非謂語動(dòng)詞語法講解

2021/5/91I.非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)形式對(duì)照表：

及物與不及物

語態(tài)類別時(shí)態(tài)vt.vi.主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)ing一般式:(與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生)makingbeingmadegoing完成式:(先與謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)havingmade(不作定語）havingbeenmade(不作定語）havinggone(不作定語）ed只有一般式:(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后，只說明原因、條件等)×made(表被動(dòng)）gone(表完成）inf一般式:(與謂語動(dòng)詞(幾乎)同時(shí)發(fā)生)tomaketobemadetogo完成式:(先與謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)tohavemadetohavebeenmadetohavegone進(jìn)行式:(在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)tobemaking×tobegoing2021/5/922.非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可作的語法成份

成份類別主語賓語表語定語賓補(bǔ)

狀語時(shí)間條件原因目的結(jié)果方式讓步伴隨不定式×××現(xiàn)在分詞××××過去分詞××××動(dòng)名詞××2021/5/931.非謂語動(dòng)詞大都可在句中作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語等.1.Toseeyouisglad.=It’sgladtoseeyou.2.Iwanttoseeyou.3.Iwanthimtoseeyou.4.Myhopeistoseeyou.5.Heisthemantoseeyou.6.I’mgladtoseeyou.7.Iwenttoseeyou.8.Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou（作主語）(作賓語）（作賓補(bǔ)）(作表語）（作定語）（作原因狀語）（作目的狀語）（作結(jié)果狀語）2021/5/941.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.2.Heenjoysswimming.3.Ifoundhim

swimmingintheriver.4.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.5.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.6.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.(作主語）(作賓語）(作賓補(bǔ)）(作表語）(作定語）(作狀語）2021/5/951.Thiscupisbroken.2.Thisisabrokencup.3.Ifoundthecupbroken.4.BrokenbyTom,thecupcan’tbeused.★過去分詞一般不作主語、賓語.(作表語(作表語）(作賓語補(bǔ)足語）(作狀語）2021/5/963.分詞的用法比較A.在時(shí)態(tài)上1.Chinaisadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping.2.Japanisadevelopedcountry=acountrywhichhasdeveloped.3.Ifoundhimgone.=thathehadgone.(表完成）ing分詞表“進(jìn)行”ed分詞表“完成”2021/5/97▲B.在語態(tài)上，ing分詞表“主動(dòng)”，ed分詞表“被動(dòng)”（多為及物動(dòng)詞）1.Isawhimwritingashortnovel.=thathewaswritingashortnovel.2.HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyCharlesDickens.=whichwaswrittenbyCharlesDichens.▲在概念上，ing.表“抽象、習(xí)慣”,不定式表“具體、偶然、將來”.*Swimming(抽象）ismyfavouritesportandIlikeswimming(習(xí)慣）everyday,butIdon’tliketoswim(具體）today,Iwouldliketoswim(將來）tomorrow.2021/5/98▲C.分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，只能用作狀語.Theplatformhavingbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.×1.Theplatform

built

willbeusedtoperformon.√Theplatformwhichhasbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.√2.Havinggivenheropinionaboutthebuilding,sheleftthemeeting.

Havingbeenusedforalongtime,thecomputerneedsrepairing.

作定語作狀語2021/5/99D.▲ed+主句（不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后）;Beinged+主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）;Havingbeened+主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后）如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后可用ed,一般式來代替.

1.UsedasameansoftrafficinChina,thebikeisveryuseful.

WritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread2.Beingusedbymenow,thebikecan’tbelenttoyou.3.Havingbeenusedformanyyears,thebikeneedsrepairing.Havingbeentoldseveraltimes,

可以寫成=Toldseveraltimes,hecouldn’tunderstandwhatImeant.2021/5/910

4.非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別

不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：

⑴.下列動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語：

aim,ask,dare,appear,arrange,demand,help,hesitate,pay,plan,wait,fail,seek,prepare,happen,mean,prove,expect,wish,hope,decide,refuse,offer,learn,agree,choose,promise,pretend,manage,care,determine,afford等。如：Heofferedtohelpus.Ididn'texpecttofindyouhere．

Theyrefusedtoaccepthisinvitation．

Thelittleboypretendedtobeasleepwhenhismothercamein．2021/5/911(2)下列動(dòng)詞通常用~ing形式作賓語：admit,report,appreciate,deny,

explain,mention,resist,stand,stop,imagine,recall,suggest,mind,finish,enjoy,keep,practise,miss,avoid,delay,excuse,escape,consider,advise等。如：1）Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere?2）Thegirlwastoldtopractiseplayingthepianoforthreehourseveryday．

3）Goodnewskeepscoming.Tinasuggestedspendingtheweekendonherfarm．

2021/5/912(3)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接~ing形式意義相近：like，love,hate,dislike,begin,start,prefer，continue,intend，attempt等.e.g：Iprefermaking(tomake)anoutlinebeforeIdomyoralcomposition．

Wealllikeplaying(toplay)tabletennis．但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別：*指具體某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常的行為常用~ing形式.如：Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind．(慣常行為)Ihatetosayso，butreallyIcan'tgowithyou．(具體某次行為)2021/5/913Iprefertostayathometoday．(具體某次行為)Hepreferswalkingtocycling．(慣常行為)*一般說來不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式如：IbegantorealizeIhadbeenwrong.Wehatetolosethechance.Nowwearebeginningtoseeitmoreclearly.

2021/5/914(4)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接~ing形式意義不同：①stoptodo停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事/stopdoing停下正在做的事e.g.：Seeinganoldmancarryingabigbag,Istoppedtohelphim．

Hearingthebell,thestudentsstoppedplayingandranintotheclassroom．②forgettodo忘記做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘記曾做過某事(此事已做)Heforgottoposttheletterwhenhewalkedpastthepostoffice．

I'llneverforgetseeinghimforthefirsttime．2021/5/915③remembertodo記得要做某事(此事未做)/rememberdoing記得某事已做過(此事已做)e.g.：Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere．

Youmustremembertotakeyourumbrellawhenyouleavehome．④goontodo繼續(xù)做另一件事goondoing接著做同一件事e.g.：Shestoodupandshookhandswithme,andthenshewentonwritingsomething．

AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel．⑤trytodo企圖／想做某事trydoing試著做某事(看看有什么后果發(fā)生)e.g.：Wetriedtopersuadehimtogowithus,buthewouldn’tlisten．

Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.2021/5/916⑥meantodo(意思是)打算做某事meandoing意味著做某事

e.g.：Revolutionmeanslibratingtheproductiveforce．Sorry,Ididn'tmeantohurtyou．⑦regrettodo遺憾地做某事(通常后接say,tell等動(dòng)詞)/regretdoing后悔做了某事e.g.：Iregrettotellthatyoudidn’tpasstheexamagain．Heregrettedhavingtoldherthebadnews．2021/5/917(5)動(dòng)詞如：(permit,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider)advisesbtodosth\advisedoingsth①advisesbtodosthe.g.：Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate.Pleasepermitmetointroducemyselftoyoufirst．

Yousurelycan'tconsiderhimtobeaselfishman．

Myparentsforbidmetostayoutaftermid-night．

Iallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes.2021/5/918*注意：*在imagine／consider后通常用“tobe…”作賓語補(bǔ)足語。tobe有時(shí)可省略。e.g.：You'dbetterimagineyourself(tobe)inhisplace．Thesituationwasconsidered(tobe)prettygood．*在consider后，作賓補(bǔ)不定式主要是tobe，行為動(dòng)詞todo則多用tohavedone形式。如:Weallconsideredhimtohavetoldalie.2021/5/919advise／permit／allow／admit／forbid／imagine／considerdoingsth.e.g.：Thelittleboyadmittedhavingbrokentheglass．Theyshouldn'tallowparkinginthestreet;it'stoonarrow.Canyouimaginemybeingsostupid?Iforbidsmokinginmyhouse．Wedonotpermitsmokingintheoffice．2021/5/920即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑴

用所給動(dòng)詞的todo或~doing形式填空：1)LittleTomregretted____(waste)somuchtimeplayingcomputergames.2)Theywereexpecting____(get)theresultsoftheexamination.3)Willyouadvisemewhichofthem____(buy)?4)Onthebustheyoungmanpretended____(notsee)theoldwomanstandingbesidehim.havingwasted

toget

tobuy

nottosee

2021/5/9215)WeallconsiderJohn_____(be)anhonestboy.6)Ourbossforbids_____(chat)duringofficehours.7)Therulesdonotpermitplayers____(step)outofbounds.8)Theboybeggedtopermithim____(explain).9)Theyoungmanimagined_____(live)onalonelyisland.10)Itwasuselesstoforbidchildren____(play)here.toplay

livingtoexplain

tostep

chatting

tobe

2021/5/92211)Whyhavetheydelayed_____(open)thenewschool?12)Sheenjoys______(practise)_______(dance)beforethelargemirror.13)Bytakingthebackway,heescaped______(see).14)I’dprefer______(stay)herewaitingforhisarrival.15)Asthemeetingwasbeginning,weallstopped____(talk).opening

practicing

beingseen

tostay

talking

dancing

2021/5/92316)ThiskindofcarisnicebutIcan’tafford____(buy)one.17)I’msorryIforgot____(tell)youaboutthemeeting.18)Shetried____(comfort)mebysayingsomefunnythings19)Goingonwaitingheremeans____(waste)ourtime.20)Theywenton____(work)inthefieldsinspiteoftheheavyrain.working

wasting

comforting

totell

tobuy

2021/5/9242)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞用來說明主語的性質(zhì)，可用very來修飾。如：Thenewsissurprising.(surprising用來說明Thenews的性質(zhì).可以說verysurprising.)Hiswordswereencouraging.(encouraging用來說明Hiswords的性質(zhì).可以說veryencouraging.)*動(dòng)名詞和主語說的是同一件事，不可用very來修飾。如：MyjobisteachingEnglish.(Myjob=teachingEnglish,不可說veryteachingEnglish.)Teachingisalsolearning.(Teaching=learning,不可說verylearning.)2021/5/925(2)注意現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別。如：Hisviewisveryalarming(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì))Whathelikestodoisstayingathomealoneandreading.(動(dòng)名詞作表語表示的是某一件事情)HeiswatchingthefootballgameonTV.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行)*過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別。如：Mybikeisbroken.(broken形容詞作表語，表示“狀態(tài)”)。

MybikewasbrokenbyJim．(動(dòng)詞過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示“動(dòng)作”)2021/5/926(3)還要注意現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語在意義上的區(qū)別。*過去分詞作表語表示人的感覺，主語通常是人?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示事物本身的特點(diǎn)，主語通常是事物。如：I'minterestedinEnglish．(我的感覺，覺得有趣.Thefilmisinteresting．(電影本身的特點(diǎn)是使人有趣.)類似情況還有：surprising~surprised,exciting~excited,tiring~tired,disappointing~disappointed,encouraging~encouraged，

interesting~interested，amazed~amazing,bored~boring,pleasing~pleased,astonishing~astonished.2021/5/927即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑵用所給動(dòng)詞的todo或~doing形式填空：1)Thejourneywasquite______．(tire)2)Thestoryisvery________．Weare_______init．(interest)3、Theresultoftheexammademe_________．(disappoint)4)Thiswasreallyan_______moment．(excite)5)The___________boycouldn'tbelievehisears．(astonish)tiringinteresteddisappointedexcitingastonishedinteresting2021/5/928即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑵6)Itwasa______story．Wedidn'twanttolistenagain．(bore)7)Heseemedquite_______attheidea．(delight)8)Theproblemwasquite________．(press)9)Thepresentsituationis_________．(encourage)10)Iwas_______atwhatshesaid．(puzzle)boringdelightedpressingencouragingpuzzled2021/5/9294)不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語的區(qū)別：(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou．

Thepoorchildrenhadlittletoeat．它和被修飾的名詞有時(shí)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：Thereissomebooksforyoutoread．(可看成：toreadsomebooks)I'dliketogetsomethingtodrink．(可看成：todrinksomething)2021/5/930如果這這個(gè)作定語的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，注意不可忽略不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。如：Ineedapentowritewith．(可看成：towritewiththepen)Shenowhasnothingtoworryabout．(可看成：toworryaboutnothing)2021/5/931(2)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語的區(qū)別*現(xiàn)在分詞和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。單個(gè)分詞作定語放在被修飾的名詞的前面，分詞短語放在被修飾的名詞的后面。如：Afishingboywasseensittingattheendoftheboat.(afishingboy=aboywhowasfishing)Thesoldierridingahorsewasmybrother．(thesoldierridingahorse=thesoldierwhowasridingahorse)*動(dòng)名詞用來說明用途，和被修飾的名詞在邏輯上無主謂關(guān)系。動(dòng)名詞作定語只能放在被修飾的名詞的前面。如：Therewasonlyonefishingboatontheriver．

(afishingboat=aboatusedforfishing)Theoldmanneedsawalkingstickwhenhegoesout．

(awalkingstick=astickusedforwalking)2021/5/932(3)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語有時(shí)在時(shí)態(tài)上有區(qū)別：*不定式作定語表示將來的動(dòng)作。如：Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonthisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver．*現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：Thebridgebeingbuiltnowisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver．*過去分詞作定語表示已完成的動(dòng)作。如：Thebridgebuiltlastyearisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver．2021/5/933即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑶用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：1)Theman__________(question)inthepolicestationnowisaspy．2)Aman_______(respect)otherswillberespected．3)shecanfindnoone_______(make)friendswith．4)Isthereanybody_______(answer)thequestion?5)Halfoftheguests_______(invite)totheconferencewereforeigners.beingquestionedrespectingtomaketoanswerinvited2021/5/9346)Shewouldbethebest_______(agree)theopinion．7)Thematter_________(discuss)isveryimportant．8)Thatistheway_________(operate)themachine．9)Shewasthenaprofessor_______(love)byallherstudents．10)Withmuchmoney________(spend)，theboyformedabadhabit．toagreebeingdiscussedtooperatelovedtospend2021/5/9355)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別：*現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。如：Isawhimfallingoffhisbikejustatthatmoment．

(看到他時(shí)他正從自行車上掉下來。)Hefoundhimselflyingonthegroundwhenhecametohimself．

(他蘇醒過來時(shí)正躺在地上。)*不定式作賓補(bǔ)和賓語在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程。如：Isawhimfalloffhisbikeandhurthisleftleg．2021/5/936(看到他從自行車上掉下來，并且摔傷了腿。動(dòng)作有先后，是全過程。)Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight．

(他們被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在干活。)*過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：Iheardmynamecalledbysomeone．

(我的名字被叫，myname和called是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.(重?fù)?dān)被卸下來了，agreatweight和takenoff是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)2021/5/937即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑷用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：1)Imeanttobuyaneveningpaper,butIdidn'tseeanyone______(sell)them.2)Iknowthat____(be)afact.3)Pauldoesn'thavetobemade______(learn).Healwaysworkhard.4)Thepatientwaswarned_______(noteat)aftertheexamine.5)JustnowIsawaman______(walk)inthestreet,withalittlegirl_______(seat)onhisshoulder．sellingtobetolearnnottoeatwalkingseated2021/5/9386)Theladylovedtohaveherluggage_______(weigh).7)Whodidtheteacherhave_______(clean)theblackboardjustnow?8)Businessesarebeginning______(develop)newmethodsofreachingcustomers.9)Thethiefwascaught______(steal)goodsinthesupermarketagain．10)---WhathappenedtoMr.Whiteearlythismorning?---Oh，hewasseen______(knock)downandthedriver_______(drive)away．weighedcleantodevelopstealingknockeddrove2021/5/9396)不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別：

不定式作狀語表示：原因，結(jié)果，目的；

分詞作狀語表示：原因，結(jié)果，時(shí)間，伴隨情況(1)不定式和分詞表示原因時(shí)的區(qū)別：*不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容詞后，用來說明產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因。如：Iwassoexcitedtohearthenews．(不定式tohearthenews表示激動(dòng)的原因。)．Weweresurprisedtoseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage．(不定式toseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage表示驚訝的原因。)*分詞表示原因時(shí)，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：Beingamonitor,shetakesleadineverything．

(Beingamonitor=Asshewasamonitor)KnowingsomeEnglish,heofferedtobeaninterviewerforus.(KnowingsomeEnglish=AsheknewsomeEnglish)2021/5/940(2)不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時(shí)的區(qū)別：*不定式表示結(jié)果，含有沒有預(yù)料到的情況的意味。如：Igotuponlytofinditwasrainingoutside．(起來時(shí)沒有料到在下雨。)Hewastooexcitedtosayaword．(太激動(dòng)了說不出話，是沒有預(yù)料到的情況。)*分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況。如：Hisparentsdied，leavinghimalotofmoney．(父母去世，錢留給兒子。這是自然的事。)Theoutputofirondecreasedby23％lastyear,reaching80，000tons．

(產(chǎn)量下降，到了80，000噸，這是必然結(jié)果。)2021/5/941即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑸用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：1)--Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?--_______(select)newofficers．2)_______(get)backmystory,herefusedtheinvitation．3)Thebeautifulgirltriedtokillherselfonly_________(save)．4)When________(face)withastrongenemy,theyhadalwaysretreated．5)______(wear)outafteralongwalk,Henrycalledandsaidhecouldn'tcome．ToselectTogettobesavedfacedWorn2021/5/9426)Hewassaidtohaverefusedagiftfromher,________(know)thatitmeantabribe.7)Thepresidentexpressedhissatisfactionwiththeco-operation,______(add)thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere．8)Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers_______(inform)ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon．9)_________________(allow)todevelophistalent,hecouldbecomeanexcellentartist．10)_______________(invite)togotocamping,Paulorderedanewsleepingbag．knowingaddinginformedHavingbeenallowedHavingbeeninvited2021/5/9434．使用非謂語動(dòng)詞的注意事項(xiàng)：1)動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問代詞或副詞when，what,where,why,who,whom,which,how一起構(gòu)成不定式短語，但不說whytodo(~Whynotdo…?，它表達(dá)一種建議，和此部分所說的todo無關(guān)。)“疑問代詞或副詞+todo”的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句。如：Myteacherdidn'ttellmewhattodonext．(=whatIshoulddonext)Hesaidheknewhowtodoit．(=howheshoulddoit)ThisisthefirsttimeIhavecometothisdry．Idon'tknowwhichwaytogo(=whichwayIshouldgo)2021/5/9444．使用非謂語動(dòng)詞的注意事項(xiàng)：2)形式主語和形式賓語*形式主語：當(dāng)作主語的不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語過長，謂語部分太短，常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放到后面，以保持句子的平衡。如：Itiseasytoworkoutthisproblem．Itismydutytohelpthepeoplewhoareintrouble．*形式賓語：當(dāng)作賓語的不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語過長，賓補(bǔ)部分太短，常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放到賓補(bǔ)后面，亦為保持句子的平衡。如:Ifounditeasytoanswerthisquestion．Wethinkitnogoodgivinglittlechildrentoomuchmoney．2021/5/9453)不定式符號(hào)的省略(1)兩個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，后一個(gè)常省去to。

Itoldhertostayandwaitformetocomeback．但表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，要帶to。

Hehasn'tdecidedtostayatschoolortogohome.(2)在下列句型中不定式符號(hào)to常省去。*Whynotdo…?*…wouldratherdo…thando…*You'dbetterdo...*…donothingbutdo…/…h(huán)avenothingtodobutdo…(3)簡短回答中的不定式符號(hào)to后的動(dòng)詞常省去，有時(shí)to亦省去。

--Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithus?--I'dloveto.2021/5/946(4)有些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式不帶to。這些動(dòng)詞是：see,watch,notice，lookat，hear,listento,feel，make，have,et…等感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞。

這些動(dòng)詞如果用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，后面的不定式要帶to。

Hisfathermadehimwritetwentymoresentences．

Hewasmadetowritetwentymoresentencesbyhisfather．

help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to。也可以不帶to。

Ioftenhelp(to)dohouseworkathome．(5)被省略的不定式是作助動(dòng)詞用的have或be時(shí)，要保留這些助動(dòng)詞。

Heisnotwhatheusedtobe．

--Didhetellyoutoattendthemeeting?-No，Ioughttohavebeen．2021/5/9474)分詞作狀語時(shí)，分詞前可加連詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

Whenheated,icecanbechangedintowater．

Thoughtired,Iwentonwiththework.

Whilewalkinginthestreet,Isawaroadaccident．5)分詞表伴隨情況，其動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)作須同時(shí)發(fā)生。

Ihadtostayinthehotel，waitingforthecartocome．

Theystoodthere,listeningtothebroadcast．但是如果是連續(xù)的有先后的幾個(gè)動(dòng)作，就不能用分詞表伴隨情況。

Hefinishedhisworkquickly,thenwenttothekitchenandbegantocooksupper．

Theboyfelloffthetreeandbrokehisleftleg.2021/5/9486)不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)：(1)不定式-tohavedone，tobedone，

tohavebeendone

現(xiàn)在分詞-havingdone,beingdone，

havingbeendone

過去分詞只有一種形式-done.(2)在plan,hope,expect,would(should)like,mean等動(dòng)詞后的不定式的完成時(shí)表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。

Ihopedtohaveseenher．(ButIdidn'tseeher)Theyexpectedtohavefoundhiminthecave．(Buttheyfailedtofindhim．)2021/5/9497)不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語：

(1)不定式的邏輯主語：-for\ofsb+todosth

如：It'simpossibleforhimtomovesuchabigstone．

Thequestionistoohardforalittlechildtoanswer．*但表示性質(zhì)的adj(good，nice,kind,rude,polite,impolite,clever,wise,stupid,silly,foolish,right,wrong)等而用介詞of。

It'scleverofhimtodoso．

It'spoliteofyoutomakeroomfortheoldman(2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語：-sb's+doing

如：LittleFranz'sbeinglateagainfortheschoolmadetheteacherveryangry.*但動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)邏輯主語可用普通格或人稱代詞的賓格，邏輯主語用普通格。

Isuggestedhim(his)goingtherebytaxi.DidyouenjoyZhoujielunsingingattheconcert?2021/5/950(3)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語：一分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者和句子的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不一致時(shí)，分詞前必須有自己的主語，稱為分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。

Weatherpermitting,we'llhaveafieldtriptomorrow．

Motherbeingin，Ihadtostayathometolookafterher．*但有些分詞作狀語屬習(xí)慣用法，分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語可以不一致。如：Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface,hehadfailedthedrivingtestagain．

Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.2021/5/9518)注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法*在thefirst,thesecond…，thelast和only之后，只能用todo。如：Hewasthelasttoleavetheclassroom．*如果understand，realize,know用在begin,start,attempt,intend后，只能用todo。如：Ibegantounderstandthetruth．*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo,而用inordernottodo或soasnottodo。如：(√)Inordernottobeseen,hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow．

(×)Nottobeseen,hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow．

(√)Hecameintotheroomthroughthewindowsoasnottobeseen．*soastodo一般不放在句首。

(√)Hegetupatfivethismorningsoastocatchtheearlybus．

(X)Soastocatchtheearlybus，hegotupatfivethismorning．2021/5/9529)非謂語動(dòng)詞的常用句型*Ittakes+時(shí)間+todo…*…spend／waste+時(shí)間，金錢+doing…*…h(huán)adbetter+do…．*…wouldrather+do…thando…．*…prefer+todo／doing…．*It'snouse／good+doing…*It'sawasteoftime+doing…*…beworth+doing…．／beworthyof+beingdone．／2021/5/953非謂語動(dòng)詞的常用句型*It'sworthwhile+doing*Wouldyoumind+doing...?*Wouldyoulike/care+todo...?*...havenochoicebut+todo..../..,donothingbut+do*...too...+todo*...need/want/require+doing*...beusedto+doing(習(xí)慣做－－)*...havesb+do/havesb(sth)+doinghavesth+done*...happened+todo2021/5/954即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑹

用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：1)Thefluisbelieved________(cause)byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.2)Whenfirst_________(introduce)themarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.3)Helenhadtoshout_______(make)herself_______(hear)abovethesoundofthemusic.4)When______(compare)withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.5)Youweresillynot__________(lock)yourcar.tobecausedintroducedtomakeheardcomparedtohavelocked2021/5/9556)Victorapologizedhis_______(notbe)abletoinformmeofthechangeintheplan.7)Afterhisjourneyfromabroad,RichardJonesreturnedhome,_________(exhaust).8)Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledtothethief__________(catch).9)Generally______(speak),When_____(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.