L4Unit3-1listening時間花費Lookatthese2piegraphs.Theyshowhowthese2peoplespendtheirdays,notincludingweekends.TheoneonthetopshowshowEmmadividesupherdays.Sheisadesignerwhoworksforacompany.AsEmma’sgraphshows,thebiggestportionofherdayisspentworking.Sheworksanaverageof8hoursaday,whichisonethirdofherday.Shegetsanaverageof6hourstosleepwhichis25%ofherday.That’slesssleepthanMartingets.Accordingtohisgraph,hegetsanaverageof7hourstosleepwhichisabout29%ofhisday.Ontheotherhand,Martinewhoisengineer,worksmorehoursthanEmmadoes.Martineaverage9hoursadayatworkcomparetoEmma’s8.That’s37.5%compareto33%.Otherfactorsshowninthegraphincludedtimeformealsandcommutingtowork.Otheractivitiesincludegettingdressanddoinghouseholdchoressuchasdoinglaundryandpayingbills.Asyoucansee,forMartin,commutingistakingalargeamountofhistime.Ifhecouldreducehiscommutetime,hewillhavemoretimeforotherthings.Anditisn’tjustthetime.Whenthetrafficisreallyheavyhiscommuteisstressful.Itwillbegreatifhecanworkfromhomeoneortwodaysaweek.Helifewillbemoreenjoyable.AndwelookatEmma’sgraph,weseesheprobablyneedsmoresleep.Perhaps,sheshouldspendabitlesstimesocializingwithherfriends.Ontheotherhand,socializingwithherfriendissomethingshereallyvalues.Asforputtingonmakeup,sheisn’twillingtochangethat.Forher,exercising,socializingandstayingbeautifulhelpherdealwiththestressfulwork.Inconclusion,EmmaandMartinbothwishthereweremorehoursinaday.Thisnextgraphshowshowvariousfactorscompareimportantto1350jobsapplicants.Applicantswerebetween20to25yearsago.Theywereaskedtolistwhichfactorsweremostimportantforagoodjob.Asthegraphshows,moneywasthemostimportantfactorfor25%oftheapplicants.However,otherfactorsarealsoimportant.Thesecondmostimportantfactorwastheworkenvironment.Inotherwords,formany,moneyiseverything.Peoplewanttolikewheretheywork.Infact,ifwecombineworkingenvironmentandco-workers,thetotalis35%.Thisiswellabovethe25%forsalaryandbenefits.Takingtogether,theyaremoreimportantthansalaryandbenefits.Careerpathisalsoimportantespeciallyforyoungerapplicants.Theywanttoseethattheirjobhelpstobuildasuccessfulcareer.Forolderworkers,thismaynotbeasimportant.Olderworkersoftenputthehighervalueonthebalancebetweenlifeandwork.Whatdoyouthink.L4Unit3-1vocabulary領(lǐng)土、軍事、政治、政權(quán)狀態(tài)Thegovernmentofacountryisacontrolsystem.Governmentsmakelawsandprovideservicestotheircitizens.Thelandoverwhichagovernmenthascontrolled,isitsterritory.Acountry’sterritoryhasboundariesorborders.Whenyouleaveorenteracountry’sterritory,youusuallyneedapassport.Theterritoryofacountryisdefinedbyitsboundaries.Acountry’smilitaryprovidesdefenseforitsterritoryanditscitizens.Themilitaryincludesanarmy,anairforceandanavy.Themainpurposeofamilitary,istodefendacountryfromattack.Acountry’scriminaljusticesystemincludesthepolice,courtsandprisons.Itspurposeistoenforcethelawandprotectthepeoplefromcriminalactivities.Acountrysocialservicessystemprovidessupporttopeopleinneed.Itprovidesbasichealthcareservicesandhelpspoorpeoplesupporttheirchildren.Anarchyn.混亂;無政府狀態(tài);無秩序autocracyn.獨裁;獨裁統(tǒng)治;獨裁政府;獨裁政體Oligarchyn.寡頭統(tǒng)治的政府;寡頭政治的執(zhí)政集團;寡頭統(tǒng)治的國家Astateofanarchyexitswhenacountryhasnoeffectivegovernment.Inanarchy,thereisnobodytomakedecisionsorenforcethelaws.Anautocracyisthesimplestformofgovernment.Inanautocracy,thegovernmentiscontrolledbysingleindividual,knownasautocrat.Whetherornotanautocracyissuccessful,dependsonthecharacterandabilityoftheleader.Inanoligarchy,asmallgroupofpeoplecontrolsthegovernment.Membershipinthisgroupoftendependsonfamilyconnection,wealthormilitarypower.Inarepublic,individualsareelectedtorepresentthecitizens.Thepowerofgovernmentinarepublicislimitedbyaconstitution.Aconstitutionisawrittendocumentthatmakestherulesforagovernmenttofollow.Thislimitsthepowerofagovernment.Aconstitutiondefinestherelationshipbetweenthegovernmentanditscitizens.L4Unit3-2dialogue談?wù)撏镀边x舉Hey,haveyoudecidedhowyou’regoingtovote.Not,Ihaven’t.Idon’tlikeanykindofcandidates.Soyouaren’tgoingtovote.Mu.Idon’tknow.Probablynot.Itseemslikeawasteoftime.Really,whydoyouthinkofawasteoftime.Haveyoulistenedtoanyoftheirspeeches?Yes,IhaveandIagreethattheirspeechesaren’tverygood.Exactly.Ican’tbelieveanythingtheysay.Theyarejustsayingwhattheythinkwewanttohear.Sure,youwanttogetelected.Iadmitthatthesystemisn’tperfectandit’salwayshave.WhetherIvoteornotwon’tmakeadifference.It’salltheshow.Well,Ithinkyoushouldvote.Doalittleresearchaboutthecandidates.Haveyou?Yes,Ihave.Ihavelookedintotheirbackgroundsandtheireducation.Howcanthathelp?Forexample,iftheyknowsomethingaboutscience,itcouldhelpthegovernmentmakeabetterdecisionaboutissuessuchasclimatechange.Yes,that’sgoodpoint.Weneedwell-educatedpeoplemakedecisions.AndIlooktoseewhatkindofpeoplearesupportingthem.Whatissuesdoyouthinkaremostimportant?Iguessforme,pollution,housingandtaxesareimportant.Iwanttoknowhowgovernmentplanstodealwiththeseissues.Yes,Iagreewithyou.MaybeIwillvote,especiallyifwecouldgettogetherandtalkmoreaboutit.Whataboutdinnertomorrownight?Sorry,I’mbusytomorrownight.Oh,that’stoobad.Doyouhaveanytimeinthenextfewdays?Iwilltakeyoutoanicerestaurant.Actually,I’mquitebusy.ButImayhavetimeSundayafternoon.Wecanhavelunchsomeoneneartheoffice.Sure,thatwasforme.IwillgiveyouacallonSaturdayandwecandecidethedetails,ok?OK,Iwillbelookingforwardtoseeingwhichcandidateyousupport.L4Unit3-3listening蜜蜂、蜂農(nóng)與環(huán)境Honeybeesplayaninterestingandimportantroleinnature.Inadditionaltomakinghoney,honeybeeshelpmanyplantsreproduce.Theydothisbypollinatingtheplantwhichmeanstotransferpollen.Pollinationoccurswhenpollenismovedwithinaplant’sflowerorcarriedtoanotherflower.Thisishowtheplantreproduce.Forreproductiontosucceed,thepollenmustbetransferredfromthemalepartoftheflowertothefemalepart.Manyplantsdependonthepollenforreproduction.Thisincludedmanyfruitsandvegetables.Besidehoneybees,therearemanyotherpollinatorsincludingbirds,insectsandotherkindofbees.Withoutenoughpollinators,manyofourfavoritefruitsandvegetablewillbecomemoreexpensiveandhardtofind.Thisincludedalmondsandcherries.Honeybeeareimportantpollinatorsandplayanimportantroleinagriculture.Beekeepersarepeoplewhokeephoneybees.Inadditiontocollectinghoney,somebeekeepersprovidepollinationservicesforfarmers.Theydothisbyraisingandmanagingcolonisofbees.Farmersneedcoloniestopollinatetheircrops.Beekeeperscanprovideandmanageofbeecoloniestofarmers.Honeybeesaresocialinsectsthatliveincolonies.Abeecolonyconsistsofaqueenbee,maledronesandthousandsofmaleworkerbees.Eachcolonyalsocontainseggsandimmaturebeesinvariousstageofdevelopment.Thenumberofbeeswithinacolonydependsontheseasonalchanges.Acolony’spopulationincreasesduringthewarmseasonanddecreasesduringthecolderseason.Inrecentyear,manybeecolonieshavecollapsedordisappeared.Abeecolonycollapsesoccurswhenamajorityofbeeincolonydisappearandleavebehindthequeen.Somebeekeepershavereportedlosing30to90%oftheircolonies.Thislossofbeecoloniescancausesignificantproblemsforfarmerswhodependonthemtopollinatetheircrops.Insomepartsoftheworld,ashortageofbeeshasincreasedthecostofrentingbeesbyupto20%.Thereareseveralpossiblecausesforbeecolonycollapse.Onepossiblecauseistheuseofnewpesticides.Otherpossiblecausesincludeinfectionsfromviruses,geneticfactorsandmalnutrition（營養(yǎng)不良）.Changingweatherpatternsmayalsoplayaroleassummersgethotterandwintersgetcolder.Thesechangesinweathermayweakenthebees,makingitmoredifficultforthemtofightinfections.Whateverthecausesofcolonycollapse,it’simportanttounderstandthatmanypartsofourworldareinterdependent.Changesthateffectononespeciesmayhaveseriouseffectsonotherspecies.Achangetoourenvironment,canstartachainofeventthatisdifficulttopredict.Inanycomplexsystemsuchastheearthenvironment,smallchangescancauseaunconsequences.Thedangerofunconsequencesissomethingthatweallneedtounderstandbetter.L4Unit3-3vocabulary商品、服務(wù)和工作Goodsandservicessupplywhatpeopleneedorwant.Goodsarethingssuchfoodandclothing.Servicesincludedthingssuchashealthcareandpoliceprotection.Acountryneedsnaturalandhumanresources.Naturalresourcesincludefreshwatersupplies,farmlandandenergysourcessuchasoilandwind.Humanresourcesincludesaskilledworkforcethatcanproducegoodsandservices.Oncewehadsuppliesofgoodsandservices,theyneedtodistributethroughoutthecountry.Highwaysandrailwaysarebothwaytotransportthingfromonepartofcountrytoanother.Electricityaredistributedthroughasystemoftransmitionlines.Weliveinanageofadvertising.Advertisingletspeopleknowaboutgoodsandservices.Iteducatespeopleaboutaproductbeingadvertised.Tradeallowsfortheexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweendifferentcountries.Exportsaregoodsandservicesthataresoldtoanothercountry.Importsaregoodsandservicesthatarebroughtfromothercountry.Forexample,manycountriesimportoilfromcountriessuchasSaudiArabia.Employeesarethepeoplewhoworkforacompany.Someemployeesdobasicworksuchasoperatingamachineordrivingatrack.Peoplewhohireanddirecttheworkofotheraremanagers.Interviewisonewaytofindoutaboutapersonwhoappliesforajob.Inaninterview,theapplicantscanaskquestionaboutacompanyandcompanycanfindoutaboutaperson’sskillsandexperience.Anentrepreneurissomeonewhostartsacompany.Entrepreneursoftenhavenewideasandwaysofdoingthingsthatcangivecompanyadvantage.Salaryandbenefitsareusedtoattractnewemployeesintoacompany.Ifthesalaryandbenefitsaregoodenough,employeesmaytakeajobandstaywiththecompany.Benefitsincludesvacationtime,healthinsuranceandbonusesforemployeeswhodoagoodjob.Whenapplyforjob,it’simportanttohaveskillsandexperienceneededforthejob.Developingandincreasingskillsandexperienceisgoodwaytoprepareforajob.Eachjobapersonhasisanopportunitytolearnnewthingsanddevelopnewskills.Advertisestrytoincreasetothedemandforaproductorservice.Educationandtrainingarewaystodevelopaskilledworkforce.UnforeseenL4Unit3-3dialogue談?wù)撟夥颗c房東Youdon’tlookgood,issomethingbotheringyou.Yes,it’smylandlord.Oh,isitsomethingwrongwithyourflat.No,that’snotsomethingwrongwiththeflat.ButI’mgoingtohavetomoveout.Whydidyouhavetomoveout?Forthelast2month,afriendhasbeenstayingwithme.Shestayeduntilshecouldfindajob.That’sniceofyou.Yes,butI’mnotsupposedtohaveanyonestayingthere.Wasthatintherentalagreement.Yes,itwas.It’sokifafriendstaysforfewdaysbutnotformorethanthat.Soyoubroketheagreementeventhoughitwasforagoodreason.Anyway,oneofmyneighborstoldthelandlordsaboutmyfriend.SonowI’mintrouble.Thelandlordisangryandsaysshecan’ttrustme.That’sridiculous.ItoldheraboutmyfriendandhowI’mtryingtohelpher,butshedoesn’tcare.Wow,shedoesn’tsoundverynice.That’sright,sheisn’tnice.She’sjustinterestedinmoney.Infact,sheisgoingtokeepmysecuritydeposit.Howcanshedothat.Nothingisdamaged,right.Right,everythingintheflatisfine.She’skeepingthedepositbecauseIbroketherentalagreement.Whataboutyourrent.Yes,that’sanotherproblem.Ialreadypay3monthsrentsoIhopeIcangetitback.Whatcanyoudoifshedoesn’treturnit.Idon’tknow.Itoldtomyagent.He’sniceandmaybehecanhelp.MaybeIshouldrefusetoleavetheflatuntilIgetitback.Besuretotakepictureofyourflat.Whatfor?Justtoshowtheconditionofyourflat.Thenshecan’tsayyourfrienddamageditanyway.Goodidea.She’sasmall-minded,evilwoman.Ishouldneverhaverenteditfromherinthefirstplace.L4Unit3-4listening職業(yè)Whatkindofcareeristhebestandwhatkindofqualification?Oneofmostpopularcareersforkidsisthetobecomeanastronaut.Manykidsdreamofgoingspacewhentheygrowup.Theydreamofworkonaspacestationorexploringdeepspace.Tobecomeanastronaut,it’simportanttohavetherightbackground.Manyastronautshaveabackgroundinengineering,physicsormedicine.Sometimetheyhaveamilitarybackground,suchasflyingmilitaryaircraft.Asforpay,astronautcanearnagoodsalarybutnotgreat.Anotherpopularcareeristobecomeamusicianoractor.Manykidsdreamofbecomeafamoussingerormoviestars.However,mostofmusicianoractordon’tbecomefamous.Theyareusuallypaidbythehourorbytheperformance.Onlyaveryfewhavelotsofmoney.Sothebestadviceisnottobeamusicianoractorunlessthat’syourrealpassion.Becomingaprofessionalathleteisanotherdreamjobformany.It’snicetoimagineplayafavoritesportandgettingpaidforit.However,becomingafamousathletetakesalotofworkandpractice.Greatathletespracticeforhoursadaywithteammatesandcoaches.Theyalsoworkregularlywithtrainerstokeeptheirbodystrong.Thelevelofpayforathletesdependsonthesuccessandtheleveloftheirperformance.Athletesoftenhaveshortcareerbecauseofthephysicalrequirementoftheirsport.Whenyouarenolongerabletocompeteinahighlevel,someathletesbecomecoaches.Firefightersandpoliceofficersareimportantjobthathelpandprotectpeople.Thesecareersrequireapplicantstocompletetrainingprogramsandpassthewrittenandphysicaltests.Thesejobscanbeexcitinganddangeroussotheyrequirecourageandsometimessacrifice.Whenconsideringsalaryandbenefits,someofthelowestpayingjobsareinthehospitalityandbeautyindustries.Forexample,foodserviceworkerandhairstylesgenerouslyhavelowsalaries.Thiskindofjobdon’trequiremuchoftheeducationortraining.Butagain,ifyouenjoywhatyou’redoing,thatmaybegoodenough.Forexample,youmayreallyenjoytalkingwithyourcustomers.Spendingyourlifedoingsomethingyoudislikecanbeveryunsatisfying,evenifthesalaryishigh.Someofthehighestpaidprofessionsincludesdoctors,lawyersandscientists.However,theseprofessionsrequirehighlevelofeducationandtraining.Thepathtobecomingadoctor,forexample,isalongone.Doctorsrequireauniversitydegree,severalyearsinmedicalschool,andseveralmoreyearsinexperience.OnlythenaretheycertifiedasamedicaldoctororMD.Soitdoesn’tmakesensetoconsidertheseprofessionsunlessyouarewillingtoworkhardformanyyears.Andbecause,youshouldreallycaredoingtheworkwell.L4Unit3-4vocabulary戰(zhàn)爭和生物Civilwarsarefoughtbetweencitizensofthesamecountryandarefoughtwithinthecountry.Ifcitizensofacountrydisagreeaboutthepolicyorleader,theymayfightacivilwar.Aworldwarisfoughtwhencountriesformalliancesandthesealliancesfighteachother.Aworldwarinvolvesmanyormostoftheworld’smostpowerfulcountries.Therewere2worldwarinthe20thcentury.Terrorisminvolvesgroupsofindividualsratherthancountries.Terroristsmaycomefromdifferentcountriesandtheymaysharethesamebeliefs.Terroristsoftenusecar-bombingsorsuicideattacksoninnocentpeople.Aterroristattackcanhappenatanytimeandanyplace.Aninvasionoccurswhenonecountryattacksanother.Itsendsitsarmytotheothercountryandattemptstotakecontrol.OneofmostfamousinvasionswaswhenFranceinvadedRussiain1812.Adefensivewaroccurswhenacountryisattackedandneedstodefenditself.Mostofcountrieshavemilitarysothatitcandefenditselfifit’sattacked.whenFranceinvadedRussiain1812,theRussiaarmyfoughtadefensivewaranddefeatedtheFrencharmy.Acellisthebasicunitoflife.Acellissmalleststructurethatcanliveandreproduce.Cellsgrowanddevelop,reproduceandinteractwiththeenvironment.Photosynthesiswasoneofmostimportantbiologicalprocesses.Itallowsplantstocaptureanduselightasanenergysource.photosynthesisistheprocessofconvertinglightenergyintochemicalenergy.Avirusissmallbiologicalstructurethatattacksandenterscells.Onceinsideacell,avirusreproducesandmakesmanycopiesofitself.Somediseasessuchinfluenza(流感)areviruses.Bacteriaareone-celledformsoflifethatareallaroundus.Althoughtheyhaveasinglecellstructure,theyareveryimportant.Manybacteriaareinsideusandhelpusdigestourfood.DNAisacomplexmoleculethatstoresi