高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)訓(xùn)練材料動(dòng)詞不定式

一、不定式構(gòu)造作主語(yǔ)Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注①：在諸多狀況下，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中，常采用先行it替代主語(yǔ)，而把不定式后置：It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注②：這種后置不定式的構(gòu)造也合用于某些謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是系動(dòng)詞的句子，如：Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.注③：不定式構(gòu)造的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名詞詞組”來(lái)表達(dá)，如：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注④：某些形容詞在上述構(gòu)造中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常在不定式之前加上“of+名詞詞組”來(lái)闡明不定式所指的是誰(shuí)的狀況，如：It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.二、不定式構(gòu)造作表語(yǔ)1．主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是成果），如：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.2．主語(yǔ)是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表達(dá)，背面的不定式闡明其內(nèi)容，如：Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注：在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略符號(hào)“to”，如：Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhimatelegram.三、不定式構(gòu)造作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)1．“動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式構(gòu)造”。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’texpecttofindyouhere.2．“動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+帶to的不定式構(gòu)造”。（這種不定式構(gòu)造靠近一種名詞從句）。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑問(wèn)詞（也稱(chēng)連接代/副詞）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why除外），如：Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注①：假如作賓語(yǔ)的不定式構(gòu)造有自己的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)使用先行it，把不定式后置，例如：Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注②：不定式構(gòu)造一般不可作介詞賓語(yǔ),只有在個(gè)別場(chǎng)所,即在具有否認(rèn)意義的帶有介詞except或but(=except)的構(gòu)造中才能這樣用，例如：Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符號(hào)的省略問(wèn)題！四、不定式構(gòu)造作定語(yǔ)1．不定式作定語(yǔ)一般只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如：It’stimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.2．能帶不定式構(gòu)造作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)往往也能帶不定式構(gòu)造作定語(yǔ)，如：Idon’twishtoquarrelwithyou.→Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.Theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight.→Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight.Shepromisednottodothatagain.→Shemadeapromisenottodothatagain.3．某些能帶不定式構(gòu)造作狀語(yǔ)的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)，也能帶不定式構(gòu)造作定語(yǔ)，如：Hewasobviouslyanxioustogo.→Hisanxietytogowasobvious.4．不定式構(gòu)造與所修飾的名詞，有時(shí)意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如：Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注：處在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的狀況下，假如不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它背面應(yīng)加上必要的介詞，如：Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.5．有時(shí)為了明確不定式構(gòu)造的邏輯關(guān)系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名詞詞組，如：Here’sabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.五、不定式構(gòu)造作狀語(yǔ)不定式構(gòu)造可以作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等，表達(dá)目的、原因、成果、條件等。1．表達(dá)目的：Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注①：不定式構(gòu)造表達(dá)目的時(shí)，一般句子的主語(yǔ)就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)(參見(jiàn)以上三句)，但也有例外的狀況，例如：Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Hebroughtaportertocarrytheboxes/bags.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.注②：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表達(dá)目的的不定式構(gòu)造，尤其是在不定式構(gòu)造前有否認(rèn)詞not時(shí)，一般可以在不定式符號(hào)to之前加上inorder或soas，如：HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注③：表達(dá)目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。不過(guò)，置于句首表達(dá)目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder，但卻不可以加上soas，如：Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.2.表到達(dá)果：WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式構(gòu)造表到達(dá)果更常見(jiàn)于下列句型：①

so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②

such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③

enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④

too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意：下列句子中的不表到達(dá)果，也無(wú)否認(rèn)含義：I’monlytoogladtogo.(=I’mverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)〖o(jì)nlytoo(adv.)極;非常;太;很〗☆☆有時(shí)，不定式構(gòu)造還能表達(dá)一種隨即發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，相稱(chēng)于一種并列限定動(dòng)詞詞組，這種不定式構(gòu)造也表到達(dá)果，如：Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.這種表到達(dá)果的不定式構(gòu)造具有下列幾種特點(diǎn)：①不定式所示的動(dòng)作是隨即發(fā)生的，相稱(chēng)于一種限定動(dòng)詞詞組，如：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.②

不定式根據(jù)與否需要停止而決定與主句與否用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。Helefthisnativecountry(,)nevertoreturn.Hereturnedhome(,)tofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed.③不定式所示的成果往往具有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不快樂(lè)的成果”較為常見(jiàn)。（有時(shí)也可以表達(dá)令人快樂(lè)、驚喜的成果），如：HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.④

不定式之前有時(shí)可以加上only或butonly，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，如：Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注：不定式構(gòu)造表到達(dá)果或表達(dá)目的，往往形式相似，這時(shí)，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.(=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.)HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert.(=HearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingRobert.)Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Hewenttothestationtoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.(=Hewenttothestationinordertoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.)3.表達(dá)原因：（不定式所示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作）Shewepttohearthenews.Ipretendtobehappytoknowhim.Helaughedtoseesuchfun.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.六、不定式構(gòu)造作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Don’tforceyourselftowritewhenyouhavenothingtosay.Hebelievedtheearthtobeaglobe.Didyouseeayoungmanenterthehouse?1．只能用不定式構(gòu)造作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：①表達(dá)“但愿”“愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如：wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust等。Whatdoyoudesiremetodo?Thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.②具有“讓”“容許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意義的動(dòng)詞，如：let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。Wemustn’tletthishappenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.③帶有“祈求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動(dòng)詞，如：ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry等。Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis.④

具有“提議”“勸說(shuō)”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：advise,persuade,callon,urge等。Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.⑤

具有“命令”“強(qiáng)迫”“嚴(yán)禁”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn等。Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain.⑥

其他尚有：help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor,train,dependon等。Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop.2．既能用不定式構(gòu)造又能用目前分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：△see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,observe,feel,have;△imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,setDidyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Don’timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.Hesettheboystocarrywater.I’llleavehimtosolvetheproblemforhimself.注①：有些動(dòng)詞用不定式與用目前分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所體現(xiàn)的意義是有差異的。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用不定式表達(dá)一次性動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的完畢（即全過(guò)程）；而用目前分詞則表達(dá)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，即：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，目前分詞所示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom.注②：使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，在有些動(dòng)詞背面，不定式符號(hào)to應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。△下列動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須省去不定式符號(hào)to：let,make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,hear,listentoHeobservedsomeoneopenthedoor.Iwatchedthemgetintothecar.Didyounoticehimleavetheroom?△feel一詞在使用todo型不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不帶to；在使用tobe型不定式時(shí)，要帶to，如：Hefeltthemtoberight.Didyoufeeltheearthshake?△help一詞在使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以帶to，也可以不帶to，如：Doyouoftenhelpyourmother(to)dothehousework?△使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子，改為被動(dòng)構(gòu)造后來(lái)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這時(shí)，“to”不可以省略，如：Thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight.Theyweremadetoworkfrommorningtillnight.不定式的一般式所示的動(dòng)作，一般與重要謂語(yǔ)所示的動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)）同步（或幾乎同步）發(fā)生，或者是在它之后發(fā)生例如：Whoheardhimsaythat?Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.假如不定式所示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，這個(gè)不定式就要用完畢式，如：I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother.(cf.I’mgladtoseeyou.)七、不定式的完畢式有下列使用方法1．構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如：Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.(Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.)Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.(Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.(Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.)2．在某些作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)，如：Youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert.(=Youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert.)I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.(=I’msorryIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.)Shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople.3．在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.4．有時(shí)還可以作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如：Itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage.（主語(yǔ)）Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.（定語(yǔ)）Theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher.（復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)）Shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework.（復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)）假如重要謂語(yǔ)所示的動(dòng)作（或狀況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)，不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。八、不定式的進(jìn)行式重要有下列幾種使用方法1．構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如：Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.2．在某些動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如：Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3．在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如：H