CohesionandCoherenceCohesionandcoherencearetermsusedindiscourseanalysis

（話語分析）andtextlinguistics（篇章語言學(xué)）

todescribethepropertiesofwrittentexts.TexttexturecoherenceandcohesionContentsCohesionCohesiveDevicesCohesionCoherentDevicesComparisonbetweentheTwoExamples(1)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Heisseven.(2)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Sheisplayinginthegarden.(3)A:ClaireandKentclimbedMt.McKinleylastsummer.B:Shephotographedthepeak,andhesurveyedit.CohesionCohesionisdefinedas“theuseofexplicitlinguisticdevicestosignalrelationsbetweensentencesandpartsoftexts”.

Cohesioncanbethoughtofasallthegrammaticalandlexicallinksthatlinkonepartofatexttoanother.Thisincludesuseofsynonyms,lexicalsets,pronouns,verbtenses,timereferences,grammaticalreference,etc.Cohesionisapartoftextformingcomponentinthelinguisticssystem.Itlinkstogethertheelementsthatarestructurallyunrelatedthroughthedependenceofoneontheotherforitsinterpretation.Withoutcohesionthesemanticsystemcannotbeeffectivelyactivatedatall.(4)MyfatheronceboughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,hesoldittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.(4)Myfather

once

boughtaLincolnconvertible.He

diditbysavingeverypenny

hecould.Thatcar

wouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,he

sold

ittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesiveDevices1.Reference照應(yīng)、指稱2.Substitution替代3.Ellipsis省略4.Conjunction關(guān)聯(lián)5.Lexicalcohesion

詞匯銜接ReferenceAparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.

Exophora外指

/Endophora

內(nèi)指Anaphora前指/Cataphora

后指Personalreference人稱指稱Demonstrativereference指示指稱Comparativereference比較指稱Exophora外指Itindicatessituationalreferences.Anaphorasignalsthatreferencemustbemadetothecontextofsituation.Itisoutsidethetextsoitiscalledanaphoricreference.E.g.Forhe’sajollygoodfellowandsosayallofus.Endophora內(nèi)指Itisageneralnameforreferencewithinthetext.Thisreferencecanbeoftwotypes.Anaphora前指: ReferencebackCataphora后指: Referenceforwarde.g.Ms.Smithhasresigned.Sheannouncedheredecisionthismorning.Child:Whydoesthatonecomeout?Parent:Thatwhat？Child:Thatone.Parent:Thatonewhat?Child:Thatlevertherethatyoupushtoletthewaterout.Threetypesofreference

PersonalReference人稱指示人稱指稱關(guān)系的指稱詞一般為第三人稱代詞，如，him、his、everybody等；DemonstrativeReference指示指稱指示指稱詞包括this、that、these、those之類的指示代詞以及定冠詞the和sucha一類的詞，也包括here、there、now、then等地點(diǎn)指示詞和時(shí)間指示詞；ComparativeReference比較指稱比較指稱關(guān)系中的比較通?？梢酝ㄟ^一些具有比較意義的詞語如same、as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

SubstitutionInsubstitution,anitemisreplacedbyanotheritem.

nominalsubstitution:(one/ones/thesame)verbalsubstitution:

(do/does/did)clausalsubstitution:

(so/not)Substitution1)A:Haveyouanyknives?Ineedasharpone.B:Icangetyouseveralverysharpones,butthisisthebest(one)Ihave.2)BobsaysheisgoingtojointheLabourParty.Itwillbeinterestingtoseewhetherhedoes(do).3)A:‘Bruceisagoodactor.’B:‘Idon’tthinkso.’EllipsisEllipsisinvolvestheomissionofanitem.Itisthe“substitutionbyzero”.Inotherwords,inellipsis,anitemisreplacedbynothing.NominalellipsisVerbalellipsisClausalellipsi

Ellipsise.g.HehadtoadmitthatSarah’sdrawingswereasgoodashisown.NigelfinishedtheexamatthesametimeasGeorge.Themengotbackatmidnight.Bothweretiredout.Takethesepillsthreetimesaday.Andyou’dbetterhavesomemoreofthosetoo.EllipsisAreyoumarried?’‘Notyet.’‘Areyouinlove?’‘Yes.’‘WiththeEnglishgirl?’‘Yes.’‘Poorbaby.Isshegoodtoyou?’‘Ofcourse.’E.Hemingway,AFarewellToArmsConjunctionConjunctioninvolvestheuseofformalmarkerstocombineclauses,sentencesandparagraphssuchastheuseof“and”,“however”,“but”,etc.Additive:and,inaddition,moreover,besides,further,etc.

Transition：however,nevertheless,eventhough,still,yet,but,etc.Causeandeffect：consequently,so,accordingly,asaresult,forthisreason,etc.Condition

：otherwise,ifso,ifnot,etc.Introducers：

that,whether,who,etc.eg.Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds;writing,ontheotherhand,useswrittensymbols.Speechwasdevelopedabout500000yearsago,butwrittenlanguageisarecentdevelopment,inventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal,whilethewordchoiceofwriting,bycontrast,isoftenrelativelyformal.Althoughpronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom,theyareignoredinwiringbecauseastandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andtheriseandfallofthevoice,butwritinglacksthesefeatures.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthesedifferences.

LexicalCohesionLexicalcohesioninvolveseitherthereiteration,repetitionofanitem,ortheuseofasynonym,nearsynonym,orsuperordinateterm.Lexicalcohesioncouldalsobeusedinreferencetolexicalcollocation.Collocationinvolvestheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur,forinstance,climb/ascend;order/obey;laugh/joke;garden/dig;andbeach/waves/sand/swim/lifeguard.Synonymy同義詞、近義詞:buy-purchase;Antonym反義詞:love-hateHyponymy下義詞:fruit-appleMetonymy換喻詞:tree-leafLexicalrepetition詞匯重復(fù)AccordingtoLee(2002),coherenceisdefinedastherelationshipsofvariousideasinatextthatarelinkedtogethertocreateameaningfuldiscourse.

Coherenttextsmakesensetothereader.Whensentences,ideas,anddetailsfittogetherclearly,readerscanfollowalongeasily,andthewritingiscoherent.Theideastietogethersmoothlyandclearly.CoherenceCoherenceCoherencecanbethoughtofashowmeaningsandsequencesofideasrelatetoeachother.Itsuggestssemanticunity.Typicalexampleswouldbegeneral>particular;statement>example;problem>solution;question>answer;claim>counter-claim.Leeidentifiesfivefeaturesofacoherenttextasfollows:Thetexthasamacrostructurethatprovidesasenseappropriatetoitscommunicativepurposesandfunctions.Themacrostructureisanoutlineofthemaincategoriesorfunctionsofthetext,e.g.whenthewriter’spurposeistotellastory,itiscommontoarrangetheeventsinachronologicalorder.Thetexthasaninformationstructurethatguidesthereaderinunderstandinghowinformationisorganizedandhowthetopicofthetextisdeveloped.Thisinvolvesthegivingofoldinformationbeforenewinformation.Thetextshowsconnectivityoftheunderlyingcontentevidencedbyrelationsbetweenpropositions.Atextiscoherentifthepropositionsitcontainsarejustifiedorexemplifiedwithdetail.Thetexthascohesivedevicestoestablisharelationshipbetweensentencesandparagraphs.Thisfeaturesisassociatedwiththesurfacestructureofcoherencewhichlinkssentencesandpointsbeingmade.Thetextcontainsappropriatemetadiscoursefeatures.

Metadiscoursemarkersintextshelpreadersorganize,interpretandevaluateinformation.Someexamplesofthesemarkersaresequencers(first,second,finally),andcertaintymarkers(certainly,nodoubt),etc.CoherentDevices

Textmarkers語篇標(biāo)記Lexicalcoherence詞匯連貫Thetopicalpattern話題類型

Fivepatternsoforganizationarechronological年代的,spatial空間的,compare-and-contrast比較對比,advantage-disadvantage優(yōu)劣勢,cause-effect因果,problem-solution問題及解決途徑.(句型、結(jié)構(gòu)有形可循)Differences

betweenCohesionandCoherenceCoherenceexpressesthecontinuitythatexistsbetweenonepartoftextandanotherandtheoverallrelationofallparts.Cohes