專題02閱讀理解（食物浪費(fèi)）2023年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（新高考Ⅰ卷）Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it’smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin’spanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.一、題源刪減TossLess,SalvageMoreThearugulatrippedmeup. Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugulawastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenmyhusbanddid.Thenfriendscalledwithaanimpromptudinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbadturnedtogreengoop.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout. Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownawaytrashed—fromproducelefttorotinthefieldsto“ugly”(butquiteedible)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstomassiveamountsofuneatendishes,toobigportionsthrownscrapedintorestaurantgarbagecansbins. Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastessquandersthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblemissue.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld,afterChinaandtheU.S.”Ifthat’sThat’shardtounderstandgetyourmindaround.Solet’skeepitassimpleasthearugulathatgreengoopatthebackofmyrefrigerator. MikeCurtin,Jr.,seesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it’smorelike12bonespalletsofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whicheachweekrecoversabout15,000poundsoffoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.LastyearDCCKfindsthisbountyeverywhere.Infiscalyear2014itrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsand,collectingmisshapenandblemishedproducethat,andgleaningatlocalfarmswherefoodotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrydehydratethemforuseinmealsdowntheroad. Suchsolutionsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,”Curtinsays,“whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludetheside[dish]youwon’teat.”Curtinsays.Icertainlycantakebothofthoseactions,can’tyou? ThankyouforreadingNationalGeographic.二、母題分析Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.主要內(nèi)容及關(guān)鍵詞我們無意間會浪費(fèi)食物：goestowaste；unthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch分析利用連詞把握篇章、段落結(jié)構(gòu)，注重段首段尾句。第一段落首句話“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.”我們大多數(shù)人盡量留意浪費(fèi)掉的食物。緊接著就舉芝麻菜的例子。后根據(jù)連詞“but”和“evenworse”后的內(nèi)容才是作者重點(diǎn)想表達(dá)的觀念：unthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch。Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.主要內(nèi)容及關(guān)鍵詞繼續(xù)講述食物浪費(fèi)的現(xiàn)象：gohungry；goesagainstthemoralgrain；ugly；uneatendishes分析全世界有跟多人在忍饑挨餓，食物浪費(fèi)主要集中在餐館、商店；食物浪費(fèi)違背了道德準(zhǔn)則。Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”主要內(nèi)容及關(guān)鍵詞食物浪費(fèi)的影響：wastesthewater,fuel,andotherresources；environmentalproblem分析浪費(fèi)水、燃料以及其他的資源；導(dǎo)致環(huán)境問題。Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it’smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.主要內(nèi)容及關(guān)鍵詞采取的對應(yīng)措施：recoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals；takingdonationsandcollectingblemishedproduce；wash,cut,andfreezeordry分析回收食物，將其轉(zhuǎn)化為健康食品；接受捐款和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品；清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥這些食物。Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.主要內(nèi)容及關(guān)鍵詞號召及建議：Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste；notpurchasingmorefood；askingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat分析每個(gè)人都要為減少浪費(fèi)貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量：少買不必要的食物；讓餐館不要上不吃的配菜。三、命題規(guī)律Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.命題規(guī)律及備考建議命題規(guī)律1.考察段落大意。也就是之前分析的文章主要內(nèi)容和關(guān)鍵詞：我們無意間會浪費(fèi)食物：goestowaste；unthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch2.正確選項(xiàng)B設(shè)置：段落關(guān)鍵詞的重組和同義轉(zhuǎn)換。goestowaste；unthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch→wastefoodunintentionally3.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)設(shè)置=1\*GB3①原文重點(diǎn)詞匯的誤解。原文用“trytobemindfulof（盡量注意不浪費(fèi)食物）”，選項(xiàng)用“paylittleattentionto（幾乎不關(guān)注食物浪費(fèi)）”，二者語義相差甚遠(yuǎn)。=2\*GB3②原文語句的錯(cuò)誤解讀。原文用“Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.（雞肉放進(jìn)冰箱，但是芝麻菜卻壞掉了）”，選項(xiàng)用“wastemorevegetablesthanmeat”，這個(gè)并非是作者舉例芝麻菜的用意，具體用意還是要從段落主要內(nèi)容和關(guān)鍵詞來把握，即無意識地浪費(fèi)食物。=3\*GB3③原文信息的錯(cuò)誤挖掘。原文用“Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.”，選項(xiàng)用“havegoodreasonsforwastingfood”。原文用受到朋友的邀請從而浪費(fèi)了食物，想表達(dá)我們并非有意浪費(fèi)食物，但是選項(xiàng)看似深度挖掘，實(shí)則挖掘錯(cuò)了。備考建議答題時(shí)時(shí)刻抓住段落或文章的中心句，圍繞中心句和關(guān)鍵詞來鎖定答案。如本題，只要鎖定關(guān)鍵詞“goestowaste；unthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch”，找出它的同義轉(zhuǎn)換即可得出答案。Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.命題規(guī)律及備考建議命題規(guī)律1.考察文章細(xì)節(jié)。食物浪費(fèi)的影響：wastesthewater,fuel,andotherresources；environmentalproblem2.正確選項(xiàng)B設(shè)置：段落關(guān)鍵詞的重組和同義轉(zhuǎn)換。wastesthewater,fuel,andotherresources；environmentalproblem→Environmentalharm.3.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)設(shè)置=1\*GB3①原文重點(diǎn)詞匯的誤解。原文用“goesagainstthemoralgrain（違背道德）”，選項(xiàng)用“Moraldecline（道德下降）”，兩者語義相差甚遠(yuǎn)。=2\*GB3②原文重點(diǎn)詞匯的誤解。原文用“wastesthewater,fuel,andotherresources（浪費(fèi)水、燃料以及其他的資源）”，選項(xiàng)用“Energyshortage（資源短缺）”，兩者語義相差甚遠(yuǎn)。=3\*GB3③原文信息的錯(cuò)誤挖掘。原文用“nearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry”，選項(xiàng)用“Worldwidestarvation”。原文用8億人挨餓這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)來做對比，告訴讀者浪費(fèi)食物有違道德，而非浪費(fèi)食物的后果。備考建議答題抓住題干關(guān)鍵詞，如本題題干是“consequence”，首先學(xué)生要認(rèn)識這個(gè)常見的表示因果的詞匯，其次根據(jù)這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.”，即可找到和本句話的同義改寫B(tài)選項(xiàng)。Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it’smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.26.WhatdoesCurtin’spanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.命題規(guī)律及備考建議命題規(guī)律1.考察段落細(xì)節(jié)。避免食物浪費(fèi)大家都采取的對應(yīng)措施：recoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals；takingdonationsandcollectingblemishedproduce；wash,cut,andfreezeordry，其中措施之一就是Curtin的公司的做法。2.正確選項(xiàng)D設(shè)置：段落關(guān)鍵詞的重組和同義轉(zhuǎn)換。recoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals→makesmealsoutofunwantedfood3.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)設(shè)置=1\*GB3①原文信息的錯(cuò)誤推斷。原文用“atthebackofmyrefrigerator”，選項(xiàng)用“produceskitchenequipment”，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)都是原文其他處某個(gè)單詞拼湊以及錯(cuò)誤解讀而來。=2\*GB3②原文信息的東拼西湊。原文用“recoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals”以及“turnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel”，選項(xiàng)用“turnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel”，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)將原文兩處信息刪減重新整合，使語義看似有邏輯卻干擾十足。=3\*GB3③原文信息的錯(cuò)誤挖掘。原文用“donatedstrawberries”以及“Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythem”，選項(xiàng)用“helpslocalfarmersgrowfruits”，此處錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了一定的推斷，但是也是將原文處信息進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤的解讀。備考建議答題時(shí)注意抓住題干關(guān)鍵詞，和題干無關(guān)的原文信息大部分都是干擾項(xiàng)。如本題，只要鎖定題干關(guān)鍵詞“Curtin’spany”，就可以快速定位到原文“recoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals；takingdonationsandcollectingblemishedproduce”，再從選項(xiàng)中找出它的同義轉(zhuǎn)換即可得出答案。Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.命題規(guī)律及備考建議命題規(guī)律1.考察段落細(xì)節(jié)。號召及建議：Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste；notpurchasingmorefoodthannecessary；askingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat2.正確選項(xiàng)A設(shè)置：段落關(guān)鍵詞的重組和同義轉(zhuǎn)換。notpurchasingmorefoodthannecessary→Buyonlywhatisneeded3.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)設(shè)置=1\*GB3①原文重點(diǎn)詞匯的誤解。原文用“reducingwaste”，選項(xiàng)用“Reducefoodconsumption”，選項(xiàng)本身就是錯(cuò)誤的觀念，原文講述少買不必要的食物，需要的食物還是要購買的，而選項(xiàng)直接就是減少食物消耗，這是曲解原文的語義。=2\*GB3②原文語句的錯(cuò)誤解讀。原文用“notpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshopping”，選項(xiàng)用“Goshoppingonceaweek”，選項(xiàng)對原文的“weeklyshopping”進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤的解讀。=3\*GB3③原文信息的錯(cuò)誤挖掘。原文用“askingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat”，選項(xiàng)用“Eatinrestaurantslessoften”。原文說在餐館吃飯，不吃的配菜可以要求不上桌，這樣可以減少食物浪費(fèi)，但是選項(xiàng)直接夸大成少去餐館吃飯，也是過度解讀原文。備考建議答題時(shí)要準(zhǔn)確理解原文的詞匯、短語以及句子，善于分析長難句，培養(yǎng)敏銳察覺選項(xiàng)中的過度夸大表達(dá)的能力。 綜上可知，新高考英語的正確選項(xiàng)都是原關(guān)鍵信息的信息整理和轉(zhuǎn)換，而錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)已經(jīng)不是直接摘選原文的某些信息，而是利用原文的某些信息適當(dāng)?shù)乜浯蠡蛘咔馄湟?，這就給學(xué)生造成一定的困擾。所以養(yǎng)成良好的做題方法很重要。四、外刊賞析TossLess,SalvageMoreThearugulatrippedmeup. Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugulawastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenmyhusbanddid.Thenfriendscalledwithanimpromptudinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulaturnedtogreengoop.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout. Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppi