演講人：日期：白血病介紹英語LeukemiaBasicsinEnglishEpiologyofLeukemiaPathophysiologyofLeukemiaClinicalManifestationsofLeukemiaDiagnosticWorkupforLeukemiaTherapeuticApproachesforLeukemiaSupportingCareandPalliativeCareinLeukemia目錄01LeukemiaBasicsinEnglishDefinitionLeukemiaisatypeofcancerthataffectsthebloodandboneMarrow,characterizedbytheuncontrolledproductionofabnormalwhitebloodcellsTypesofLeukemiaLeukemiaisbroadlyclassifiedintofourmaintypes-acutelymphoblasticleukemia(ALL),chroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL),acutemyoidleukemia(AML),andchronicmyoidleukemia(CML)DefinitionandTypesofLeukemiaTheexactcauseofLeukemiaisunknown,butitisbelievedtoresultfromacombinationofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsRiskfactorsforleukemiaincludeexposuretocancer,radiation,smoking,familyhistory,andcancergeneticdisordersCausesandRiskFactorsRiskFactorsCausesSymptomsCommonsymptomsofLeukemiaincludefatigue,fever,frequentinfections,weightloss,nightsweats,andeasybruisingorblendingDiagnosisLeukemiaisdiagnosedthroughacombinationofbloodtests,bonemarrowbiopsies,andimagingscansSymptomsandDiagnosisTreatmentforleukemiatypicallyinvolveschemotherapy,radiationtherapy,immunotherapy,and/orstemcelltransplantationTreatmentOptionsThediagnosisforleukemiavariesdependingonthetypeandstageofthedisease,aswellasthepatient'sageandoverallhealthWithpropertreatment,manypatientscanachieveremovalandleadnormallivesPrognosisTreatmentOptionsandPrognosis02EpiologyofLeukemia

IncidentandPrevalenceIncidentThenumberofnewcasesofLeukemiadiagnosedeachyearPrevalenceThetotalnumberofpeoplelivingwithLeukemiaatagiventimeVariationbysubtypeDifferentsubtypesofLeukemiahavedifferentincidenceandvalidityratesAgeLeukemiacanoccuratanyage,buttheriskincreaseswithageforsomesubtypesGenderSomesubtypesofLeukemiaaremorecommoninmales,whileothersaremorecommoninfemalesGeographicDistributionTheincidentofLeukemiavariablesgraphically,likelyduetoenvironmentalandgeneticfactorsAge,Gender,andGeographicDistributionSurvivalratesforLeukemiahaveimprovedsignificantlyoverthepastseveraldecksduetoadvantagesintreatmentSurvivalratesLeukemiaisaleadingcauseofcancerdeathinbothadultsandchildren,butthemoralityratevariesbysubtypeandstageatdiagnosisMortalityFactorssuchasage,subtype,andresponsetotreatmentcanaffectsurvivalratesandmoralityPrognosticfactorsSurvivalRatesandMortality03PathophysiologyofLeukemiaTheaccumulationofacademiccellscanbetransferredwiththeproductionofredbloodcellsandplates,resultinginanemiaandincreasingriskofbleedingLeukemiaischaracterizedbytheuncontrolledproductionofabnormalwhitebloodcellsinthebonerowTheseabnormalcellsfailtomatureandfunctionproperly,leadingtoadecreaseinnormalbloodcellsAbnormalBloodCellDevelopment輸入標題02010403GeneticandMolecularBasisLeukemiaiscausedbygeneticmutationsthataffectthenormaldevelopmentandfunctionofbloodcellsTheidentificationofspecificgeneticmutationshasledtothedevelopmentoftargetedtherapiesforLeukemiaCertainenvironmentalexposures,suchasradiationorchemicals,canalsoincreasetheriskofdevelopingLeukemiabydamagingDNAThesemutationscanoccursporadicallyorbeinheritedfromaparentLeukemiastemcellsareasubpopulationofLeukemiacellsthatareresponsibleformaintainingthediseaseandcausingreleaseTheboneMarrowmicroenvironmentprovidessignalsthatsupportthegrowthandsurvivalofLeukemiastemcellsTargetingtheinteractionbetweenLeukemiastemcellsandtheirmicroenvironmentisapromisingapproachfordevelopingnewtreatmentsThesecellshavetheabilitytorenewthemselvesanddifferentiateintomultipletypesofLeukemiccellsLeukemiaStemCellsandMicroenvironment04ClinicalManifestationsofLeukemia01PatientswithLeukemiaoftenexperiencepersistentfatigueandweaknessduetotheincreasedproductionofhealthyredbloodcellsFatigueandweakness02Leukemiacanweakentheimmunesystem,makingpatientsmoresusceptibletoinfectionsFeverandothersignsofinfectionarecommonFeverandinfection03Leukemiacanaffecttheproductionofplates,whichareessentialforbloodclottingAsaresult,patientsmayexperienceeasyblendingandbruisingBleedingandbruising04Enlargedlymphnodes,particularlyintheneck,underground,orground,canbeasignofLeukemiaSwollenlymphnodesSignsandSymptomsAnemiaLeukemiacancauseanemiabydisruptingtheproductionofhealthyredbloodcellsThrombocytopeniaAdecreaseinplateletcountcanleadtobleedingproblemsandeasybruisingNeutropeniaAlowwhitebloodcellcountcanincreasetheriskofinfectionsLeukostasisInsomecases,Leukemiacellscanaccumulateinsmallbloodvessels,causingblockagesandpotentiallyleadingtoseriouscomplicationssuchasstrokeorrespiratoryfailureComplicationsandComorbiditiesInfectionmonosymptosisThisvirtualinfectioncancausesimilarsymptomstoLeukemia,suchasfatigue,fever,andswellinglymphnodesHowever,ittypicallyresolvesonitsownwithinafewweeksAutomaticdisordersConditionslikelupusorrheumatoidarthritiscancausefatigue,fever,andanimia,whichcanmimicleukemiasyndromesOthertypesofcancerCertainothercancers,suchaslymphomaormyeloma,canalsocauseenlargedlymphnodesandsimilarsymptomstoLeukemiaBenignblooddisordersConditionslikeirondeficiencyanemiaorthrombocytopeniacanhaveoverlappingsymptomswithLeukemiabutarenotcausedbymalignantcellgrowthDifferentialDiagnosis05DiagnosticWorkupforLeukemiaMeasuresthenumberofredbloodcells,whitebloodcells,andplatesinthebloodHelpstoidentifyabnormalitiesinthebloodcellcountsthatmayindicateleukemiaCanbeusedtomonitortheprogressoftreatmentanddetectreleaseCompleteBloodCount(CBC)

BoneMarrowAspirationandBiopsyInvolvestakingasampleofboneMarrow,typicallyfromthehipbone,fortestingUsedtoconfirmthediagnosisofLeukemiaanddeterminethetypeandstageofthediseaseHelpstoevaluatetheresponsetotreatmentanddetectanyresidualdiseaseCytogeneticsanalyzesthechromosomesoftheLeukemiacellstolookforgeneticabnormalitiesBothtestsprovideimportantinformationaboutthediagnosisandtreatmentoptionsforthepatientImmunophenotypingidentifiesthespecifictypesofLeukemiacellsbasedontheirsurfacemarkersImmunophenotypingandCytogeneticsInvolvesanalyzingthegenesandproteinsoftheLeukemiacellstoidentifyspecificmutationsHelpstopredicttheresponsetoreceivetreatmentsanddetectminimalresidualdiseaseProvideinformationabouttheriskofreleaseandtheneedforfurthertreatmentMolecularTesting06TherapeuticApproachesforLeukemiaChemotherapyTheuseofdrugstodestroycancercells,whichcanbeadministeredorallyorintravenouslyItisasystemictreatmentthataffectstheentirebodyTargetedTherapyAtypeoftreatmentthattargetsspecificvulnerabilitywithincancercells,suchascancerproteinsorgenesThisapproachaimstominimizedamagetohealthycellswhileeffectivelytreatingtheLeukemiaChemotherapyandTargetedTherapyRadiationtherapyuseshighenergyX-raysorotherparticlestodestroycancercellsItcanbeusedtotreatLeukemiathathasspreadtoreceivepartsofthebody,suchasthebrainandspinalcordRadiationtherapyisoftenusedincombinationwithchemotherapytoenhanceitseffectivenessHowever,itcanalsobeusedalonetotreatsometypesofLeukemiaRadiationTherapyImmunotherapyThisapproachusesthebody'sownimmunesystemtofitcancerItcaninvolvetheuseofmonoclonalantibiotics,whichareproteinsthatbindtospecifictargetsoncancercells,orvaccinesthatstimulatetheimmunesystemtoattachthecancerCellularTherapyAtypeofimmunitythatinvolvestheuseoflivingcellstotreatcancerThiscanincludetheuseofChineseantigenreceptor(CAR)T-cells,whicharespecializedimmunecellsthathavebeengeneticallymodifiedtotargetanddestroycancercellsImmunotherapyandCellularTherapyStemCellTransformationAprocedureinwhichdamagedordiseasedbloodformingcellsarereplacedwithhealthonesfromadonorThistreatmentcanbeusedtotreatcancertypesofleukemiathathasnotrespondedtoothertherapiesStemCellTransformationTherearetwomaintypesofstemcelltransplants-autologicalandallogeneicAutonomoustransmissionsusethepatient'sownstemcells,whileallogeneictransmissionsusestemcellsfromadonorThetypeofspreaduseddependsonthespecificsituationandthepatient'sconditionTypesofStemCellTransplants07SupportingCareandPalliativeCareinLeukemiaAntimetricmediacanbesubscribedtoallocatethesesyndromesManagingnaseaandinvoicingFatiguecanbeaddressed