類型5|生態(tài)環(huán)保(對應學生用書第70頁)考查要點方法技巧1．生態(tài)環(huán)保的現(xiàn)狀，造成的影響。2．生態(tài)環(huán)境被破壞的因素，產(chǎn)生的后果。3．保護生態(tài)環(huán)境的措施、步驟。1．理清文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，把握主旨大意。2．抓住造成生態(tài)環(huán)境變遷的原因這一主線。3．領(lǐng)會作者所透露出的觀點態(tài)度。(2017·江蘇高考卷)OldProblem，NewApproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife，globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissionspeak.Sopeak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday，wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.Whenitestoadaptation，itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard，buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy，inpartatleast，theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat：“Thereisno‘one-size_fits_all’adaptation．”Nevertheless，therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.Aroundtheworld，peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways，especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebeemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries，schools，andhealthclinics，andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothermunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(連接)toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel：hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia，whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers，waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter，whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze，andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves，Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200，000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess，soNorphel'sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill，perhaps，beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally，andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly，temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite，citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru，localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theouteisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistof“100ideastosavetheplanet”．Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce，orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisismonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt，it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall，ifweadaptinthatway，wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.1．TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies________．A．a(chǎn)daptationisanever-changingprocessB．thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC．globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD．a(chǎn)daptationtoclimatechangeischallenging2．WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan'sproject?A．Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.B．Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.C．Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.D．Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.3．WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?A．Storingiceforfutureuse.B．Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.C．Changingtheirrigationtime.D．Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.4．WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A．Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B．Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.C．Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.D．Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.5．Accordingtotheauthor，pollutingindustriesshould________．A．a(chǎn)dapttocarbonpollutionB．planthighlyprofitablecropsC．leavecarbonemissionaloneD．fightagainstcarbonpollution6．What'stheauthor'spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A．Settingupanewstandard.B．Reducingcarbonemission.C．Adaptingtoclimatechange.D．Monitoringpollutingindustries.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。盡管清潔能源在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪斜辉絹碓蕉嗟厥褂茫蜃兣詫⒊掷m(xù)幾十年。面對這個問題，各個國家不同地區(qū)的人們紛紛出謀劃策并萌生了很多頗有創(chuàng)意的想法。長難句解讀：Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday，wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.分析：本句是主從復合句。前面是evenif引導的讓步狀語從句，后面是主句。本句運用了虛擬語氣，表示與將來事實有可能相反的愿望，從句中用wereto＋動詞原形，主句中用would＋動詞原形。翻譯：因此，即使今天的排放量開始減少，我們?nèi)詫⒚媾R適應氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)。1．A[考查句意理解。根據(jù)上文中的“Wearetherefore...buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.”可知，對于不斷變化的環(huán)境，沒有一個通用的方法來解決所有這樣的問題。故畫線部分表示的是適應環(huán)境也是一個不斷變化的過程。]2．C[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，世界范圍內(nèi)尤其是一些貧窮地區(qū)的人們使用了令人意想不到的方法去適應環(huán)境的改變，化劣勢為優(yōu)勢，再結(jié)合下文的內(nèi)容可知，Rezwan的組織充分利用壞形勢。]3．A[考查推理判斷。由第四段中的“...Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze，andwasstoreduntilthespring...”可知，他把廢水引入淺的洼地，水在那里結(jié)冰并被儲存到春天用來灌溉田地。]4．D[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第六段的內(nèi)容可知，在秘魯當?shù)氐霓r(nóng)民會把整個山峰涂成白色來增強對陽光的反射，希望借此來保護冰不被融化，再結(jié)合第五段的內(nèi)容可知，反射太陽光可能會減輕全球變暖。]5．D[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第七段中的“Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt”可知，污染企業(yè)爭辯說因為人們沒有贏得控制碳污染的戰(zhàn)爭，只能適應，再結(jié)合下文的“it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual”可知，作者認為污染企業(yè)的這種說法是荒謬的，其目的是給自己的商業(yè)行為制造借口。由此可推知，對于污染企業(yè)來說，負責任的做法是同碳污染作斗爭，以減少碳排放。]6．B[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.”可知，作者認為最明智的應對全球變暖的方法是減少碳排放。]A【導學號：】(2016·鹽城三模)For150millionyearsduringtheageofthedinosaurs，agroupofdolphin-likereptilescalledichthyosaursruledtheocean—untileverythingstartedtogowrong.Aftermultiplyingintoabout100knownspecies，ichthyosaursbegantodisappearfromtheoceansaroundthemiddleoftheCretaceousperiod，atimeofturbulent(混亂的)changesintheenvironment.Theaquatic(水產(chǎn)的)reptileswentextinct28millionyearsbeforetherestoftheirdinosaurcohort.Scientistshavebeenunabletofindasingularcataclysmicevent，suchasavolcaniceruptionormeteoritestrike，thatcouldexplainichthyosaurs'abruptdisappearancefromthefossilrecord.Nowresearchershavenewexplanationforthelizardfish'sdemise:Theyhadlosttheirabilitytoadapttoaswiftlychangingclimate.TheaquaticlizardsthrivedthroughouttheearlyyearsofthedinosaursinthePermian，TriassicandJurassicperiods.ThencametheCretaceous.ThatwasaturbulenttimetoliveonEarth.Thepoleswerenearlyice-free，causingsealevelstoreachgreatheights.Temperatureswereamongthehottesttheplanethasseeninthelast250millionyears.Scientistshaveblamedthedemiseoftheichthyosaursontheirinabilitytokeepupwithotherpredatorsorthelossofkeypreyspecies.ButanewstudybyValentinFischer，apaleontologistwhostudiesichthyosaursattheUniversityofLiegeinBelgium，andhiscolleaguessaysneitheroftheseexplanationscouldaccountforthescaleandspeedofthedie-off.WritinginthejournalNaturemunications，F(xiàn)ischerandhiscolleaguesarguethattheunstableclimatecontributedtothedisappearanceofichthyosaursduringa5-millionto6-million-yearwindowintheCretaceousknownastheCenomanianstage.Whiletherisingtemperaturesandhigherseaswouldn'thavehadadirecteffectontheichthyosaurs，theycouldhaveplayedanindirectroleintheirdecline，F(xiàn)ischersaid.Thechangingclimatecouldhavemadetheirfoodmorescarce，ordisruptedmigratoryroutesandbirthingplaces，amongotherconsequences.Despitetheirvarietyofbodyshapesandsurvivalstrategies，ichthyosaurswereunabletokeepupwithallofthesechanges，thestudyauthorswrote.TheyreachedthisconclusionbyparingthegeologicalrecordoftheCretaceoustoanewlyreconstructedhistoryofichthyosaurevolutionbasedonmuseumspecimens(樣品)andareviewofinformationinpreviouslypublishedstudies.Whatbecameclearwastheichthyosaurs'extinctioncoincidedwithglobalclimateshiftsandtheanimals'slowerrateofevolution,whichleftthemunabletoadaptastheirenvironmentchanged，thestudyfound.“Theywereprobablyverywelladaptedtotheirniches，andtheirenvironmentswereprobablyprettystable，”Fischersaid，“Thatcouldhaveloweredthepressureofnaturalselectionandthusloweredtheirratesofevolution.”ThinkoftheCenomanianstageasatransitionperiod.【語篇解讀】魚龍是與恐龍同時代的物種。在進化成大約100種已知物種后，魚龍大約在白堊紀時從海洋中消失了。最新的研究表明，魚龍的滅絕是因為它們無法適應迅速變化的氣候。1．Theunderlinedword“That”inParagraph6referstotheperiodof________．A．Permian B．TriassicC．Jurassic D．CretaceousD[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段的themiddleoftheCretaceousperiod，atimeofturbulent(混亂的)changesintheenvironment和第五段可知，白堊紀是生活在地球上的動蕩時期。故選項D符合題意。]2．Fischerandhiscolleaguescametotheirconclusionby________．A．makingparisonsB．conductingexperimentsC．a(chǎn)nalyzingsamplesD．observingweatherchangesA[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段可知，費希爾和他的同事是通過比較的方式得出結(jié)論的。故選項A符合題意。]3．Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbeusedtoconcludethelastbutoneparagraph?A．Nopains，nogains.B．Nomaniswiseatalltimes.C．Abadbeginningmakesabadending.D．Borninmiseryanddieofhappiness.D[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段可知，雖然魚龍因為充分適應了自己的小生態(tài)環(huán)境而減少了自然選擇的壓力，但是這卻降低了它們進化的速度，最終導致它們因為無法適應整個地球的大環(huán)境而在自己安逸的小環(huán)境中滅絕。故選項D符合題意。borninmiseryanddieofhappiness意為“生于憂患，死于安樂”；nopains，nogains意為“一分耕耘，一分收獲”；nomaniswiseatalltimes意為“聰明一世，糊涂一時；智者千慮，必有一失”；abadbeginningmakesabadending意為“不善始者不善終，惡其始者必惡其終”。]4．Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AnewresearchfocusedonthehistoryofichthyosaurevolutionB．AswiftclimatechangefollowedthedisappearanceofichthyosaursC．Climatechangetaughtancientichthyosaursalesson:AdaptordieD．Ichthyosaursruledtheoceanfor150millionyearsbeforedisappearingC[考查主旨大意。綜合全文可知，全文主要講述了最新的研究表明，魚龍的滅絕是因為它們無法適應迅速變化的氣候。故選項C符合題意。]B(2017·蘇州高三一模)Thespreadofnomaintenanceartificiallawnsisthreateningwildlifeandrareplants，conservationistsandgardeningexpertsarewarning.Gardensareanincreasinglyimportantshelterforwildlifewhichwasforcedintowithdrawingfromthecountrysidebylossofthenaturalhomesandintensivefarming.Butthegrowthinthepopularityofartificiallawns，whichlookliketherealthingbutrequirenocutting，wateringorfertilizing，meansthere'snoshelterinanincreasingnumberofBritain'sbackgardens.TimRumball，editorofAmateurGardeningmagazine，said：“Artificialgrassthesedayslooksgreatandthesedaysyoucanbuyrollsofitwhereasagoitwasaveryspecialistthing.Itcantakepeopleafewminutestorealizetheyareonanartificiallawnratherthanarealone.”Besidestheimpactonwildlife，adamagingimpacthasalsobeenmadeonthewiderenvironmentbecauseofreplacingrealgrass.MrRumballsaid：“Lawnsmatteralot.PlantschangecarbondioxideintooxygenandifallthelawnsaretakenawayinBritainyouwillsignificantlyaffectthecarbonlevelsintheatmosphere.Whengrassgrowslonger，itattractsinsects.Ifyouhaveanartificiallawnthentheseinsectswillbereducedandthewholeofthefoodchainwillbeaffected，especiallybirdsthatrelyoninsectsfortheirdiet.”JoyWallisofDorsetWildlifeTrustisalsoconcernedaboutthetrendinartificialgrass.“Thesedays，gardensareashelterforwildlife，”shesaid，“Creaturescan'tsurviveinthecountrysidebecauseitissofullofchemicals.Birdsgetabsolutelynothingfromartificialgrass，andtheycan'tdigforwormsoranythinglikethat.Itseemsashamethatpeoplefeeltheyhaven'tgotthetimeorthetendencytolookafteralawn.”RobertRedcliffeofNamgrass，whichcurrentlysells10，000squaremetersofartificialgrassperweek，saysbusinessisbooming，adding，“WestartedfiveyearsagointheUKanditcantransformthewayyouusethegarden.There'stheobviousadvantageofnocuttingorwatering，butalsothere'snomudforchildrenorpetstowalkthroughthehouse.”Hedisagreesthatartificialgrassisharmfultotheenvironmentandadds，“Thereareecologicalbenefit