Unit1ScienceandScientistsReadingandThinking

JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Language

Points

過去曾經(jīng)是

導致嚴重腹瀉、脫水甚至死亡

霍亂的暴發(fā)

死于

感到沮喪的

知道如何預防或治療霍亂

照料

分娩

他的徹底根除霍亂的愿望usedtobeseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeathoutbreakofcholeradiefromfrustratedhowtopreventortreatcholeraattendtogivebirthhisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.在英國醫(yī)生約翰?斯諾向人們展示如何戰(zhàn)勝霍亂之前，霍亂曾是世界上最令人恐懼的疾病之一。它可導致嚴重腹瀉、脫水甚至死亡。十九世紀初，崔亂暴發(fā)，肆虐歐洲，數(shù)百萬人喪命。由于當時無人知道如何預防或治療霍亂，年輕的約翰?斯諾醫(yī)生很沮喪。后來，他成了一位名醫(yī)。甚至照料分娩的維多利亞女王。然而，他始終沒有放棄徹底根除霍亂的愿望賓語從句Para1賓語同位語時間狀語從句“令人恐懼的”“變得沮喪”原因狀語從句“隨著時間的推移”“升遷”rise-rose-risen“照顧；照料”thedesiretodo“做...的愿望”1.frustrated

[fr?'stre?t?d]:adj.懊惱的;沮喪的;失意的__________

vt.挫敗，阻撓，使感到灰心__________adj.令人沮喪的__________n.懊惱沮喪，令人懊惱的事物____________懊惱地，沮喪地同義詞discouraged/depressed/disappointed用frustrate及其正確形式填空What_________memostwasthe_________resultsofourteam’snarrowdefeatinthefinal,afterwhichtheplayerslookedvery_________andthefansleftthestadiumin___________.frustratedfrustratingfrustratedfrustrationbefrustratedwith/at…frustratefrustratingfrustrationinfrustrationfrustratedat/withWemustbeseverewithourselves.我們必須對自己嚴格。Theprofessorisrathersevereonhisstudents.這位教授對他的學生相當嚴厲?！踞槍毩暋繂尉湔Z法填空(1)Idonotliketobesevere________anyone,butourownsituationisserious.(2)Youshouldfirstofallbesevere________yourselfandsetanexampletoyourkids.(3)Afirehad__________(severe)damagedthewarehouse.2．severeadj.

極為惡劣的；十分嚴重的；嚴厲的(1)besevereon...對……嚴厲beseverewithoneself嚴于律己(2)severeweather惡劣的天氣severedisease嚴重的疾病severelooks嚴肅的表情(3)severelyadv.

嚴重地；嚴格地；嚴厲地onwithseverely(1)Onthelastdayofourweek-longstay，wewereinvitedtoattendaprivateconcertonabeautifulfarmontheNorthShore.(2)Shewaspraisedforhaving

attended(on/upon)/tohersickmother.(2)Ican’tgooutwithyoutonightbecauseIhaveanurgentthingto

.attendto3.attendvt.出席；參加vt.&vi.照顧；護理vi.處理attendameeting/alecture/school參加會議/聽報告/上學attendtosb./sth.照料……；處理……；招待……attend(on/upon)sb.伺候某人，照顧某人intime作“終于；遲早”講時，常單獨使用，作狀語。intime及時；終于；遲早作“及時”講時，后常跟forsth.或todosth.。(1)Youwillsucceedintime

，aslongasyoudon’tgiveup.只要不放棄，你總有一天會成功。(2)Thedoctorcameintime

(save)hislife.醫(yī)生及時趕到并搶救了他的生命。(3)Luckyforhim，hewasjustintime

thebus.幸運的是，他及時趕上了公共汽車。tosavefor教材原句1.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustrated

becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatCholera.作為一位年輕醫(yī)生，約翰斯諾變得沮喪，因為沒人知道如何預防或治療霍亂。句式分析：句中howtopreventortreatcholera為“特殊疑問詞＋不定式”結構，作動詞knew的賓語。

大體上

兩種截然不同的看法

細菌感染

贊同

證據(jù)

因此

兩條特定街道

決心做某事

Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhyingeneraltwocontradictorytheoriesinfectionfromgermssubscribetoproofconsequentlytwoparticularstreetsbedeterminedtodo關于霍亂的蔓延方式，當時醫(yī)生大體上有兩種截然不同的看法。一種看法是空氣污染引發(fā)，另一種看法是食物或飲用水中的細菌感染導致霍亂。斯諾贊同第二種看法。這一看法是正確的，但他仍需要證據(jù)。因此，1854年倫敦暴發(fā)霍亂時，斯諾便開始調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)霍亂疫情在兩條街道上尤為嚴重，十天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。他決心查明原因。JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholera

spread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthatcholerawas

causedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecond

theory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreak

ofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwo

particularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedin

tendays.Hewasdeterminedto?ndoutwhy.

Para2“一般說來”賓語從句后置定語表語從句表語從句“同意;贊同”時間狀語從句“襲擊；攻擊”ahitsongIthitssbthat...很火/熱門歌曲“如此...以至于”，結果狀語從句賓語從句“下定決心干某事”“因此”某人突然想到3.contradictory[?k?ntr?'d?kt?ri] adj. 相互矛盾的;對立的;不一致的contradictv相抵觸，相矛盾contradictionn矛盾becontradictoryto…與……矛盾、相反self-contradictoryadj.自相矛盾的Whathesaidwascontradictorytothetruth.1.Peoplefoundthissortof________(contradict)realityhardtoaccept.2.Hekept_________(contradict)himselfwhenwewerearguing—Ithinkhewasabitconfused.contradictorycontradictingHisremarkwascontradictorytothetruth.4.infection[?n'fek?n]:n.感染;傳染_________vt.使感染;傳染_________adj.被感染的_________adj.有傳染性的；有感染力的infect

infectedinfectious

infectsb.

withsth.sb.beinfectedwith

sth.

單句語法填空(1)Everyyear,therearepeopleunluckyenoughtobeinfected________theflu.(2)Don’tyoufindherenthusiasm________(infect)?(3)Theman________________(infect)cholera,ahighly__________disease完成句子(3)Areyousurethereis________________now?你確定現(xiàn)在沒有感染的危險嗎？withinfectiousnodangerofinfectionhasbeeninfectedwithinfectious5.subscribe[s?b'skra?b]:vi.認購(股份);定期訂購/繳納(會費);定期捐助①subscribeto

同意/贊成;

定期訂閱;定期捐助②subscribeAtoB把A捐贈給Bsubscriber

n.

訂閱人；定期捐款者1.Sheusedtosubscribe______anenvironmentalactiongroup.2.Writeawaynowforthefreealbumofferedtoeverynew___________.現(xiàn)在就寫信索取免費贈送.一位新訂戶的專輯(writeawayforsth)寫信索取/函購。3.Copiesareavailableby___________.可通過訂閱獲得副本。

tosubscriptionssubscriber教材原句

3Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.有一種理論認為是惡劣的空氣導致了這種疾病。句式分析：本句中thatbadaircausedthedisease是that引導的表語從句,that在從句中不作成分,沒有意義,只起連接作用翻譯：我曾經(jīng)夢想能在那個城市有個三居室(three-bedroom)的房子。Mydreamwas__________________________________________.thatIcouldhaveathree-bedroomhouseinthatcity句式分析：本句是復合句,其中discovered后跟_____引導的________。在賓語從句中,含有_________引導的________________。結果狀語從句that賓語從句so…that….教材原句4Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwasso

severe

thatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他發(fā)現(xiàn)，在兩條特定的街道上，霍亂爆發(fā)非常嚴重，10天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。so…that…意為“如此……以至于……”，用來引導結果狀語從句。3.Itissobusyadaythatwedon’tgoswimming.主語+實義動詞+so+

副詞+that從句主語+系動詞+so+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that從句1.Itrainedso

heavilythatwehadtostayathome.2.Thequestionissodifficultthatwecannotworkitout.主語+謂語+so+many/few+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)+that從句主語+謂語+so+much/little+不可數(shù)名詞+that從句主語+謂語+so+many(much,few,little)+that從句IhavemadesomanymistakesthatImuststayathometoreflectonthem.TheshirtcostsomuchthatIdidnotwanttotakeit.Whatapity!Wehavegot

solittlemoneythatwecannoteatatrestaurants.當“so＋形容詞/副詞”及such...放在句首時，主句要用部分倒裝。Soafraidwasheinthedarknessthathedidn’tdaretomoveaninch.在黑暗中，他太害怕了，一步也不敢動。SuchadifficultquestiondidIfinditisthatIcan’tworkitout.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個題太難，我算不出。Sonervouswasthespeakerthathis

legs

were

trembling這個演講者如此緊張，以至于雙腿發(fā)抖完成句子He_________________heacceptedherinvitation.他接受她的邀請真是太傻了。It_______________thatI’dliketogothereagain.這個露營地點如此好，以至于我想再去一次。There_________________thatthehostfeltsad.賓客如此之少，主人為此感到傷心。Itis_________________thatIcan’tliftit.這個箱子如此重以至于我提不起來。issogoodacampingspotweresofewguestssuchaheavyboxwassofoolishthatSnowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaces

whereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks

在地圖上標出確切位置

多例死亡

水泵

尤其是

家庭住戶

懷疑……

水泵就是罪魁禍首

似乎……

讓人打水

因為

宣布

于是

讓人拆掉了水泵把手

通過這一干預舉措markonamaptheexactplacesmultipledeathswaterpumpespeciallyhouseholdsuspectthatthewaterpumpwastoblameItseemedthathavewaterdeliveredasaresultofannounceaccordinglyhavethehandleofthepumpremovedthroughthisintervention

斯諾首先在地圖上標出所有死者住所的確切位置。寬街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16號、37號、38號及40號住宅)，但是有些住戶(如寬街20號和21號以及劍橋街8號和9號)卻無人死亡。這些幸存者在劍橋街7號的酒吧工作，酒吧為他們提供免費啤酒，因此沒有喝水泵抽上來的水。斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍首。此外，在倫敦的另一個區(qū)域，一名婦女和她的女兒從寬街搬來后死于霍亂。該婦女似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來的水，每天都讓人從那里打水運到家里來。有了這個證據(jù)，約翰·斯諾就能夠宣布水泵抽上來的水攜帶霍亂病菌。于是，他讓人拆掉了水泵的把手，這樣水泵就用不成了。這一干預舉措遏制了疾病的蔓延。JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexact

placeswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.There

weremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpin

BroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,

37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas

20and21BroadStreet,and8and9Cambridge

Street)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeople

workedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.They

hadbeengivenfreebeer,

andsohadnotdrunk

thewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthat

thewaterpumpwastoblame.Para3by+doing“通過...方式”定語從句“因而”，連接兩個并列的謂語賓語從句JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Whatismore,

inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandher

daughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermoving

awayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuch

thatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnow

wasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehad

thehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,the

diseasewasstoppedinitstracks.

Para3表語從句“似乎...”“havesthdone”賓語從句“因此”目的狀語從句havemyhaircuthavetheproblemfixed____________adj.可疑的，令人懷疑的_____________n.懷疑suspicioussuspicion6.suspect

[s?'spekt]v.懷疑;疑有;不信任;['s?spekt]n.[C]犯罪嫌疑人;可疑對象besuspiciousof/aboutsth.suspectsthsuspect…tobe+n./adj.懷疑或猜想……是……suspectsbof(doing)sth懷疑某人（做過）某事suspect+that從句accusesb.ofsth.指控某人某事warnsb.ofsth.警告某人某事cheatsb.ofsth.欺騙某人某事informsb.ofsth.通知某人某事remindsb.ofsth.提醒某人某事robsb.ofsth.搶劫某人某事convincesb.ofsth.使某人相信某事persuadesbofcuresbofoftobesuspiciousTheysuspectedhimofgiving即學即練7.blame

v.把…歸咎于...;責怪;指責&n.責任;責備;指責blamesb.for(doing)sth.因(做)某事而責備某人/歸咎于..blamesth.onsb.把某物歸咎到某人身上betoblame(forsth.)

(對壞事)負有責任;(因某事)應受責備lay/puttheblameforsthonsb.把某事歸咎于某人bear/taketheblame(forsth.)(對某事)承擔責任即學即練toblame

blameme

laid/puttheblamewhoisonforBlamedtoblameBeingblamed教材原句5Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaces

whereallthosewho

diedhadlived.斯諾開始在地圖上標注所有死者生活的精確地址。句式分析：where引導定語從句，先行詞為_____，where在定語從句中做______；who引導定語從句，先行詞為_______，who在從句中作_____。主語places狀語thoseItseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.havesth.done結構so….that引導結果狀語從句Itseemedthat…“看來……”,that引導表語從句教材原句6這位婦女似乎非常喜歡水泵里的水，所以每天都讓人送到她家去。It＋不及物動詞(短語)＋that從句.b常用于該句型結構有：Itseemedthat...(看上去)Ithappenedthat…(碰巧)Itturnedoutthat…(證明是)Itappearedthat...(顯得)

“have＋賓語＋賓語補足語”的用法有以下幾種：havesb./sth.doing

讓某人做某事(動作具有持續(xù)、進行含義)havesb.do

讓某人做某事（省略to）havesth.done

讓/請別人做某事；遭受到___________________wewerewrong.結果證明我們錯了。_______________________hewasoutthatday.碰巧他那天出去了。Theyhadthecar___________(run)alltheway.Shehadplannedtohaveherdaughter_______(marry)Laurie.Asweleftwehadaphotograph_________(take)together.IthappenedthatItturnedoutthatmarryrunningtakenItseemstomeIthappenedthatsowellthatsolovelyagirlthat/suchalovelygirlthathadherhaircuthavethemachinerunning即學即練Para.4&5

顯示A與B間的聯(lián)系

未處理的廢棄物

更容易做某事

純浄水或開水

世界各地霍亂的威脅

大幅降低

多虧

通過使用地圖和數(shù)據(jù)

改變了科學家研究疾病的方式

被譽為現(xiàn)代流行病學之父showalinkbetweenAandBrawwastebelikelytodopureorboiledwatethethreatofcholeraasubstantialdecreasethankstouseofmapsandstatisticstransformthewayscientistsstudydiseasesbeconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology

事情的真相是寬街水泵抽上來的水被廢棄物污染了。此外，斯諾之后還證明了另外幾起霍亂病例與倫敦多家飲用水公司有關。有些公司出售的水取自被未處理的廢棄物污染的泰晤士河。與飲用純浄水或開水的人相比，飲用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍亂。

經(jīng)過斯諾的不懈努力，飲用水公司開始出售潔凈水，世界各地霍亂的威脅大幅降低。然而，霍亂仍是問題。每年全球有數(shù)百萬人感染霍亂，其中許多人因此喪生。幸運的是，由于約翰?斯諾的努力，我們現(xiàn)在知道了如何預防霍亂。此外，通過使用地圖和數(shù)據(jù)，斯諾改變了科學家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯諾被譽為現(xiàn)代流行病學之父。7.link[l??k]:n.[C]聯(lián)系;紐帶;鏈接&v.把...連接起來;相關聯(lián)單句語法填空

1.Yourinnovationsshouldbelinked___ourschoollifeandbeabletomakeourlifebetterandmoreconvenient.2.Theywentontothetown,wheretheylinked___withtheotherparty.3.Therearealotofwireless________(link)inaradio.4.地鐵將把機場與市中心連接起來。Asubwayline__________________________thecitycenter.up

link…to/with…把…與…連接/聯(lián)系起來、=connectAto/withB=joinAtoBbelinkedto/with…與……有關=beassociatedwith=beconnectedwith=berelatedtolinkup連接，結合alinkbetween…and……和…之間的聯(lián)系to

linkswilllinktheairportwith/to8.

transform[tr?ns'f??m]:v.使改觀;使改變形態(tài);改變;轉變transformAintoB(fromc)

把A變成BAbetransformedintoB(fromc)A被變成Btransformer

n.促使改變的人或物；變壓器transformation

n.[C&U]改變;轉化Wecantransformelectricityinto

lightenergyaswellasintoheatenergy.=Electricitycanbetransformedintolightenergyaswellasintoheatenergy(byus).“把……變成……”的表達方式還有：(1)translate...into...把…變成…；把…翻譯成…(2)change/turn...into...把……變成……(3)divide...into...把…變成…；把…劃分成…教材原句6.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewho

drankpureorboiledwater.前后兩個who均引導定語從句。句式分析

：“thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease”是一個以無生命的名詞詞組作主語的句式。“無生命的名詞＋see/find/witness…”意為“……經(jīng)歷、發(fā)生、見證、目睹某事”。有些動詞，如see,find,witness等，可以用地點或時間名