初中英語語法專練—現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-全考點(diǎn)詳解一、結(jié)構(gòu)1.主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞......動(dòng)詞的過去分詞分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則變化如下：①一般情況下在動(dòng)詞后加ed。②以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，在后面直接加d。③以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，把y變?yōu)閕再加ed。④以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，單詞末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，該重讀音節(jié)上只有一個(gè)元音音素，這個(gè)元音音素是一個(gè)元音字母發(fā)出來的，那么就需要雙寫單詞末尾的輔音字母，再加ed。*動(dòng)詞的過去分詞不規(guī)則變化見八（下）、九年級(jí)教材后附表，需特殊記憶。2.陳述句肯定式（肯定句）：主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞......3.陳述句否定式（否定句）：主語+haven't/hasn't+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞......4.一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞......？Yes，主語+have/has.（肯定回答）No,主語+haven't/hasn't.（否定回答）二、用法1.表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了某種影響。常just,already,yet等副詞修飾。如：Shehasn'tfinishedherhomeworkyet.2.表示行為或狀態(tài)從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去，常與for短語，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語等連用，或用于Howlong...的句型中，表示持續(xù)的時(shí)間。如：Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis?/ShehastaughtEnglishforfiveyears.注意：for后接一段時(shí)間，而since后多接時(shí)間點(diǎn)。3.表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動(dòng)作，或已有過的一次經(jīng)歷，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)。常與twice，ever,never,threetimes等連用。如：Ihaveseenthisfilmtwice.三、時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)的范疇，故不能與過去時(shí)間狀語連用。但在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示過去的、不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用。（1）already用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)肯定句中，偶爾用于一般疑問句末尾，表示驚訝的語氣；yet一般用于否定句和疑問句中。如：Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkalready?/Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.（2）ever和never多用于否定句或疑問句中，表示"曾經(jīng)"或"從未"。如：IhaveneverbeentotheGreatWall.（3）just，before,inthepastfewyears等，表示到說話為止發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Shehasbeentheretwiceinthepastfewyears.（4）now,today,thismorning,thesedays等，表示包含"現(xiàn)在"在內(nèi)。如：Howmanytimeshaveyoubeentherethisyear?2.表示過去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。短暫性動(dòng)詞不能與for表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，也不能用于howlong...句型中。如需連用，應(yīng)將某些短暫性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。常用的短暫性動(dòng)詞及對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如下：arrive（behere),begin/start(beon),die(bedead),comeback(beback),leave(beaway),fallill/sick/asleep(beill/sick/asleep),finish(beover),puton(wear/beon),open(beopen),join(bein/beamemberof...),close(beclosed),borrow(keep),buy(have),catchacold(haveacold),gettoknow(know),begintostudy(study),cometowork(work),goout(beout)如：Howlonghaveyoukeepthisbook?/Shehashadthewatchforthreedays.四、幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)與一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等。一般過去時(shí)態(tài)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如：Iseenthisfilm./Isawthisfilmyesterday.2.have/hasbeento表示去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了），可用于各人稱；have/hasgoneto表示去某地了（說話時(shí)某人不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)）。常用于第三人稱。have/hasbeenin表示待在某地，一直在某地。如：TheyhavebeentoShanghaithreetimes./TheyhavegonetoShanghai./TheyhavebeeninShanghaiforthreeyears.3.關(guān)于since的幾個(gè)句型：（1）主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+since+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子。如：ShehasbeenawayfromShanghaisinceshewenttocollege.（2）主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)。=Itis/hasbeen+時(shí)間+since+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子。=時(shí)間haspassed+since+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子。如：Shehasworkedinthishospitalsincetenyearsago.=Itis/hasbeentenyearssincesheworkedinthishospital.=Tenyearshaspassedsincesheworkedinthishospital.4.個(gè)別短暫性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以表示狀態(tài)的延續(xù)，所以可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中。如：Wehaven'tseeneachotherforalongtime.五、練習(xí)（一）用括號(hào)中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.She_____(teach)Englishforthreeyears.2.People_____(celebrate)theNationalDaysincethen.3.Howlong_____you_____(be)likethis?4.They____(notwrite)twoletterssincelastFriday.5.She_____(work)therefortwodays.6._____youever_____(travel)abroad?7.I_____never_____(make)acakebymyself.8.Recentlyshe_____(read)twonovels.9._____sheever_____(ride)ahorse?10.They_____(notfinish)theworkyet.（二）根據(jù)要求句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1.Theyhaveboughtabike.（否定句）2.Shehasbeenthere

twice.（劃線提問）3.Theyhavechosen

thepanda

tobesymbol.（劃線提問）4.Hehasdrawn

three

picturesthesedays.（劃線提問）5.LucyhaslivedinChangchun

fortwoyears.（劃線提問）6.Daminghasdrivenhome.（一般疑問句）7.Haveyoubroughtyourhomeworktoschoolyet?（陳述句）8.Shehassentemailstohisfriends.（否定句）9.Theyhaven'tbeentoAmerica.（肯定句）10.Hehashadthewatch

forayear.（劃線提問）（三）句子翻譯。1.他離開上海已經(jīng)五年了。2.我父母去上海出差了。3.你數(shù)學(xué)作業(yè)完成了嗎？4.他們從來不開車上班。5.我們剛剛參觀了這所學(xué)校。6.自從他畢業(yè)，他就在這個(gè)學(xué)校教英語。7.電影已經(jīng)開始五分鐘了。8.你看過這本書了嗎？9.在過去的五年里，他學(xué)了1000個(gè)英語單詞。10.你以前曾獲過獎(jiǎng)嗎？四、練習(xí)參考答案（一）1.hastaught2.havecelebrated3.havebeen4.haven'twritten5.hasworked6.Havetravelled7.havemade8.hasread9.Hasridden10.haven'tfinished（二）1.Theyhaven'tboughtabike.2.Howmanytimeshasshebeenthere?3.Whathavetheychosentobesymbol?4.Howmanypictureshashedrawnthesedays?5.HowlonghasLucylivedinChangchun?6.HasDamingdrivenhome?7.Ihavealreadybroughtmyhomeworktoschool.8.Shehasn'tsentemailstohisfriends.9.TheyhavebeentoAmerica.10.Howlonghashehadthewatch?（三）1.HehasbeenawayfromShanghaiforfiveyears./HehasbeenawayfromShanghaisincetwoyearsago./Itis/hasbeenfiveyearssinceheleftShanghai./FiveyearshaspassedsinceheleftShanghai.2.MyparentshavegonetoShanghaionbusiness.3.Haveyoufinishedyourmathshomeworkyet?4.Theyhaveneverdriventowork.5.Wehavejustvisitedthisschool.6.Heh