2

VocabularyDevelopment2.1TheIndo-European LanguageFamily

Worldlanguages:3000-5000Languagefamilies:300Languagesusedin:EuropeMiddleEastFarEast2.1TheIndo-European LanguageFamily

EasternSet:Balto-Slavic(7):Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish, Czech,Bulgarian,Slovenian,RussianIndo-Iranian(4):Persian,Bengali,Hindi, RomanyArmenian(1):ArmenianAlbanian(1):Albanian歐洲西亞中東2.1TheIndo-European LanguageFamily

Westernset:Hellenic(1):GreekCeltic(4):Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonItalic(Latin)(5):Portuguese,Spanish, French,Italian,Romanian(Ramance)Germanic(8):Danish,Swedish,Norwegian, Icelandic(Scandinavian);German, Dutch,Flemish,English歐洲2.1TheIndo-European LanguageFamily

AlltheselanguageshavesomeinfluenceonEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextent.AHistoricalOverview2.2AHistoricalOverviewCelts(natives)

Romans(55-54BC)Anglo-Saxons(410:Angles,Saxons,Jutes)=(Germanictribes)2.2AHistoricalOverviewOldEnglish(450-1150)Twoevents:1. Latin-speakingRomanmissionaries headedbySt.Augustinecameto

spreadChristianityinBritainatthe endofthe6thcentury.Wordsborrowed:abbot,candle,altar, amen,apostle2.2AHistoricalOverview2. InvasionbyNorwegianandDanish Vikingsinthe9thcenturyWordsfromScandinavian:father,husband,house,life,man,mother900wordsborrowedManyarestillincommonusetoday

2.2AHistoricalOverviewCharacteristics:

1.Smallvocabulary(50,000—60,000);2.Smallnumberofborrowings(from LatinandScandinavian);3.Vocabularyfullofendings.2.2AHistoricalOverviewMiddleEnglish(1150-1500)

1066:NormanConquestacontinualflowofNormanFrenchwordsintoEnglishThreelanguagesexistingsidebyside:Latin(inthechurch)French(ingovernment,school,lawcourt)English(bynativepeople)2.2AHistoricalOverview1250—1500:9,000wordsfromFrench75%stillinusetodaystate,power,prince,judge,court,crime,angel,mercy,peace,battle

2.2AHistoricalOverviewCharacteristics:1.Acomparativelylargervocabulary;2.Atremendousnumberofforeign wordsfromFrenchandLatin;3.Wordendingsleveled.2.2AHistoricalOverviewModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)LateModernEnglish(1700-uptonow)ContemporaryEnglish(1945-now)

Present-dayEnglish(now)

2.2AHistoricalOverviewRenaissance(1400-1700)=revivalofGreekandRomanclassicsWordsborrowedthroughtranslation1500—1700:+10,000words+25%ofMEdirectlyfromLatinorGreek2.2AHistoricalOverviewInfluentialevents:

TheBourgeoisRevolutionaround1650s

IndustrialRevolution(1830-early20thC)

Colonization

WordWarI&WorldWarII

Scienceandtechnology2.3GeneralCharacteristicsCharacteristics:1. Hugeandheterogeneousvocabulary;2. Tremendousborrowings;3. Highreceptivityandadaptability;4. Vocabularywithlostendings;5. Vocabularyexpansionmainlyby word-formation.2.3GeneralCharacteristics

OldEnglish fullendingsMiddleEnglish leveledendingsModernEnglish lostendings2.3GeneralCharacteristics

Old

Middle

Modernleorn-ian

lern-en

learnmon-a

mone-e

moonstan-as

ston-es

stonesun-ne

sun-ne

sunsun-u

sun-e

sunFullendingLeveledendingLostending2.4 ForeignElements

1.Latin(1)Pre-Anglo-SaxonPeriod(before410)

wall streetwinetrade(2)OldEnglishPeriod(410-1150)

altercandlemassnun(3)MiddleEnglishPeriod(1150-1500)

includelegalpicturepolite2.4 ForeignElements

1.Latin(4)ModernEnglishPeriod

focus status bonus

vacuum minimum stratum

arena via militia

species series2.4 ForeignElements1.Latin

Roots:359（EnglishEncyclopedia）Latin:25374%

Affixes:186Latin:7125%2.4 ForeignElements2.Greek

WordsenteredEnglishthroughLatin.medicine:anatomydiagnosisscience:astronomygeographylanguage:grammaretymologyliterature:poetdrama2.4 ForeignElements2.Greek

Roots:359Greek:9125%

Affix:186Greek:5228%2.4 ForeignElements3.French?ofwordsfromFrenchAlargeproportionofFrenchwords belongtobasicvocabulary.Example:王子、公、侯、伯、子、男

princedukemarquiscount viscountbaron

kingqueen(English)

2.4 ForeignElementsExample:王子公侯

伯princedukemarquiscount

子 男viscountbaron

kingqueen(English)

2.4 ForeignElementsMeat:beefvealporkvenisonMeal:banquetfeastdinnersupper

breakfast(English)Cuisine:

燒、烤、燉、炒、煎、炸、煮

broil,grillgratebake,stew simmer,fry,deep-fry,boilFashion:fashion,dress,coat,collar,lace2.4 ForeignElements4.ScandinavianSwedish,Danish,Norwegian,IcelandicNouns: husbandsisterlegskinVerbs: gettakecallwantAdj: happyillwronglowPron: theythemtheirboth2.4 ForeignElements“AnEnglishmancannotthriveorbeillwithoutScandinavianwords;theyaretothelanguage,whatbreadandeggsaretothedailyfare.”Jespersen(1948)2.4 ForeignElementsRoleofborrowinginpresentvocabulary:6%-7%ofnewwords(PylesandAlgeo)6000WORDS(1961-1976)473borrowedwordsFrench:30% Latin:8%Japanese:7% Italian:7%Spanish:6% German:5%Greek:5% Russian:4%Chinese:2%

2.4 ForeignElementsGarlandCannonofover1000recentloanwordsfrom84languagesshows(Algeo2005:267).French:25%

JapaneseandSpanish:8%eachItalianandLatin:7%eachAfrican,GermanandGreek:6%eachRussianandYiddish:4%eachChinese:3%

2.5GrowthofPresent-day EnglishVocabulary

12,000Words

scienceandtechnology:45%life-style:24%socialandeconomicterms:11%

2.5GrowthofPresent-day EnglishVocabulary

Reasons:1.Rapidgrowthofscienceand technology

greenrevolutionastro-chemistryirradiation2.5GrowthofPresent-day EnglishVocabulary

Reasons:2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges

TVdinnersoulmusicgirlcottcomputerinternetiphone2.5GrowthofPresent-day EnglishVocabulary

3.Influenceofotherculturesand languages

Maohatpitabreadkungfu

tuhao2.6ModesofVocabulary Development

Modesofdevelopment:creationsemanticchangeborrowing

2.6ModesofVocabulary Development

1.Creation=formationofnewwordsby usingtheexistingmaterials:

roots andaffixes

super-rich (超