inhealthcaresettingsOccupationalexposure

and

isolationprecautions

SummaryInfectionandCommunicationThemajoremergingcommunicablediseasesSterilizationvsDisinfection,exposurevsIsolationRationalapplicationofPPELayoutandfacilitiesoftheinfectiouswardSummaryInfectionandCommunicationThemajoremergingcommunicablediseasesSterilizationvs

Disinfection,exposurevs

IsolationRationalapplicationofPPELayoutandfacilitiesoftheinfectiousward2025/2/21MicrobialsandmacrobialsVirusQuasi-organismViroidSub-virusVirusoidMicrobialsVirinoProkaryoteUni-cellorganismArchaeonBiosMicro-organismEukaryoteMulti-cellorganism:EukaryoteProkaryoteUni-cellorganismArchaeonMacrobialsEukaryoteMulti-cellorganism:Eukaryote2025/2/21SymbiosisandcolonizationSymbiosis:Alivingorganismneedstorelyonanotherlivingorganismstoaccomplishitsmetabolismandreproduction.Colonization:Therelativelysmallspeciescarryoutmetabolismandreproductiononthesurfaceorinthebodyofarelativelylargespecies.Differencebetweensymbiosisandcolonization:Alivingorganismneedsordoesnotentirelyneedanotherlivingorganismtoaccomplishitsmetabolismandreproduction.2025/2/21ParasitismandinfectionParasitism:Detrimentalsymbiosisparasite:Dependentpartyinparasiticrelationshiphost:

independentpartyinparasiticrelationshipinfection:

Detrimentalcolonizationpathogen:Dependentpartyininfectiousrelationshiphost:independentpartyininfectiousrelationship2025/2/21SymbiosisandParasitism,colonizationandinfectionHarmless

colonization

Detrimentalcolonization

OpportunisticinfectionfacultativeparasitismHarmlesssymbiosisDetrimentalsymbiosisContagion/CommunicationContagion≈Communication:

Thethransfersofmicrobialsortinyorganismsbetweensymbioticorcolonizedhosts.Naturalhost:Thespecieslivinginsymbiosiswiththegivenmicrobialsortinyorganisms(includingparasitism);thesymbiosisofthegivenmicrobialsortinyorganismshavenosignificanteffectonthenaturallifeofthespecies.transferringhost:Thespecieslivinginnon-symbioticcolonizationwiththegivenmicrobialsortinyorganisms(includinginfection);inwhichtheinfectionofthegivenmicrobialsortinyorganismshavesignificanteffectonthenaturallifeofthespecies.2025/2/21Communication:AubiquitousnaturalphenomenonThreetacheofcommunicationSourcesofinfectiousagentsModeoftransmissionSusceptiblehost2025/2/21TransmittingvectorsAirbornetransmission:droplet,dustWatertransmission:water-drinking,water-touchingFoodtransmission:foodparasitic,foodcontaminatedSoilbornetransmission:

soil-eating,soil-touchingBloodbornetransmission:needling,transfusionInsecttransmission:mechanicalcarrier,biologicalcarrier12EternalinfectionandcommunicationInfectionandcommunicationisubiquitousinnature.Inthecaseofhumaninfectiousdiseasesandcommunicablediseases.Thepathogen'sspecieschangesduetotheirlivingenvironment.Thetypeofdiseaseisalsochangedbythenatural,socialandmedicalenvironmentofhumanexistence.Thereisnoendtotheoccurrenceofinfectiousdiseasesandspreadofcommunicablediseases.Thereisnoendtothediscovery,researchandpracticeofhumaninfectiousdiseasesandspreadofcommunicablediseases.SummaryInfectionandCommunicationThemajoremergingcommunicablediseasesSterilizationvs

Disinfection,exposurevs

IsolationRationalapplicationofPPELayoutandfacilitiesoftheinfectiousward2025/2/212025/2/21Influenza:Aneternallyclassical,emergingandreemergingcontagiousdisease

StudiesofinfluenzatransmissionMiceDroplets&dropletnucleitransmitinfluenzaHumansFomites/environment;hands--culturedataTransmissionstudiesHigherpreexistingantibodytitersrequirelargerinoculafortransmissionofclinicalillnessSheddingcorrelateswithseverityofillnessandfeverSmalldropletaerosolsrequirelowerinoculumExperimentsofnatureReviewof12acute-carenosocomialoutbreaks

(LancetInfectiousDiseases2002;2:145-55)1957flupandemic

(JClinInvest1959;38:199-212)Homer,Alaska–Airplaneoutbreak

(AmJEpidemiol1979;110:1-6)BlumenfeldHL,etal.JClinInvest1959;38:199-212.7/208/1314/29Index2ndLastBlumenfeldHL,etal.JClinInvest1959;38:199-212MoserMR,etal.AmJEpidemiol1979;1101-6.IndexMoserMR,etal.AmJEpidemiol1979;1101-6.1571311SARS:AnoncefrighteningemergingcontagiousdiseaseThe9thfloorlayoutoftheHotelMetropoleinHongKong,showingwheresuperspreadingeventofSARSoccurred26MERS:Alingeringfrighteningemergingcontagiousdisease28Ebolaviraldisease:adeadlyemergingcontagiousdisease2025/2/21

Zaire2025/2/212025/2/212025/2/212025/2/212025/2/212015SummaryInfectionandCommunicationThemajoremergingcommunicablediseasesSterilizationvs

Disinfection,exposurevs

IsolationRationalapplicationofPPELayoutandfacilitiesoftheinfectiousward2025/2/21SterilizationSterilization:aprocessthatdestroysoreliminatesallformsofmicrobial.Physicalmethods:Steamunderpressure,dryheat.Chemicalmethods:Ethyleneoxidegas,hydrogenperoxidegasplasma,andliquidchemicals.DisinfectionDisinfection:aprocessthateliminatesmanyorallpathogenicmicroorganisms,exceptbacterialspores.Inhealth-caresettings,objectsusuallyaredisinfectedbyliquidchemicalsorwetpasteurization.FactorsaffectingofsterilizationanddisinfectionCleaningoftheobjectOrganicandinorganicloadpresentTypeandlevelofmicrobialcontaminationConcentrationofandexposuretimetothegermicidePhysicalnatureoftheobjectPresenceofbiofilmsTemperatureandpHofthedisinfectionprocessRelativehumidityofthesterilizationprocess.SterilizationvsDisinfectionSterilizationisintendedtoconveyanabsolutemeaning.however,somehealthprofessionalsandthetechnicalandcommercialliteraturereferto"disinfection"as"sterilization"anditemsas"partiallysterile."OccupationalexposureExposure:ThestateofbeingexposedtocontactwithsomethingOccupationalexposure:Reasonablyanticipatedskin,eye,mucousmembrane,orparenteralcontactwithblood,bodilyfluids,orotherpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialthatmayresultfromtheperformanceofone'sprofessionalduties.Isolation:Theprocessofseparating,orthestateofbeingalone.Isolationprecautions:Specialprecautionarymeasures,practices,andproceduresusedinthecareofpatientswithcontagiousorcommunicablediseases.SummaryInfectionandCommunicationThemajoremergingcommunicablediseasesSterilizationvs

Disinfection,exposurevs

IsolationRationalapplicationofPPELayoutandfacilitiesoftheinfectiousward2025/2/21PersonalprotectiveequipmentReferstoprotectiveclothinganddeviceswornbyworkerstopreventinjuryEmployersoftenrequireemployeeswithPPEtoenteraworksiteEmployeesoftendemand“safetygear”

2025/2/21PersonalprotectiveequipmentHealthcareworkersEyeandfaceprotectionShatter-proofsafetyglassesGogglesFilteredlensesFaceshieldsprescriptionglasses2025/2/21RespiratoryprotectionMasksRespirators2025/2/21SkinProtection2025/2/21GlovesDisposableRubber,neoprenevinylProtectiveclothingFootprotectionBootsShoecovers2025/2/21DoningandDoffing

Masks

DoningtheGown

Doffing

theGown

DoningtheglovesDoffingthegloves1234DoningandDoffingthePPE5656789101112DonningorderagainstEbolaStep1:wearadisposablehat.Step2:wearingmasks,orfulltypeself-primingrespirator,checksealing.Step3:weargogglesorfaceshield(fulltypeself-primingrespiratorwithoutwearinggogglesorfaceshield).Step4:wearprotectiveclothing.Step5:putonshoecovers

orboots.Step6:putongloves,thegloveswillbesetintheprotectiveclothingcuffs.DoffingorderagainstEbolaStep1:takeoffshoecovers

orboots(shoecoversinsideoutwards),placedinthemedicalwastebags,bootsintothedisinfectionliquid.Step2:removeprotectiveclothingandgloves(insideoutwards),intothemedicalwastebags.Step3:handhygiene.Step4:pickgogglesorfaceshield,repeateduseintothedisinfectionliquid,orintothemedicalwastebags.Step5:removethemaskfromthebackandputitinthemedicalwastebag.Step6:fingerdigintothehat,thehatgentlypicked,insideout,intothemedicalwastebags.Step7:handwashing,disinfection.Everythingyoutouch

hasbeentouchedbysomeoneelseMomentsforHandhygiene2025/2/212025/2/212025/2/21SharpsafetyDonotrecapaneedlebyhand：userecapping-device,onlyifrecappingisunavoidableReplacesharpscontainerswhen3/4fullImmediatelydisposeofsharpsinsharpscontainerSharpsafetyDonotplaceaneedleonadesktopDonotinsertaneedleinthebottlestopperDonotremovethesyringeneedlebyhandDonotdestroyyourselfSharpsafetyTakeonehandrecapaneedlePuttheneedleintotherubberpad.PutsurgicalinstrumentsinthecurvedplatefortransferingSharpsafetyUsedisposableitemsassoonaspossibleUsesafetypinasfaraspossible.UsenoneedlesystemNeedle-lesssystems

Needle-lesssystems

Disposalofmedicalwaste

MethodforsealingboxesDOTRegulationsforbiomedicalwasteSharpscontainersRedbagsCardboardbiomedicalwastedisposalboxesMustbelabeledwiththenameandlocationofthefacilitygeneratingthewasteSummaryInfectionandCommunicationThemajoremergingcommunicablediseasesSterilizationvs

Disinfection,exposurevs

IsolationRationalapplicationofPPELayoutandfacilitiesoftheinfectiousward2025/2/21

B

ISOLATIONROOM

Negativepressure

CHANGEROOM

GENERALACCESSAREA

A.

HandwashstationB.

Container