大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷74（共9套）（共230題）大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、長(zhǎng)篇閱讀(本題共30題，每題1.0分，共30分。)ObtainingLinguisticDataA)Manyproceduresareavailableforobtainingdataaboutalanguage.Theyrangefromacarefullyplanned,intensivefieldinvestigationinaforeigncountrytoacasualintrospectionaboutone'smothertonguecarriedoutinanarmchairathome.B)Inallcases,someonehastoactasasourceoflanguagedata—aninformant.Informantsare(ideally)nativespeakersofalanguage,whoprovideutterancesforanalysisandotherkindsofinformationaboutthelanguage(e.g.translations,commentsaboutcorrectness,orjudgementsonusage).C)Often,whenstudyingtheirmothertongue,linguistsactastheirowninformants,judgingtheambiguity,acceptability,orotherpropertiesofutterancesagainsttheirownintuitions.Theconvenienceofthisapproachmakesitwidelyused,anditisconsideredthenorminthegenerativeapproachtolinguistics.D)Butalinguist'spersonaljudgementsareoftenuncertain,ordisagreewiththejudgementsofotherlinguists,atwhichpointresourceisneededtomoreobjectmethodsofenquiry,usingnon-linguistsasinformants.Thelaterprocedureisunavoidablewhenworkingonforeignlanguages,orchildspeech.E)Manyfactorsmustbeconsideredwhenselectinginformants—whetheroneisworkingwithsinglespeakers(acommonsituationwhenlanguageshavenotbeendescribedbefore),twopeopleinteracting,smallgroupsorlarge-scalesamples.Age,sex,socialbackgroundandotheraspectsofidentityareimportant,asthesefactorsareknowntoinfluencethekindoflanguageused.F)Thetopicofconversationandthecharacteristicsofthesocialsetting(e.g.thelevelofformality)arealsohighlyrelevant,asarethepersonalqualitiesoftheinformants(e.g.theirfluencyandconsistency).Forlargerstudies,scrupulousattentionhasbeenpaidtothesamplingtheoryemployed,andinallcases,decisionshavetobemadeaboutthebestinvestigativetechniquestouse.G)Today,researchersoftentape-recordinformants.Thisenablesthelinguist'sclaimsaboutthelanguagetobechecked,andprovidesawayofmakingthoseclaimsmoreaccurate("difficult"piecesofspeechcanbelistenedtorepeatedly).H)Butobtainingnaturalistic,good-qualitydataisnevereasy.Peopletalkabnormallywhentheyknowtheyarebeingrecorded,andsoundqualitycanbepoor.Avarietyoftape-recordingprocedureshavethusbeendevisedtominimisethe"observer'sparadox"(howtoobservethewaypeoplebehavewhentheyarenotbeingobserved).I)Somerecordingsaremadewithoutthespeakersbeingawareofthefact—aprocedurethatobtainsverynaturaldata,thoughethicalobjectionsmustbeanticipated.Alternatively,attemptscanbemadetomakethespeakerforgetabouttherecording,suchaskeepingthetaperecorderoutofsight,orusingradiomicrophones.Ausefultechniqueistointroduceatopicthatquicklyinvolvesthespeaker,andstimulatesanaturallanguagestyle(e.g.askingolderinformantsabouthowtimeshavechangedintheirlocality).J)Anaudiotaperecordingdoesnotsolveallthelinguist'sproblems,however.Speechisoftenunclearandambiguous.Wherepossible,therefore,therecordinghastobesupplementsbytheobserver'swrittencommentsonthenon-verbalbehaviouroftheparticipants,andaboutthecontextingeneral.K)Afacialexpression,forexample,candramaticallyalterthemeaningofwhatissaid.Videorecordingsavoidtheseproblemstoalargeextent,buteventheyhavelimitations(thecameracannotbeeverywhere),andtranscriptionalwaysbenefitsfromanyadditionalcommentaryprovidedbyanobserver.L)Linguistsalsomakegreatuseofstructuredsessions,inwhichtheysystematicallyasktheirinformantsforutterancesthatdescribecertainactions,objectsorbehaviours.Withabilingualinformant,orthoughuseofaninterpreter,itispossibletousetranslationtechnique('Howdoyousaytableinyourlanguage?').M)Alargenumberofpointscanbecoveredinashorttime,usinginterviewwork-sheetsandquestionnaires.Often,theresearcherwishestoobtaininformationaboutjustasinglevariable,inwhichcasearestrictedsetofquestionsmaybeused:aparticularfeatureofpronunciation,forexample,canbeelicitedbyaskingtheinformanttosayarestrictedsetofwords.Therearealsoseveraldirectmethodsofelicitation,suchasaskinginformantstofillintheblanksinasubstitutionframe(e.g."I___seeacar."),orfeedingthemthewrongstimulusforcorrection("IsitpossibletosayInocansee?").N)Arepresentativesampleoflanguage,compliedforthepurposeoflinguisticanalysis,isknownasacorpus.Acorpusenablesthelinguisttomakeunbiasedstatementsaboutfrequencyofusage,anditprovidesaccessibledatafortheuseofdifferentresearchers.Itsrangeandsizearevariable.Somecorporaattempttocoverthelanguageasawhole,takingextractsfrommanykindsoftext;othersareextremelyselective,providingacollectionofmaterialthatdealsonlywithaparticularlinguisticfeature.O)Thesizeofthecorpusdependsonpracticalfactors,suchasthetimeavailabletocollect,processandstorethedata:itcantakeuptoseveralhourstoprovideanaccuratetranscriptionofafewminutesofspeech.Sometimesasmallsampleofdatawillbeenoughtodecidealinguistichypothesis;bycontrast,corporainmajorresearchprojectscantotalmillionsofwords.Animportantprincipleisthatallcorpora,whatevertheirsize,areinevitablylimitedintheircoverage,andalwaysneedtobesupplementedbydataderivedfromtheintuitionsofnativespeakersofthelanguage,thougheitherintrospectionorexperimentation.1、Somerecordingsaremadewithoutthespeakersbeingawareofthefact,thusinformantsarelessself-conscious.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：I知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為有時(shí)候說(shuō)話人是在毫不知情的情況下被錄音的，這樣資料提供人會(huì)表現(xiàn)的自然一些。本題中speakersbeingawareofthefact為關(guān)鍵詞。定位到I段的Somerecordingsaremadewithoutthespeakersbeingawareofthefact——aprocedurethatobtainsverynaturaldata，thoughethicalobjectionsmustbeanticipated．“有時(shí)候說(shuō)話人是在毫不知情的情況下被錄音的——通過(guò)這一方式可以獲得極自然的材料．但是道德方面的反對(duì)意見也是預(yù)料之中的事。”題干中l(wèi)essself-conscious對(duì)應(yīng)原文的natural。2、Non-linguistsasinformantsarenecessarywhenworkingonforeignlanguagesandchildspeech.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為研究外語(yǔ)及兒童語(yǔ)言時(shí)有必要讓非語(yǔ)言學(xué)家擔(dān)當(dāng)資料提供者。題干中non-linguists將答案定位在D段Thelaterprocedureisunavoidablewhenworkingonforeignlanguages，orchildspeech．“在研究外語(yǔ)及兒童語(yǔ)言的時(shí)候，第二種方式(非語(yǔ)言學(xué)家充當(dāng)資料提供者)是不可避免的?！鳖}干中necessary對(duì)應(yīng)原文的unavoidable。3、Videorecordingshelptoobservespeakers’facialexpression.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：K知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為錄像可以幫助觀察說(shuō)話人的面部表情。題干中videorecordings是關(guān)鍵詞，鎖定K段Afacialexpression，forexample，candramaticallyalterthemeaningofwhatissaid．Videorecordingsavoidtheseproblemstoalargeextent“例如一個(gè)面部表情就可以徹底改變一句話的意思。錄像在很大程度上可以避免這樣的問(wèn)題”。4、Thelanguageoftheinformantsisinfluencedbysocialsituation.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為資料提供者的語(yǔ)言也受到社會(huì)情況的影響。題干中socialsituation是關(guān)鍵詞，雖然原文沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)，但是聯(lián)想到social出現(xiàn)在F段的socialsetting，便可以將答案定位在F段Thetopicofconversationandthecharacteristicsofthesocialsetting(e．g．thelevelofformality)arealsohighlyrelevant“對(duì)話的主題和社交場(chǎng)合的特征(比如正式程度)也極其相關(guān)”。5、Nocorpuscanevercoverthewholelanguageandsolinguistsoftenfindthemselvesrelyingontheadditionalinformationthatcanbegainedfromtheintuitionsofwhosewhospeakthelanguageconcerned.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：O知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為沒(méi)有語(yǔ)料庫(kù)可以覆蓋所有的語(yǔ)言，所以語(yǔ)言學(xué)家經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己需要依靠母語(yǔ)者的直覺(jué)補(bǔ)充信息。題干中的定位詞是名詞corpus和intuitions，出現(xiàn)在O段Animportantprincipleisthatallcorpora，whatevertheirsize，areinevitablylimitedintheircoverage，andalwaysneedtobesupplementedbydataderivedfromtheintu—itionsofnativespeakersofthelanguage，thougheitherintrospectionorexperimentation．“一個(gè)重要的原則是，無(wú)論大小，所有的語(yǔ)料庫(kù)在覆蓋面上都不可避免存在局限性，因此，它們總是需要通過(guò)內(nèi)省或?qū)嶒?yàn)的方式，得到源自母語(yǔ)者直覺(jué)的資料補(bǔ)充?！?、Alinguistcanuseacorpustocommentobjectivelyonfrequencyofusage.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：N知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為語(yǔ)言學(xué)家可以用語(yǔ)料庫(kù)對(duì)用法的頻率進(jìn)行客觀的評(píng)價(jià)。題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是“corpus”，“frequencyofusage”，可以定位到N段Acorpusenablesthelinguisttomakeunbiasedstatementsaboutfrequencyofusage，anditprovidesaccessibledatafortheuseofdifferentresearchers．“語(yǔ)料庫(kù)使得語(yǔ)言學(xué)家能夠?qū)σ环N用法的頻率加以客觀陳述，而且還可以為其他的研究者所用?！鳖}干中commentobjectively和原文unbiasedstatements對(duì)應(yīng)。7、Convenienceisanadvantageforlinguistswhoworkasinformants.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為語(yǔ)言學(xué)家作為資料提供者的優(yōu)勢(shì)是方便。題干中的名詞“convenience”，“informants”為關(guān)鍵詞，對(duì)應(yīng)到文章C段Often，whenstudyingtheirmothertongue，linguistsactastheirowninformants…Theconvenienceofthisapproachmakesitwidelyused，anditisconsideredthenorminthegenerativeapproachtolinguistics．“在研究本國(guó)語(yǔ)言時(shí)，語(yǔ)言學(xué)家本人往往充當(dāng)資料提供者，這種方法因其便利性而被廣泛使用，而且還被看作語(yǔ)言生成方式的規(guī)范?！?、Takingnotesonbodylanguagesupplementsaudiotaperecording.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：J知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為對(duì)肢體語(yǔ)言做記錄，補(bǔ)充了磁帶錄音的方式。題干中的audiotaperecording為定位詞，對(duì)應(yīng)到J段Wherepossible，therefore，therecordinghastobesupplementsbytheobserver’swrittencommentsonthenon-verbalbehaviouroftheparticipants，andaboutthecontextingeneral．“因此如果可能的話，要對(duì)參與者的非語(yǔ)言行為以及整體語(yǔ)境做出書面評(píng)述，作為對(duì)錄音的補(bǔ)充。”題干中bodylanguage是對(duì)原文中non-verbalbehaviour的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。9、Recordinganinformantallowslinguists’claimstobechecked.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為錄下資料提供者說(shuō)的話可以使語(yǔ)言學(xué)家針對(duì)這些語(yǔ)言的某些論斷變得可以接受檢查。題干的recordinganinformant為關(guān)鍵詞．可以和G段的tape-recordinformants對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)，于是定位到G段Today，researchersoftentape-recordinformants．Thisenablesthelinguist’sclaimsaboutthelanguagetobechecked，andprovidesawayofmakingthoseclaimsmoreaccurate“如今．語(yǔ)言研究者通常都會(huì)為資料提供人錄音。這就使語(yǔ)言學(xué)家針對(duì)這些語(yǔ)言的某些論斷有據(jù)可查，并且提供一種方式使這些觀點(diǎn)更為精確”。10、Interviewwork-sheetsandquestionnairescanbeusedtogeneratespecificdata.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：M知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為面試表格和調(diào)查問(wèn)卷可以用來(lái)生成具體的數(shù)據(jù)。題干中interviewwork-sheetsandquestionnaires為關(guān)鍵詞，定位到M段Alargenumberofpointscanbecoveredinashorttime，usinginterviewwork-sheetsandquestionnaires．“通過(guò)使用面試表格和調(diào)查問(wèn)卷，我們能夠在很短的時(shí)間里覆蓋大量的知識(shí)點(diǎn)?！鳖}干中specificdata對(duì)應(yīng)原文中alargenumberofpoints。TheHistoryofEarlyCinemaA)Thehistoryofthecinemainitsfirstthirtyyearsisoneofmajorand,tothisday,unparalleledexpansionandgrowth.Beginningassomethingunusualinahandfulofbigcities—NewYork,London,ParisandBerlin—thenewmediumquicklyfounditswayacrosstheworld,attractinglargerandlargeraudienceswhereveritwasshownandreplacingotherformsofentertainmentasitdidso.B)Asaudiencesgrew,sodidtheplaceswherefilmswereshown,finishingupwiththe"greatpicturepalaces"ofthe1920s,whichrivalled,andoccasionallysuperseded,theatresandopera-housesintermsofopulenceandsplendour.Meanwhile,filmsthemselvesdevelopedfrombeingshort"attractions"onlyacoupleofminuteslong,tothefull-lengthfeaturethathasdominatedtheworld'sscreensuptothepresentday.C)AlthoughFrench,German,AmericanandBritishpioneershaveallbeencreditedwiththeinventionofcinema,theBritishandtheGermansplayedarelativelysmallroleinitsworld-wideexploitation.ItwasabovealltheFrench,followedcloselybytheAmericans,whowerethemostpassionateexportersofthenewinvention,helpingtostartcinemainChina,Japan,LatinAmericaandRussia.IntermsofartisticdevelopmentitwasagaintheFrenchandtheAmericanswhotookthelead,thoughintheyearsbeforetheFirstWorldWar,Italy,DenmarkandRussiaalsoplayedapart.D)Intheend,itwastheUnitedStatesthatwastobecome,andremain,thelargestsinglemarketforfilms.Byprotectingtheirownmarketandpursuingavigorousexportpolicy,theAmericansachievedadominantpositionontheworldmarketbythestartoftheFirstWorldWar.Thecentreoffilm-makinghadmovedwestwards,toHollywood,anditwasfilmsfromthesenewHollywoodstudiosthatfloodedontotheworldsfilmmarketsintheyearsaftertheFirstWorldWar,andhavedonesoeversince.E)FacedwithtotalHollywooddomination,fewfilmindustriesprovedcompetitive.TheItalianindustry,whichhadpioneeredthefeaturefilmwithspectacularfilmslikeQuovadis(1913)andCabiria(1914),almostcollapsed.InScandinavia,theSwedishcinemahadabriefperiodofglory,notablywithpowerfulepicfilmsandcomedies.EventheFrenchcinemafounditselfinadifficultposition.InEurope,onlyGermanyprovedindustriallycapable,whileinthenewSovietUnionandinJapanthedevelopmentofthecinematookplaceinconditionsofcommercialisolation.F)Hollywoodtooktheleadartisticallyaswellasindustrially.Hollywoodfilmsappealedbecausetheyhadbetter-constructednarratives,theirspecialeffectsweremoreimpressive,andthestarsystemaddedanewdimensiontoscreenacting.G)IfHollywooddidnothaveenoughofitsownresources,ithadagreatdealofmoneytobuyupartistsandtechnicalinnovationsfromEuropetoensureitscontinueddominanceoverpresentorfuturecompetition.H)TherestoftheworldsurvivedpartlybylearningfromHollywoodandpartlybecauseaudiencescontinuedtoexistforaproductwhichcorrespondedtoneedswhichHollywoodcouldnotsupply.Aswellaspopularaudiences,therewerealsoincreasingaudiencesforfilmswhichwereartisticallymoreadventurousorwhichdealtwiththeissuesintheouterworld.I)Noneofthiswouldhavehappenedwithouttechnology,andcinemaisinfactuniqueasanartform.Intheearlyyears,thisartformwasquiteprimitive,similartotheoriginalFrenchideaofusingalanternandslidesbackintheseventeenthcentury.Earlycinemaprogrammeswereamixtureofitems,combiningcomicsketches,free-standingnarratives,serialepisodesandtheoccasionaltrickoranimatedfilm.J)Withthearrivalofthefeature-lengthnarrativeasthemainattraction,othertypesoffilmsbecamelessimportant.Themakingofcartoonsbecameaseparatebranchoffilm-making,generallypractisedoutsidethemajorstudios,andthesamewastrueofserials.Togetherwithnewsreels,theytendedtobeshownasshortitemsinaprogrammewhichledtothefeature.K)Fromearlycinema,itwasonlyAmericanslapstickcomedythatsuccessfullydevelopedinbothshortandfeatureformat.However,duringthis"SilentFilm"era,animation,comedy,serialsanddramaticfeaturescontinuedtothrive,alongwithfactualfilmsordocumentaries,whichacquiredanincreasingdistinctivenessastheperiodprogressed.L)Itwasalsoatthistimethattheavant-gardefilmfirstachievedcommercialsuccess,thistimethanksalmostexclusivelytotheFrenchandtheoccasionalGermanfilm.M)Ofthecountrieswhichdevelopedandmaintaineddistinctivenationalcinemasinthesilentperiod,themostimportantwereFrance,GermanyandtheSovietUnion.Ofthese,theFrenchdisplayedthemostcontinuity,inspiteofthewarandpost-wareconomicuncertainties.TheGermancinema,relativelyinsignificantinthepre-waryears,explodedontotheworldsceneafter1919.YeteventheywerebothovershadowedbytheSovietsafterthe1917Revolution.Theyturnedtheirbackonthepast,leavingthestyleofthepre-warRussiancinematotheemigreswhofledwestwardstoescapetheRevolution.N)Theothercountrieswhosecinemaschangeddramaticallyare:Britain,whichhadaninterestingbutundistinguishedhistoryinthesilentperiod;Italy,whichhadabriefmomentofinternationalfamejustbeforethewar;theScandinaviancountries,particularlyDenmark,whichplayedaroleinthedevelopmentofsilentcinemaquiteoutofproportiontotheirsmallpopulation;andJapan,whereacinemadevelopedbasedprimarilyontraditionaltheatricaland,toalesserextent,otherartformsandonlygraduallyadaptedtowesterninfluence.11、Francehelpedsomeothercountriesdeveloptheirownfilmindustry.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為法國(guó)幫助其他一些國(guó)家發(fā)展了自己的電影業(yè)。本題中Francehelpedsomeothercountries為關(guān)鍵詞，定位到C段的ItwasabovealltheFrench，followedcloselybytheAmericans，whowerethemostpassionateexportersofthenewinvention，helpingtostartcinemainChina，Japan，LatinAmericaandRussia．“法國(guó)人在推廣電影的過(guò)程中熱情最高，美國(guó)人緊隨其后，在他們的幫助下，中國(guó)、日本、拉丁美洲和俄國(guó)建立了自己的電影院?！?2、Cartoonsandserialswerenotgenerallymadeinmajorstudios.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：J知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為卡通片和連續(xù)劇不是在主流制片廠制作的。題干中cartoonsandserials將答案定位在J段Themakingofcartoonsbecameaseparatebranchoffilm-making，generallypractisedoutsidethemajorstudios，andthesamewastrueofserials．“卡通片的制作通常都在非主流制片廠完成．成為了電影制作的一個(gè)分支。連續(xù)劇也是如此。”原文的短語(yǔ)betrueof表示“符合于，對(duì)……適用”。13、TherestofthefilmindustryexistspartiallybecauseoftheexperiencetheydrawonfromHollywoodandpartiallybecauseoftheiruniqueabilitytosatisfytheneedofaudiences.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：H知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為其余的電影業(yè)能夠存在，一部分原因是它們學(xué)習(xí)了好萊塢的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一部分原因是它們能夠滿足觀眾的獨(dú)特需求。題干中therestofthefilm是關(guān)鍵詞．鎖定H段TherestoftheworldsurvivedpartlybylearningfromHollywoodandpartlybecauseaudiencescontinuedtoexistforaproductwhichcorrespondedtoneedswhichHollywoodcouldnotsupply．“好萊塢之外的電影業(yè)能夠存活的原因，一部分是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谙蚝萌R塢學(xué)習(xí)．一部分是因?yàn)橛^眾還需要一種產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足他們的需要，而這是好萊塢提供不了的。”14、Japanmademoviesbasedmoreonitsownculturethanoutsideinfluences.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：N知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為日本主要基于本國(guó)文化而非外部影響來(lái)制作電影。題干中Japan和ownculture是關(guān)鍵詞，定位到N段的andJapan，whereacinemadevelopedbasedprimarilyontraditionaltheatricaland，toalesserextent，otherartformsandonlygraduallyadaptedtowesterninfluence“日本電影主要是在傳統(tǒng)戲劇的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的，只有很少量地吸收了其他藝術(shù)形式”。15、Italywasthefirsttodevelopthefeaturefilm.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為意大利是第一個(gè)發(fā)展故事片的國(guó)家。題干中的定位詞是Italy和featurefilm，出現(xiàn)在E段TheItalianindustry，whichhadpioneeredthefeaturefilmwithspectacularfilmslikeQuovadis(1913)andCabiria(1914)，almostcollapsed．“意大利的電影業(yè)曾開創(chuàng)了故事片的先河，其代表作有1913年出品的Quovadis和1914年的Cabiria，然而面對(duì)好萊塢的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也敗下陣來(lái)。”題干中thefirst和原文的pioneered是同義轉(zhuǎn)述。16、Americadevelopedslapstickcomedyinbothshortandfeaturefilms.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：K知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為美國(guó)的鬧劇在短片和故事片中均有所發(fā)展。題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是slapstickcomedy，定位到K段Fromearlycinema，itwasonlyAmericanslapstickcomedythatsuccessfullydevelopedinbothshortandfeatureformat．“早期的電影．只有美國(guó)的鬧劇喜劇以短片和長(zhǎng)片的形式成功地得到發(fā)展?！?7、Inthe1920s,cinemawasanentertainmentasfavorableastheatresandopera-houses.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為20世紀(jì)20年代時(shí)，電影和歌劇、戲劇一樣是受到歡迎的娛樂(lè)方式。題干中的1920s為關(guān)鍵詞，對(duì)應(yīng)到文章B段Asaudiencesgrew，sodidtheplaceswherefilmswereshown，finishingupwiththe“greatpicturepalaces”ofthe1920s，whichrivalled，andoccasionallysuperseded，theatresandopera-housesintermsofopulenceandsplendour．“當(dāng)觀眾群越來(lái)越大的時(shí)候，放映電影的地點(diǎn)也日益增多．也創(chuàng)造了20世紀(jì)20年代的‘大照片宮殿’時(shí)期。在此期間，電影的魅力可與劇院和歌劇院相媲美，有時(shí)甚至要更勝一籌?！鳖}干中的asfavourableas是對(duì)原文rivalled的同義替換。18、OneattractionofHollywoodfilmsisthelargenumberofsuperstarsitcreates.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為好萊塢電影的吸引力之一在于它打造的眾多超級(jí)明星。題干中的Hollywood和stars為定位詞．對(duì)應(yīng)到F段Hollywoodfilmsappealedbecausetheyhadbetter—constructednarratives，theirspecialeffectsweremoreimpressive，andthestarsystemaddedanewdimensiontoscreenacting．“好萊塢電影之所以吸引人是因?yàn)橛薪Y(jié)構(gòu)縝密的故事。讓人印象深刻的特技和能給銀幕表演增光添彩的明星體系?！鳖}干中bodylanguage是對(duì)原文中non-verbalbehaviour的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。題干中的名詞attraction是對(duì)原文動(dòng)詞appealed的近義詞替換。19、Francemadethemostmoneyfromavant-gardefilm.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：L知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為法國(guó)賺的大部分錢來(lái)自于先鋒電影。題干的France和avant-garde為關(guān)鍵詞，定位到L段Itwasalsoatthistimethattheavant-gardefilmfirstachievedcommercialsuccess，thistimethanksalmostexclusivelytotheFrenchandtheoccasionalGermanfilm．“也就是在這一時(shí)期，先鋒電影開始取得了商業(yè)上的成功，這幾乎完全歸功于法國(guó)電影以及偶爾出現(xiàn)的德國(guó)電影”。題干中的mademoney和themost分別對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中的achievedcommercialsuccess和almostexclusively。20、Americawasandstillisthebiggestproduceroffilmsintheworld.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題意為美國(guó)曾經(jīng)是，現(xiàn)在仍然是全球最大的電影制造商。題干中America和thebiggestproducer為關(guān)鍵詞，定位到D段Intheend，itwastheUnitedStatesthatwastobecome，andremain，thelargestsinglemarketforfilms．“最終，美國(guó)成為了全球電影的最大單一市場(chǎng)，現(xiàn)在仍是如此。”題干中biggestproducer是對(duì)原文中l(wèi)argestsinglemarket的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。Micro-EnterpriseCreditforStreetYouthA)Althoughsmall-scalebusinesstrainingandcreditprogramshavebecomemorecommonthroughouttheworld,relativelylittleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheneedtodirectsuchopportunitiestoyoungpeople.Evenlessattentionhasbeenpaidtochildrenlivingonthestreetorindifficultcircumstance.B)Overthepastnineyears,StreetKidsInternational(S.K.I.)hasbeenworkingwithpartnerorganizationsinAfrica,LatinAmericaandIndiatosupporttheeconomiclivesofstreetchildren.ThepurposeofthispaperistosharesomeofthelessonsS.K.Iandourpartnershavelearned.C)Typically,childrendonotenduponthestreetsduetoasinglecause,buttoacombinationoffactors:adearthofadequatelyfundedschools,thedemandforincomeathome,familybreakdownandviolence.Thestreetmaybeattractivetochildrenasaplacetofindadventurousplayandmoney.However,itisalsoaplacewheresomechildrenareexposed,withlittleornoprotection,toexploitativeemployment,urbancrime,andabuse.D)Childrenwhoworkonthestreetsaregenerallyinvolvedinunskilled,labour-intensivetaskswhichrequirelonghours,suchasshiningshoes,carryinggoods,guardingorwashingcars,andinformaltrading.Somemayalsoearnincomethroughbegging,orthroughtheftandotherillegalactivities.Atthesametime,therearestreetchildrenwhotakeprideinsupportingthemselvesandtheirfamiliesandwhooftenenjoytheirwork.Manychildrenmaychooseentrepreneurshipbecauseitallowsthemadegreeofindependence,islessexploitativethanmanyformsofpaid-employment,andisflexibleenoughtoallowthemtoparticipateinotheractivitiessuchaseducationanddomestictask.E)S.K.I,hasworkedwithpartnerorganizationsinLatinAmerica,AfricaandIndiatodevelopinnovativeopportunitiesforstreetchildrentoearnincome.F)TheS.K.I.BicycleCourierServicefirststartedintheSudan.Participantsinthisenterpriseweresuppliedwithbicycles,whichtheyusedtodeliverparcelsandmessages,andwhichtheywererequiredtopayforgraduallyfromtheirwages.AsimilarprogramwastakenupinBangalore,India.G)Anothersuccessfulproject,TheShoeShineCollective,wasapartnershipprogramwiththeY.W.C.A.intheDominicanRepublic.Inthisproject,participantswerelentmoneytopurchaseshoeshineboxes.Theywerealsogivenasafeplacetostoretheirequipment,andfacilitiesforindividualsavingsplans.H)TheYouthSkillsEnterpriseInitiativeinZambiaisajointprogramwiththeRedCrossSocietyandtheY.W.C.A.Streetyouthsaresupportedtostarttheirownsmallbusinessthroughbusinesstraining,lifeskillstrainingandaccesstocredit.I)ThefollowinglessonshaveemergedfromtheprogramsthatS.K.I,andpartnerorganizationshavecreated.J)Beinganentrepreneurisnotforeveryone,norforeverystreetchild.Ideally,potentialparticipantswillhavebeeninvolvedintheorganization'sprogramsforatleastsixmonths,andtrustandrelationshipbuildingwillhavealreadybeenestablished.K)Theinvolvementoftheparticipantshasbeenessentialtothedevelopmentofrelevantprograms.Whenchildrenhavehadamajorroleindeterminingprocedures,theyaremorelikelytoabidebyandenforcethem.Itiscriticalforallloanstobelinkedtotrainingprogramsthatincludethedevelopmentofbasicbusinessandlifeskills.L)Therearetremendousadvantagestoinvolvingparentsorguardiansintheprogram,wheresuchrelationshipsexist.Homevisitsallowstafftheopportunitytoknowwheretheparticipantslive,andtounderstandmoreabouteachindividual'ssituation.M)Smallloansareprovidedinitiallyforpurchasingfixedassetssuchasbicycles,shoeshinekitsandbasicbuildingmaterialsforamarketstall.Astheentrepreneursgainexperience,theenterprisescanbegraduallyexpandedandconsiderationcanbegiventoincreasingloanamounts.TheloanamountinS.K.I,programshavegenerallyranged.N)AllS.K.I,programshavechargedinterestontheloans,primarilytogettheentrepreneursusedtotheconceptofpayinginterestonborrowedmoney.Generallytherateshavebeenmodest(lowerthanbankrates.)O)ConclusionThereisaneedtorecognizetheimportanceofaccesstocreditforimpoverishedyoungpeopleseekingtofulfileconomicneeds.Theprovisionofsmallloanstosupporttheentrepreneurialdreamsandambitionsofyouthcanbeaneffectivemeanstohelpthemchangetheirlives.However,webelievethatcreditmustbeextendedinassociationwithothertypesofsupportthathelpparticipantsdevelopcriticallifeskillsaswellasproductivebusinesses.21、Formanyyoungpeoplewhoworkonthestreets,theymakealivingthroughhighlylabour-demandingactivitiesratherthanintellect-intensivetasks.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，對(duì)于大多數(shù)街頭工作的年輕人，他們通過(guò)做勞工來(lái)謀生，而不是通過(guò)那些需要腦力的工作。定位于D段首句，“many”對(duì)應(yīng)“generally”，“makealiving”對(duì)應(yīng)“earnincome”，“highlylabour-demandingactivities”對(duì)應(yīng)“l(fā)abour-intensivetasks”，均為近義詞替換。22、Streetyouthsareabletosetupsmall-scalebusinesssupportedbyS.K.I,theRedCrossandY.W.C.Awithotheraidslikebusiness&lifeskillstrainingaswellascreditassistance.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：H知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，國(guó)際流浪兒童組織與紅十字會(huì)以及基督教女青年會(huì)發(fā)起的聯(lián)合行動(dòng)，通過(guò)商務(wù)培訓(xùn)、生存技能訓(xùn)練以及貸款幫助，來(lái)支持流浪兒童經(jīng)營(yíng)自己的小生意。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“S．K.I．，RedCross，Y．W．C.A”定位于H段。“setupsmall-scalebusiness”與“startsmallbusiness”，“creditassistance”與“accesstocredit”，均為同義替換。23、Involvingparentsandguardiansintotheprogramisbeneficialtoorganizationsinthatpartnerscanknowmoreabouttheyouths.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：L知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，將監(jiān)護(hù)人拉入到項(xiàng)目中對(duì)組織有好處，因?yàn)榻M織合伙人便能對(duì)年輕人有更多的了解。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“parentsandguardians”定位至L段，“beneficial”對(duì)應(yīng)“advantages”，“understandmore”對(duì)應(yīng)“knowmore”。原文“eachindividual”指的是那些流浪兒。24、Individualscanearnincomethroughdistributingbagsorlettersbybikeswhichshouldbepaidforfromtheirwageslater.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，個(gè)人可以通過(guò)騎自行車分發(fā)包裹和信件來(lái)賺錢，但之后他們需要用自己賺的工資來(lái)支付自行車的費(fèi)用。此題關(guān)鍵詞為“bikes”，定位于F段，“distributebagsorletters”對(duì)應(yīng)“deliverparcelsandmessages”，意為派送包裹與信件。25、Streetsyoungpeoplehavefewopportunitiestogetaccesstobusinesstrainingandcreditaid.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，街頭年輕人很少有機(jī)會(huì)獲得商業(yè)培訓(xùn)和貸款援助。定位于A段，“relativelylittleattention…tochildrenlivingonthestreetsindifficultcircumstances．”盡管世界范圍內(nèi)的培訓(xùn)和貸款很普遍，但很少關(guān)注青少年群體，特別是流浪兒也需要獲得這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。言下之意，流浪兒很少能獲得這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。26、Thefactthatyouthsareattractedbystreetsresultingfrommanyproblems,suchasfewavailableschools,inadequatemoneyandviolenceathome.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，兒童流離失所是因?yàn)楹芏鄦?wèn)題所致，比如沒(méi)有可上的學(xué)校、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和家庭暴力。定位原文C段首句，“childrendonotenduponthestreet…adearthofadequatelyfundedschools，thedemandforincomeathome，familybreakdownandviolence”，可知題干是此句的原意改寫。27、Thechildrenarerequiredtopaybackslightlymoremoneythantheyborrowedduetothemodestrates.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：N知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，因?yàn)檩^低的利息，兒童歸還的錢只需比他們借的多一點(diǎn)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“modestrates”定位至N段。所有的計(jì)劃都會(huì)對(duì)貸款收取利息．但一般利息很低?？芍?，加之利息，還錢時(shí)要多出借錢時(shí)的數(shù)量。28、Neithereverybodynoreachstreetchildisqualifiedtoberunbusiness.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：J知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，不是每個(gè)人和流浪兒都能勝任做生意。定位J段首句，“Beinganentrepreneurisnotforeveryone，norforeverystreetchild．”題干是此句的改寫．“runbusiness”為“beinganentrepreneur”的近義替換。29、Moneyshouldbelenttostreetchildrentobothasameanstomakealivingandaspartofawiderprogramofaidlikedevelopinglifeskills.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：O知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：題干意為，應(yīng)該給流浪兒給予經(jīng)濟(jì)援助，貸款不僅是謀生的一個(gè)手段，更是發(fā)展生存技能的一方面。此題是原文最后一段的大意概括。O段前半部分表明貸款對(duì)其的實(shí)際幫助，后半部分“however，webelievethatcreditmustbeextended…”即對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的“awid