefactthat_______theInternetwillmoreorlessdoharmtobothmentalandphysicalhealth.A.getacross;beingaddictedtoB.getover;addictedtoC.getthrough;addictingtoD.getdown;addictingthemselvesto[來源35.—I’lltakethenewtruck,—Andleavemetodrivetheoldone.A.Don’tmentionit B.ForgetitC.I’msorry D.Badluck第二節(jié)完形填空（共20小題；每小題l分，滿分20分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上涂黑。Ahandsomemancanearnafifthmorethanaplainercolleaguebutabeautifulwomanisnotpaidapennymorethanheraveragelookingcolleagues,newresearchhasshown.Thestudybysenioreconomistsfoundthatgoodlooking__36__maleworkerscouldearn22percentmorethancolleagueswholooked__37__.Researcherssaidgoodlooksdidnotgivewomenasimilar__38__.AndrewLeigh,theformereconomicsprofessorattheAustralianSomepeoplestill__40__goodlooksandintelligenceareinpatible(矛盾的)inwomensoagoodlookingwomancan’tbethat_41__,butitdoesn’t__42__men’spay.Hesaidthat__43__hebelievedgoodlookingwomenmayalso__44__more,theresearchdidnot__45__histheory.Theresearchfoundthat__46__meninalljobs,frommanuallabortohighlypaidprofessional__47__,canearn22percentmorethantheircolleaguesdoinga/an__48__role.Menwithbelowaveragelooksfaceabattleintheoffice,withugliness__49__aman’searningby26percent__50__anaveragelookingworker.FormermalemodelIanMitchell,28,whohasafirstclass__51__inhistoryfromUniversityofEdinburghandnowworksforacosmeticpany,toldTheThestudy,entitledUnpackingtheBeautyPremium,wasthelargestexerciseofitskindandrepeateda___54_from1984toseeifthebeautypremiumhadchanged.Leighsaidtheresearchshowedpeopleintheworkplacewere“l(fā)ookist”andhehopedthefindingswouldencourage__55__toreservetheirprejudice.36.A.guaranteed B.meant C.declared D.expected37.A.average B.energetic C.smart D.horrible38.A.ambition B.advantage C.assessment D.award39.Intelligence B.Wealth C.Beauty D.Reputation40.A.expect B.suspect C.ignore D.believe41.A.productive B.special C.attractive D.popular42.A.harming B.encouraging C.affecting D.suffering43.A.since B.although C.as D.because44.A.earn B.benefit C.produce D.learn45.a.approve B.develop C.accelerate D.support46.A.handsome B.gifted C.intelligent D.mon47.A.situations B.careers C.levels D.occasions48.A.important B.different C.fair D.similar49.A.reduce B.increase C.reducing D.increasing50.A.basedon B.relatedto C.paredwith D.connectedwith51.A.role B.altitude C.degree D.grade52.A.pride B.reference C.satisfaction D.confidence53.A.stick B.agree C.attempt D.tend54.A.survey B.conclusion C.performance D.construction55.A.employees B.employers C.interviewers D.businessmen第三部分閱讀理解（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)A、B、C和D中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。ADINERSTONYSOPRANO’SLASTMEALBetween1912andthe1990s,NewJerseyStatewashometomorethan20dinermanufacturerswhomadeprobably95percentofthedinersintheU.S.,saysKatieZavoski,whoishelpingholdadinerexhibit.Whatmakesadineradiner?(Andnot,say,acoffeeshop?)Traditionally,adinerisbuiltinafactoryandthendeliveredtoitsowntownorcityratherthanconstructedonsite.ZavoskicreditsNewJersey’slocationasthekeytoitsmasteryoftheform.“Itwasjusttheperfectplacetomanufacturethediners,”shesays.“Wewouldshipthemwhereverweneededtobysea.”VISIT“IconsofAmericanCulture:HistoryofNewJerseyDiners,”runningthroughJune2017atTheCorneliusHouse/MiddlesexCountyMuseuminPiscataway,GOODFOOD,GOODTUNESSuzanneVega’s1987song“Tom’sDiner”isprobablybestknownforitsfrequentlysampled“doodoodoodoo”melody(旋律)ratherthanitsdinerrelatedlyrics.Technically,it’snotevenreallyaboutadiner—thesettingisNewYorkCity’sTom’sRestaurant,whichVegafrequentedwhenshewasstudyingatBarnard.Vegausedtheword“diner”insteadbecauseit“singsbetterthatway,”shetoldTheNewYorkTimes.November18hassincebeencalledTom’sDinerDay,becauseonthatdayin1981,theNewYorkPost’sfrontpagewasastoryaboutthedeathofactorWilliamHolden.InhersongVegasings:“IOpen/Upthepaper/There’sastory/Ofanactor/Whohaddied/Whilehewasdrinking.”LISTEN“Tom’sDiner”bySuzanneVegaMEETTHEDINERANTHROPOLOGISTJ.S.ardJ.S.Gutmanhasbeencalledthe“JaneGoodallofdiners”(heevenconsultedonBarryLevinson’s1982film,Diner).Hisbook,AmericanDiner:ThenNow,tracestheevolutionofthe“nightlunchwagon,”setupbyWalterScottin1872,totheearly1920s,whenthedinergotitsname(adaptedfrom“diningcar’’),andonthroughthe1980s.Gutmanhashisowndinerfacilities(floorplans,classicwhitemugs,acashierbooth);250oftheseitemsarcpartofanexhibitinRhodeIsland.READAmericanDiner:Then&Now(JohnVISIT“Diners:StillCookinginthe21stCentury,”currentlyrunningattheCulinaryArtsMuseumatJohnson&WalesUniversityinProvidence56.Inwhatwayisadinerdifferentfromacoffeeshop?A.Itslocation. B.Itsmanagement.C.Fromwhatitisbuilt. D.Whereitisconstructed.57.WhatdoweknowaboutVega’s1987song“Tom’sDiner”?A.Itwarnspeoplenottodrink.B.ItwasinspiredbyTom’sDinerDay.C.Itsmelodyispreferredtoitslyrics.D.ItsoriginaltitlewasTom’sRestaurant.BUniversitygraduatesMallorieBrodieandLaurenHasegawa,whoinventedasmartphoneappthattracksconstructiondefectsformercialbuilders,hadatigerbythetail.Bridgit,whichtheyfoundedin2012,launchedacloudbasedmunicationsplatformthathelpedmanagedefectsonconstructionsites,whichcandelayprojectsandresultincostlyrepairsifleftunchecked.Thesmartphoneapplicationletssitesupervisorstakephotosofcracksordamagedpaint,sharethemwithemployeesandtracktheproblemstosolution.Morethan600subcontractorsusedthepilotversioninmanybuildingsitesbeforethemercialversion,calledCloseout,officiallylaunched.Feedback(反饋)wassogoodthattheybegantowonder:Whylimittheirinventiontoaspecificindustry?Whynotturnitintosomekindofahandytoolforconsumerstoo?Thisbecametheirdilemma.Inotherwords,shouldtheystaythecourseorlookforwiderapplicationsoftheirapp?TheexpertspolledallagreedBridgitshouldstayfocusedonitsoriginalgoal.Ms.HasegawaandMs.Brodietookthatadvice.Asmorebusinesscustomerssignedon,itbecameclearthattheymadetherightdecision.Sincethen,thepany’sgrowthhasbeenrapid.Earlierthisyear,BridgitlaunchedCloseout,whichisdesignedsothateventheleasttechsavvycanuseiteasily.Today,theappisbeingusedonsitesacrossCanadaandtheUnitedStatesandevenbytopgeneralcontractors.InOctober,BridgitwasnamedtotheCanadianInnovationExchange’stop20listofCanada’smostinnovative(創(chuàng)新的)paniesworkingindigitalmediaandinformationandmunicationtechnology.ButMs.HasegawaandMs.Brodiearenotrestingontheirglories.TheyhavealsobeencollectingfeedbackonCloseoutfromcustomers,andthey’lllaunchanewversioninthespring.Itwilltargetnotonlygeneralcontractorsbutdevelopersandbuildingowners,too.58.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂defects＂inParagraph1probablymean?A.Style. B.Process. C.Drawback. D.Material.59.Whatdidthetwograduatesdecidetodowhenthepilotversionwaswellreceived?A.Turntotheordinaryconsumermarket.B.Lookforwiderapplicationsoftheirapp.C.Turnitintoawidelyusedtoolforconsumers.D.Continuecenteringonthedevelopmentinconstructionindustry.60.Whocouldbetheirpotentialcustomers?A.Smartphoneusers. B.Architects.C.puterprogrammers. D.Photographers.61.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitle?A.Graduates’smartphoneapplicationtakesoffB.Graduates’smartphoneapplicationhasabrightfutureC.Graduates’smartphoneapplicationmeetswithchallengesD.Graduates’smartphoneapplicationplaysanimportantroleinourlifeCTheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysicianassistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseedstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffects”,acenturiesoldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffectsagoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseenispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediGeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays.“Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirOnanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalmunityacknowledgethattheassistedsuicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysicianassistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwovolumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofendoflifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospitalbasedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewellmeaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedical...ensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareinpetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”62.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat_____________A.doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.B.itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.C.theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysicianassistedsuicide.D.patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttomitsuicide.63.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?A.Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.B.Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.C.TheCourtruledthathighdosagepainrelievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.D.Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.64.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive"(line3,paragraph7)?A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Careless.D.Desperate.65.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey__________.A.managetheirpatientsinpetentlyB.givepatientsmoremedicinethanneededC.reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatientsD.prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsDIt’snoteasytodiewhenyouareonlyfifteen.ThosewerethewordsthatbeganthestoryIheardfromRobertWhite,aNorthCarolinafactoryworker.HeandhiswifewerevisitingtheirdaughterLeeinthehospital,astheydideveryevening,butLeehadalreadyacceptedherfate.Thisparticularevening,sheseemedcalm,butsuddenlyshesaid,“Ialwaysdreamedoffallinginlove,gettingmarried,havingkids…butaboveallIwouldhavelikedtoworkinabigmarineparkwithdolphins.I’velovedthemandwantedtoknowmoreaboutthemsinceIwaslittle.Istilldreamingofswimmingwiththem,freeandhappyintheopensea.”She’dneveraskedforanything,butnowshesaidwithallthestrengthshehad,“Daddy,Iwanttoswimintheopenseaamongthedolphinsjustonce.MaybethenIwouldn’tbesoscaredofdying.”Itseemedlikeanabsurdimpossibledream,butshe,whohadgivenupjustabouteverythingelse,hungontoit.Robertandhisfamilytalkeditoveranddecidedtodoeverythingtheycould.TheyhadheardofaresearchcenterintheFloridaKeys,andtheyphonedthem.“eatonce,”theysaid.WhentheyarrivedatGrassKey,Leedidn’twanttorestforaminuteandbeggedherparentstotakeherstraightawaytothedolphins.Itwasanunforgettablescene.Roberttookherouttowardthedolphins,NatandTursi,whichwereplayingaboutthirtyfeetawayfromthem.Atfirsttheyseemeddistractedanduninterested,butwhenLeecalledthemsoftlybyname,theyrespondedwithouthesitation.Natcameoverfirst,raisedhisheadandgaveherakissontheendofhernose.ThenTursicameoverandgreetedherwithlittlehighpitchedsqueaksofjoy.Asecondlatertheypickedherupwiththeirmightyfinsandcarriedherouttoseawiththem.“ItfeelslikeI’mflying!”criedLee,laughingwithdelight.Lee’sfamilyhadn’theardherlaughlikethatsinceshebecameill.Theycouldhardlybelieveitwastrue.Butthereshewas,grippingNat’sfinandchallengingthewindandtheimmensityoftheocean.ThedolphinsstayedwithLeeformorethananhour,alwaystender,alwaysattentive,neverusinganyunnecessaryforce,alwaysresponsivetoherwishes.Maybeit’struethattheyaremoreintelligentandsensitivecreaturesthanman.WhatwascertainwasthatthosemarvelousdolphinsunderstoodthatLeewasdyingandwantedtofortherasshefacedhergreatjourneyintotheunknown.Fromthemomenttheytookherinhand,theyneverleftheraloneforasecond.Theygothertoplayandobservedhermandswiththesweetnessthatwasmagical.Intheirpany,Leefoundforonelasttimetheenthusiasmandthewilltolive.Shewasstrongandhappylikesheusedtobe.Atonepointsheshouted,“Thedolphinshavehealedme,Daddy.”Thenextdayshewastooweaktogetoutofbed.Shedidn’tevenwanttotalk,butwhenRoberttookherhandshesqueezeditandwhispered,“Daddy,don’tsadforme.I’llneverbeafraidagain.ThedolphinshavemademeunderstandthatIhavenothingtofear.”Justbeforedawn,Robert’slittlegirldiedinhisarmsafewminuteslater.Theyonlyrealizedhersufferingwasoverbecauseherbodybecamecolderandheavier.Theycrematedherasshewantedandwentoutthenextdaytoscatterherashesintheoceanamongstthedolphins.TheywereallcryingnotonlyLee’sfamily,butalsothesailorsontheboatwhohadtakenthemoutintothebay.Andthen,suddenly,throughtheirtears,theysawthegreatarchingsilvershapeofNatandTursileapingoutofthewaterahead.AsRobertrecounted,“Theyhadetotakeourdaughterhome.”66.WhydidRobertandhiswifedecidedtodoeverythingtheycouldtohelpLeerealizeherdream?A.Itmightbetheonlywishforagirlwhowasdyingsoon.B.Itwasanimpossibledreamthatcan’tberealizedbyLee.C.ItwasagoodwaytopersuadeLeetobestronginlife.D.ItwasaneffectivetreatmentforLee’sdisorder.67.Whydidtheauthorsay“theyaremoreintelligentandsensitivecreaturesthanman”?A.TheygaveLeeakissandgreetedherwithhighpitchedsqueaks.B.TheyunderstoodwhatLeewouldencounterintheunknownworld.C.TheymadeLeefortablebycarryingherouttosea.D.Theyunderstoodthedyinggirlandgavehercourage.68.InLee’sopinion,howhavethedolphinshealedherillness?A.Theyacpaniedhertodriveoutherloneliness.B.theyswamwithhertomakeherenergetic.C.Theygaveherstrengthandmadeherhappy.D.Theysensedherillnessandfortedher.69.WhichtwoofthefollowingwordsbestdescribeLee’scharacters?A.SensitiveandcarefulB.StrongwilledandoptimisticC.CaringbutpessimisticD.Determinedbutstubborn70.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Astoryofdolphinsbeingdevotedfriendswithadyinggirl.B.Astoryofafatherkeepingherdyingdaughterpany.C.Astoryofdolphinscuringtheillnessofadyinggirl.D.Astoryofagirlprotectingdolphinsfrombeingkilled.第II卷（非選擇題共35分）第四部分任務(wù)型閱讀（10分）閱讀下列短文并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，每空格1詞（共10個(gè)小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）Inabroadsense,migrationisusuallydefinedas“permanentorsemipermanentchangeofresidence”.Althoughmovementswithinnations(internalmigration)oftenexceedmovementsbetweennations(internationalmigration)involume,themotivesofpeoplewhomoveshortdistancesareverysimilartothoseofinternationalmigrants.Studentsofhumanmigrationspeakof“push”and“pull”factors,whichinfluenceanindividual’sdecisiontomovefromoneplacetoanother.Pushfactorsareassociatedwiththeplaceoforigin.Apushfactorcanbeassimpleandmildamatterasdifficultyinfindingasuitablejob,orastraumaticaswar,orseverefamine.Obviously,refugeeswholeavetheirhomeswithgunspointedattheirheadsaremotivatedalmostentirelybypushfactors.Associatedwiththeplaceofdestination,pullfactorsaremostlyeconomic,suchasbetterjobopportunitiesortheavailabilityofgoodlandtofarm.Ingeneral,pullfactorsadduptoanapparentlybetterchanceforagoodlifeandmaterialwellbeingthanisofferedbytheplaceoforigin.Whenthereisachoicebetweenseveralattractivepotentialdestinations,thedecidingfactormightbeanoneconomicconsiderationsuchasthepresenceofrelatives,friends,oratleastfellowcountrymenalreadyestablishedinthenewplacewhoarewillingtohelpthenewerssettlein.Considerationsofthissortleadtothedevelopmentofmigrationflow.Besidespushandpullfactors,therearewhatthesociologistscall“interveningobstacles”.Evenifpushand/orpullfactorsareverystrongtheystillmaybeoutweighedbyinterveningobstacles,suchasthedistanceofthemove,thetroubleandcostofmoving,thedifficultyofenteringthenewcountry,andtheproblemslikelytobeencounteredonarrival.Thedecisiontomoveisalsoinfluencedby“personalfactors”ofthepotentialmigrant.Thesamepushpullfactorsandobstaclesoperatedifferentlyondifferentpeople,sometimesbecausetheyareatdifferentstagesoftheirlives,orjustbecauseoftheirvaryingabilitiesandpersonalities.Theprospectofpackingupeverythingandmovingtoanewandperhapsverystrangeenvironmentmayappearinterestingandchallengingtoanunmarriedyoungmanandterriblydifficulttoaslightlyoldermanwithawifeandsmallkids.Similarly,theneedtolearnanewlanguageandcustomsmayexciteonepersonandfrightenanother.Regardlessofwhypeoplemove,migratio