2018年江西師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院211翻譯碩士英語考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.Vocabulary(1×1,10points)Directions:Foreachunderlinedwordorphrase,choosethebestalternativeA,B,CorD.undereach.1.TheArtNouveaustylewasamajorforceinthedecorativeartsfrom1895until1915,althoughitsinfluencecontinuedthroughoutthemid-1920’s.Itwaseventuallytobe

overtaken

byanewschoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathadbeenpresentsincetheturnofthecentury.A.surpassedB.inclinedC.expressedD.applied【答案】A【解析】句意：自1895年至1915年，新藝術(shù)派是裝飾藝術(shù)的主要力量，直至二十世紀(jì)二十年代中期其影響也仍在持續(xù)。新藝術(shù)派最終讓一種稱為實(shí)用主義的新式思想替代了，這一思想直至世紀(jì)之交仍存在。overtaken此處意為“超過，替代”，與surpass同義。incline傾向，傾斜。express表達(dá)。apply應(yīng)用，運(yùn)用。因此，本題正確答案為A。2.Duringmostoftheirlives,surgeglaciersbehavelikenormalglaciers,travelingperhapsonlyacoupleofinchesperday.However,at

intervals

of10to100years,theseglaciersmoveforwardupto100timesfasterthanusual.A.recordsB.speedsC.distancesD.periods【答案】D【解析】句意：涌浪冰川在大多數(shù)時候和一般的冰川一樣，一天平均只前進(jìn)幾英尺。但每相隔十年到百年不等，這些冰川便會以比平時快百倍的速度向前奔涌。interval表示時間上的間隔。period指一段時期。兩者意義相近。record記錄，記載。speed速度。distance距離。因此，本題正確答案為D。3.Theincreasingwaterpressureundertheglaciermightliftitoffitsbed,overcomingthefrictionbetweeniceandrock,thus

freeing

theglacier,whichrapidlyslidersdownhill.Surgeglaciersalsomightbeinfluencedbytheclimate,volcanicheat,orearthquakes.A.pushingB.releasingC.strengtheningD.draining【答案】B【解析】句意：冰川下方的水壓持續(xù)上升得以讓冰川克服冰與石塊之間的摩擦力并離開河床這樣一來就釋放了冰川，它們迅速向下方奔流。涌浪冰川還有可能受氣候，火山熱量以及地震影響。free此處指釋放，與release意思相近。push推動。strengthen加強(qiáng)，鞏固。drain排水。因此，本題正確答案為B。4.AfloodoficewouldthensurgeintotheSouthernSea.Withthecontinuedriseinsealevel,moreicewould

plunge

intotheocean,causingsealevelstoriseevenhigher,whichinturnwouldreleasemoreiceandsetinmotionaviciouscycle.A.dropB.extendC.meltD.drift【答案】A【解析】句意：一支冰川會在之后匯入南海。隨著海平面的持續(xù)上升，更多的冰塊會陷入海洋，導(dǎo)致海平面進(jìn)一步上升。這反過來會釋放更多的冰塊，造成一種惡性循環(huán)。plunge此處為“陷入；匯入”之意，與drop（落入，投入）意思相近。extend延伸。melt融化。drift流動。因此，本題正確答案為A。5.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone.”Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthe

collective

well-beingofasocialgroup’smembers.A.necessaryB.typicalC.groupD.particular【答案】C【解析】句意：小組成員們指望著有能力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們?nèi)ネ瓿晒ぷ?。在另一方面，有表現(xiàn)力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力體現(xiàn)在看重社會組織成員們的共同幸福。由后面的groupmembers可知此處指集體。group表示“集體，團(tuán)體”。因此，本題正確答案為C。6.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtryto

resolve

issuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.A.avoidrepeatingB.talkaboutC.avoidthinkingaboutD.findasolutionfor【答案】D【解析】句意：他們會在別人遇到困難或是受罰時給予同情，能在緊張時刻迅速用幽默來緩和氣氛，努力解決那些有可能使團(tuán)隊分崩離析的問題。resolve此處指解決問題，與findasolutionfor同義。avoidrepeating避免重復(fù)某事。talkabout談?wù)?。avoidthinkingabout避免去想某事。其余三個選項(xiàng)均與題意不符。因此，本題正確答案為D。7.Thousandsoftonswereextractedbefore1875,whenitwasfirst

noticed

thatthetarcontainedfossilremains.Majorexcavationswereundertakenthatestablishedthesignificanceofthisremarkablesite.A.predictedB.announcedC.correctedD.observed【答案】D【解析】句意：人們首次注意到焦油中包含了化石遺留物之后，直至1875前已經(jīng)提取了成千上萬噸焦油。大型挖掘工程的開展確立了此處遺址的重要地位。notice意為“注意到”，與observe意思相近。predict預(yù)測。announce宣告。correct改正。因此，本題正確答案為D。8.Sincethen,over100tonsoffossils,1.5millionfromvertebrates,2.5millionfrominvertebrates,havebeenrecovered,oftenindenselyconcentrated

tangled

masses.A.buriedbeneathB.twistedtogetherC.quicklyformedD.easilydated【答案】B【解析】句意：自那之后發(fā)現(xiàn)了上百噸化石，其中150萬來自于脊椎動物，250萬來自于無脊椎動物。這些化石經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)于集中混合在一起的土堆中。tangled此處表示糾纏混合在一起的，與twistedtogether同義。burybeneath深埋于。quicklyform迅速形成。easilydate很容易鑒定出年代。其余選項(xiàng)均沒有“混合，糾纏”之意。因此，本題正確答案為B。9.TheasphaltatLaBreaseepstothesurface,especiallyinthesummer,andformsshallowpuddlesthatwouldoftenhavebeen

concealed

byleavesanddust.A.highlightedB.coveredC.transformedD.contaminated【答案】B【解析】句意：位于拉布雷亞的瀝青特別容易在夏天滲出表面，形成淺淺的水坑，經(jīng)常讓落葉和塵土掩埋住。conceal此處意為“隱藏，遮住”，與cover同義。highlight突出，強(qiáng)調(diào)。transform改變。contaminate污染。因此，本題正確答案為B。10.Theoceanbottom—aregionnearly2.5timesgreaterthanthetotallandareaoftheEarthisavastfrontierthateventodayislargelyunexploredanduncharted,untilaboutacenturyago,thedeep-oceanfloorwascompletely

inaccessible,hiddenbeneathwatersaveragingover3,600metersdeep.A.unrecognizableB.unreachableC.unusableD.unsafe【答案】B【解析】句意：海洋底部大約是地球陸地面積的3.5倍大，迄今為止是一片尚未開發(fā)的未知地域。直到一個世紀(jì)之前，海洋底部還是完全無法接近的，深藏在平均3600米深的海水之下。inaccessible意為“無法到達(dá)的，無法接近的”，與unreachable意思相同。unrecognizable難以辨認(rèn)的。unusable不能用的。unsafe不安全的。因此，本題正確答案為B。Ⅱ.Cloze(1×1,20points)Directions:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Organizedvolunteeringandworkexperiencehaslongbeenavitalcompaniontouniversitydegreecourses.Usuallyitisleftto(11)______todeducethepotentialfromalistofextracurricularadventuresonagraduate’sresume,(12)______nowtheUniversityofBristolhaslaunchedanawardtoformalizetheachievementsofstudentswho(13)______timetoactivitiesoutsidetheircourses.BristolPLUSaimstobooststudentsinanincreasingly(14)______jobmarketbyhelpingthemacquireworkandlifeskillsalongside(15)______qualifications.“Ourstudentsareaprettyactivebunch,butwefoundthattheydidn’t(16)______appreciatethevalueofwhattheydid(17)______thelecturehall,”saysJeffGoodman,directorofcareersandemployabilityattheuniversity.“Employersaremuchmore(18)______thantheyusedtobe.Theyusedtolookfor(19)______andsawitaspartoftheirjobtoextractthevalueofanapplicant’sskills.Nowtheywantstudentstobeabletoexplainwhythoseskillsare(20)______tothejob.”Studentswhosign(21)______—fortheawardwillbeexpectedtocomplete50hoursofworkexperienceor(22)______work,attendfourworkshopsonemploy-abilityskills,takepartinanintensiveskills-relatedactivity(23)______,crucially,writeasummaryoftheskillstheyhavegained.(24)______effortswillgainanOutstandingAchievementAward.Thosewho(25)______bestonthesportsfieldcantaketheSportingPlusAwardwhichfostersemployer-friendlysportsaccomplishments.Theexperiencedoesnothavetobe(26)______organized.“We’renotjustinterestedineasilyidentifiableskills,”saysGoodman.“(27)______,onestudenttooktheleadindealingwithadifficultlandlordandso(28)______negotiationskills.Wetrytomaketheexperiencerelevanttoindividuallives.”Goodmanhopesthe(29)______willenableactivestudentstofillinanygapsintheirexperienceandencouragetheirless-active(30)______totakeupactivitiesoutsidetheiracademicareaofwork.11.A.advisorsB.specialistsC.criticsD.employers12.A.whichB.butC.unlessD.since13.A.divideB.devoteC.deliverD.donate14.A.harmoniousB.competitiveC.resourcefulD.prosperous15.A.artisticB.technicalC.academicD.interactive16.A.dominantlyB.earnestlyC.necessarilyD.gracefully17.A.outsideB.alongC.overD.through18.A.generousB.considerateC.enlighteningD.demanding19.A.originB.initialC.popularityD.potential20.A.relevantB.responsiveC.reluctantD.respective21.A.outB.offC.awayD.up22.A.casualB.electiveC.domesticD.voluntary23.A.orB.thusC.soD.and24.A.OccasionalB.ExceptionalC.InformativeD.Relative25.A.performB.conveyC.circulateD.formulate26.A.roughlyB.randomlyC.formallyD.fortunately27.A.ForinstanceB.InessenceC.IncontrastD.Ofcourse28.A.demonstratedB.determinedC.operatedD.involved29.A.deviceB.sectionC.schemeD.distraction30.A.attendantsB.agentsC.membersD.peers【答案與解析】11.D

根據(jù)題意，老板們會從大量畢業(yè)生簡歷中的課外活動一欄來推斷求職者的潛能并以此做決定。從后文中的resume（簡歷）一詞可推斷此處指老板在審查簡歷。advisor顧問。specialist專家。critic批評家。employer雇主。故選D。12.B

由上一句話中的usually，以及后面出現(xiàn)的now可知此句應(yīng)填入的邏輯關(guān)系詞應(yīng)表示對比或轉(zhuǎn)折，故選B。13.B

根據(jù)題意，此獎?wù)秸J(rèn)可了那些花時間在課外活動上的學(xué)生們的成就。本題考查devote的固定搭配，devotetimetosth/doingsth花時間去做某事。divide分開。deliver交付。donate捐贈。故選B。14.B

根據(jù)上下文可知此項(xiàng)目希望在激烈的就業(yè)市場中鼓勵同學(xué)們。competitivejobmarket為固定搭配，意為“激烈的就業(yè)市場”。故選B。15.C

根據(jù)上下文，本句大意是此項(xiàng)目希望在日漸激烈的就業(yè)環(huán)境下鼓勵同學(xué)們在取得學(xué)術(shù)證書的同時獲取工作及生活技能。此空與“workandlifeskill”對比，應(yīng)選academic學(xué)術(shù)的。artistic藝術(shù)的。technical技術(shù)的。interactive相互影響的。故選C。16.C

根據(jù)題意，此處指我們的學(xué)生是很活躍的一群人，但他們卻不一定能欣賞得來課外活動的價值。necessarily與前面的否定詞連用，表示不一定的含義。故選C。17.A

根據(jù)上下文可知文章一直在強(qiáng)調(diào)課外活動的價值，此處表示“課外的”。outsidethelecturehall課堂之外的。故選A。18.D

根據(jù)前文可知就業(yè)市場日益激烈，推斷此處應(yīng)指雇主們比以前要求得更嚴(yán)格了。demanding要求高的。generous慷慨的。considerate體貼的。enlightening有啟發(fā)作用的。故選D。19.D

根據(jù)題意，雇主們曾經(jīng)尋找申請者們的潛力，將挖掘他們技能的價值看作自己工作的一部分。potential在一段中便出現(xiàn)過，此處再次呼應(yīng)，指潛能，潛力。origin起源。initial最初的。popularity流行。故選D。20.A

此處作者想表達(dá)的是雇主們現(xiàn)在希望學(xué)生們能夠自己解釋為什么那些技能與工作是相關(guān)的。relevant相關(guān)的。responsive響應(yīng)的，回應(yīng)的。reluctant勉強(qiáng)的。respective各自的，分別的。故選A。21.D

此處考查sign動詞的固定搭配。signupfor報名參加，注冊。本句大意是報名評選此榮譽(yù)的同學(xué)們需要有50小時的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。故選D。22.D

根據(jù)上下文，此處指前文“workexperience”的近義詞，voluntarywork志愿工作。casual偶然的。elective可選擇的。domestic家庭的。其余三項(xiàng)均無法代指工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，故選D。23.D

由題可推斷此處應(yīng)填入表示遞進(jìn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞。本句大意為除去擁有上述工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)外，更重要的是讓學(xué)生們寫一篇總結(jié)來整理他們所獲得的這些技能。故選D。24.B

根據(jù)句意，此處指卓越的成就將會獲得突出貢獻(xiàn)獎。occasional偶爾的。exceptional卓越的。informative提供信息的。relative相關(guān)的。故選B。25.A

此處指在運(yùn)動領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)得最好的學(xué)生可以領(lǐng)取突出運(yùn)動獎。perform表現(xiàn)。convey傳達(dá)。circulate循環(huán)，流通。formulate構(gòu)想出，規(guī)劃。故選A。26.C

由后文“easilyidentifiableskills”可知只要這些技能是很容易識別出來的就可以。因此這些工作經(jīng)歷可以是沒有經(jīng)過正式組織的。roughly粗糙地；大體上。randomly隨機(jī)地。fortunately幸運(yùn)地。故選C。27.A

根據(jù)上下文可知此處古特曼是舉了一個例子。比如學(xué)生們在與房東斡旋時表現(xiàn)了談判技能。故選A。28.A

本句大意是學(xué)生們在與房東談判時表現(xiàn)出了談判技能。demonstrate展示，證明。determine決定。operate運(yùn)行。involve包括。故選A。29.C

古特曼希望此項(xiàng)計劃能夠讓那些活躍的學(xué)生們彌補(bǔ)自己在工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的不足。根據(jù)前文可知本文是在探討一項(xiàng)認(rèn)可學(xué)生在工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的成就的計劃。scheme策劃。device設(shè)備。section部分。distraction注意力分散。故選C。30.D

根據(jù)題意可知古特曼希望那些積極的同學(xué)們可以鼓勵那些不太積極的伙伴們?nèi)⑴c課外活動。無論積極與否，同學(xué)們之間的地位是平等的。peer同等的人，同伴。attendant服務(wù)人員。agent代理人。member成員。故選D。Ⅲ.ReadingComprehension(1×2,30points)Directions:Thereare3passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritetheanswerontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Perhapsthemostobviouswayartisticcreationreflectshowpeopleliveisbymirroringtheenvironment-thematerialsandtechnologiesavailabletoaculture.Stone,wood,treebark,clay,andsandaregenerallyavailablematerials.Inaddition,dependingonthelocality,otherresourcesmaybeaccessible:shells,horns,gold,copper,andsilver.Thedifferentusestowhichsocietiesputthesematerialsareofinteresttoanthropologistswhomayask,forexample,whypeoplechoosetouseclayandnotcopperwhenbothitemsareavailable.Althoughtherearenoconclusiveanswersyet,thewayinwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparentinitschoiceanduseofartisticmaterials.Theuseofcertainmetals,forexample,maybereservedforceremonialobjectsofspecialimportance.Orthebeliefinthe

supernaturalpowersofastoneortree

maycauseasculptortobesensitivetothatmaterial.Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologististherealizationthatalthoughthematerialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextentlimitorinfluencewhat

it

candoartistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.WhydotheartistsinJapanesesocietyrakesandintopatterns;andtheartistsinRomansocietymeltsandtoformglass?Moreover,evenwhenthesamematerialisusedinthesamewaybymembersofdifferentsocieties,theformorstyleoftheworkvariesenormouslyfromculturetoculture.Asocietymaysimplychoosetorepresentobjectsorphenomenathatareimportanttoitspopulation.AnexaminationoftheartoftheMiddleAgestellsussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeologicaldoctrine.Inadditiontorevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsociety’sartmayalsoreflecttheculture’ssocialstratification.31.Accordingtothepassage,gold,copper,andsilverare_____.A.moredifficulttohandlethanwoodandB.oftheirstablesocialconditionsC.oftheuniquestylisticfeaturesoftheirartD.availableonlyinspecificlocations32.Whydoestheauthormentionthe“supernaturalpowersofastoneortree”inparagraph1?A.toshowthatsomesculptorsavoidworkingwithspecificmaterialsB.toemphasizetheunusualpropertiesofcertainmaterialsC.asanexampleofhowartcanbeinfluencedbyculturalbeliefsD.asanillustrationoftheimpactoftheenvironmentonreligiousbeliefs33.Theword“it”inparagraph2refersto_____.A.realizationB.societyC.extentD.influence34.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthormentionstheJapaneseandRomansocietiesbecause_____.A.theyinfluencedeachotherstoneB.commonlyusedbyartistsinallsocietiesC.essentialtocreateceremonialobjectsD.theyusedthesameartisticmaterialinverydifferentways35.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutsandaretrueEXCEPT_____.A.Itisusedtocreateglass.B.Romanartistsmixitintotheirpaints.C.Itsusevariesfromculturetoculture.D.Japaneseartistsuseittocreateartisticpatterns.【答案與解析】31.D

由題干中g(shù)old，copper，silver定位到第一段第三句。此句大意是由于位置原因，貝殼、角、金、銅、銀等物質(zhì)只在特定地方能找到。選項(xiàng)D的意為“只在特定位置可以得到”是原文的同義替換。故選D。32.C

由上下文可知作者舉石頭和樹的例子是為了證明社會對于環(huán)境的看法可以反映在對于藝術(shù)材料的選擇中。選項(xiàng)C“證明藝術(shù)是如何受文化信仰影響”與原文意思相近；選項(xiàng)A“表現(xiàn)出了一些雕刻家刻意回避使用某種材料”；選項(xiàng)B“強(qiáng)調(diào)某種材料的特殊特性”；選項(xiàng)D“舉例說明環(huán)境對于宗教信仰的影響”。選項(xiàng)ABD均在文中沒有體現(xiàn)，故選C。33.B

根據(jù)題意，此處指在某一社會中可以得到的那些材料盡管有可能會限制社會的藝術(shù)行為。此處應(yīng)填入一個表示某一主體的名詞。故選B。34.D

上文提到材料無法決定藝術(shù)家們要創(chuàng)作什么樣的物品。作者舉了日本以及羅馬沙子用于創(chuàng)作所制成的不同物品來例證這一觀點(diǎn)。這兩個國家盡管用的原材料是一樣的，但是日本的藝術(shù)家將沙子耙成不同圖案，羅馬的藝術(shù)家卻用沙子來制玻璃。故選D。35.B

本題可采用排除法。由第二段可知，日本的藝術(shù)家用沙子來耙成不同藝術(shù)圖案，羅馬的藝術(shù)家融化沙子來制玻璃。因此在不同文化中沙子的用途不盡相同。選項(xiàng)ACD均符合原文。故選B。PassageTwoQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Potash(theoldnameforpotassiumcarbonate)isoneofthetwoalkalis(theotherbeingsoda,sodiumcarbonate)thatwereusedfromremoteantiquityinthemakingofglass,andfromtheearlyMiddleAgesinthemakingofsoap:theformerbeingtheproductofheatingamixtureofalkaliandsand,thelatteraproductofalkaliandvegetableoil.TheirimportanceinthecommunitiesofcolonialNorthAmericaneedhardlybestressed.Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butforglass-orsoap-makingeitherwoulddo.SodawasobtainedlargelyfromtheashesofcertainMediterraneanseaplants,potashfromthoseofinlandvegetation.HencepotashwasmorefamiliartotheearlyEuropeansettlersoftheNorthAmericancontinent.ThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmoftheeconomyofcolonialNorthAmerica,andpotashwasoneofitsfirstconcerns.Itwasrequiredfortheglassworks,thefirstfactoryintheBritishcolonies,andwasproducedinsufficientquantitytopermittheinclusionofpotashinthefirstcargoshippedoutofJamestown.ThesecondshiptoarriveinthesettlementfromEnglandincludedamongitspassengersexpertsinpotashmaking.Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswaspiledupandburnedintheopen,andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesinthebottom,andwaterwaspouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrelwasboileddowninironkettles.Theresultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethemassintowhatwascalledpotash.InNorthAmericapotashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttotheclearingoflandforagriculture,foritwasestimatedthatasmuchashalfthecostofclearinglandcouldberecoveredbythesaleofpotash.SomepotashwasexportedfromMaineandNewHampshireintheseventeenthcentury,butthemarketturnedouttobemainlydomestic,consistingmostlyofshipmentsfromthenortherntothesoutherncolonies.FordespitethebeginningofthetradeatJamestownandsuchencouragementsasaseriesofacts“toencouragethemakingofpotash,”beginningin1707inSouthCarolina,thesoftwoodsintheSouthprovedtobepoorsourcesofthesubstance.36.Whataspectofpotashdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Howitwasmade.B.Itsvalueasaproductforexport.C.Howitdiffersfromotheralkalis.D.ItsimportanceincolonialNorthAmerica.37.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofbothpotashandsodaEXPECT_____.A.TheyarealkalisBTheyaremadefromseaplantsC.TheyareusedinmakingsoapD.Theyareusedinmakingglass38.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpotashwasmorecommonthansodaincolonialNorthAmericabecause_____.A.thematerialsneededformakingsodawerenotreadilyavailableB.makingpotashrequiredlesstimethanmakingsodaC.potashwasbetterthansodaformakingglassandsoapD.thecolonialglassworksfoundsodamoredifficulttouse39.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingwereneededformakingpotashEXCEPT_____.A.woodB.fireC.sandD.water40.Accordingtothepassage,amajorbenefitofmakingpotashwasthat_____.A.itcouldbeexportedtoEuropeinexchangeforothergoodsB.ithelpedfinancethecreationoffarmsC.itcouldbemadewithavarietyofmaterialsD.stimulatedthedevelopmentofnewwaysofglassmaking【答案與解析】36.D

本題考查對于主旨大意的理解。在第一段末尾作者提出很少有人強(qiáng)調(diào)碳酸鉀對于北美殖民地的重要性。第二段解釋碳酸鉀為什么對于北美洲的歐洲定居者來說很熟悉。后面三段分別介紹了碳酸鉀在北美洲的不同用途以及制法。因此本文主要探討碳酸鉀對于北美殖民地的重要性。37.B

由全文第一句話“Potashisoneofthetwoalkalis…theotherbeingsoda”可知碳酸鉀和碳酸鈉同屬于堿類。這句話后半部分提到碳酸鉀即可用于制造玻璃也可用于制造肥皂。選項(xiàng)ACD的表述均符合原文。38.A

文章第二段第二句提到“碳酸鈉可由地中海海洋植物的灰燼中提取，而碳酸鉀則是從內(nèi)陸植物中提取。因此碳酸鉀對于北美殖民地中的歐洲定居者來說很熟悉”，因此選項(xiàng)A的表述符合原文。39.C

根據(jù)文章第四段第二、三句“Logswaspiledupandburnedintheopen…andwaterwaspouredoverthem”可知碳酸鉀的制造過程中需要用到木頭，火以及水。故選C。40.B

根據(jù)第五段第一句可知：在北美生產(chǎn)碳酸鉀能夠迅速幫助農(nóng)業(yè)清理田地，清理田地的一半成本來自于生產(chǎn)碳酸鉀的利潤。PassagethreeQuestions41to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theyear1850maybeconsideredthebeginningofanewepochinAmericaart,withrespecttothedevelopmentofwatercolorpainting.InDecemberofthatyear,agroupofthirtyartistsgatheredinthestudioofJohnFalconerinNewYorkCityanddraftedbothaconstitutionandbylaws,establishingTheSocietyforthePromotionofPaintinginWaterColor.InadditiontosecuringanexhibitionspaceintheLibrarySocietybuildinginlowerManhattan,thesocietyfoundedasmallschoolfortheinstructionofwatercolorpainting.Periodicexhibitionsofthemembers’paintingsalsoincludedworksbynotedEnglishartistsoftheday,borrowedfromembryonicprivatecollectionsinthecity.Thesociety’sactivitiesalsoincludedorganizedsketchingexcursionsalongtheHudsonRiver.Itsmajorpublicexposurecamein1853,whenthesocietypresentedworksbyitsmembersinthe“IndustryofAllNations”sectionoftheCrystalPalaceExpositioninNewYork.Thesocietydidnotprosper,however,andbythetimeofitsannualmeetingin1854membershiphadfallentotwenty-one.ThegroupgaveupitsquartersintheLibrarySocietybuildingandreturnedtoFalconer’sstudio,whereitbrokeupamiddissension.NofurtherattempttoformallyorganizethegrowingnumbersofwatercolorpaintersinNewYorkCitywasmadeformorethanadecade.Duringthatdecade,though,HenryWarren’sPaintinginWaterColorwaspublishedinNewYorkCityin1856—thebookwasaconsiderableimprovementovertheonlyothermanualofinstructionexistingatthetime,ElementsofGraphicArt,byArchibaldRoberson,publishedin1802andbythe1850fslongoutofprint.In1866theNationalAcademyofDesignwashosttoanexhibitionofwatercolorpaintinginitselaborateneo-VenetianGothicbuildingonTwenty-ThirdStreetinNewYorkCity.TheexhibitwassponsoredbyanindependentgroupcalledTheArtistsFundSociety.Withinafewmonthsofthisevent,forty-twoprominentartistslivinginandnearNewYorkCityfoundedTheAmericanSocietyofPaintersinWaterColors.41.Thispassageismainlyabout_____.A.themostinfluentialwatercolorpaintersinthemid-1800’sB.effortstoorganizewatercolorpaintersinNewYorkCityduringthemid-1800’sC.afamousexhibitionofwatercolorpaintingsinNewYorkCityinthemid-1800’sD.stylesofwatercolorpaintinginNewYorkCityduringthemid-1800’s42.Theyear1850wassignificantinthehistoryofwatercolorpaintingmainlybecause_____.A.agroupofartistsestablishedawatercolorpaintingsocietyB.watercolorpaintingwasfirstintroducedtoNewYorkCityC.JohnFalconerestablishedhisstudioforwatercolorpaintersD.Thefirstbookonwatercolorpaintingwaspublished43.AllofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheSocietyforthepromotionofPaintinginWatercolorEXCEPT_____A.thesocietyexhibitedpaintingsinlowerManhattan.B.instructioninwatercolorpaintingwasofferedbymembersofthesocietyC.thesocietyexhibitedonlythepaintingsofitsmembers.D.scenesoftheHudsonRiverappearedoftenintheworkofsocietymembers.44.WhichofthefollowingistrueofwatercolorpaintersinNewYorkCityinthelate1850’s?A.Theyincreasedinnumberdespitealackofformalorganization.B.Theywereunabletoexhibittheirpaintingsbecauseofthelackofexhibitionspace.C.TheArtistsFundSocietyhelpedthemtoformTheAmericanSocietyofPaintersinWaterColors.D.Theyformedanewsocietybecausetheywerenotallowedtojoingroupsrunbyotherkindofartists.45.Theyear1866wassignificantforwatercolorpaintingforwhichofthefollowingreasons?A.ElementsofGraphicArtwererepublished.B.Privatecollectionsofwatercolorswerefirstpubliclyexhibited.C.Theneo-VenetianGothicbuildingonTwenty-ThirdStreetinNewYorkCitywasbuilt.D.TheNationalAcademyofDesignheldanexhibitionofwatercolorpaintings.【答案與解析】41.B

文章第一段開頭便提到了水彩畫協(xié)會。第二段提出水彩畫協(xié)會發(fā)展得并不順利。第三段講美國水彩繪畫協(xié)會成立的由來。由此可知，本文主要探討的是為了將19世紀(jì)中期的水彩畫家們組織起來所做的努力。42.A

文章第一段開頭提到“1850年象征著美國水彩繪畫藝術(shù)進(jìn)入了一個新紀(jì)元，那年十二月30多位水彩繪畫家共同聚集在紐約的一座畫室成立了水彩繪畫發(fā)展協(xié)會”，所以答案選A。43.C

根據(jù)文章第一段中間部分可知，水彩繪畫協(xié)會在曼哈頓下城舉辦展覽，還成立了水彩繪畫指導(dǎo)協(xié)會，時常去哈德遜河遠(yuǎn)足。選項(xiàng)ABD均在文中有所體現(xiàn)。故選C。44.A

根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)后兩段可知：協(xié)會最初成立時有30多位成員，而在美國水彩繪畫協(xié)會最終成立時有42名成員。因此盡管沒有正式的組織，協(xié)會的成員數(shù)量仍在增長。45.D

由全文最后一段第一句話可知：1866年美國國家設(shè)計學(xué)院在紐約二十三號街舉辦了水彩展。故選D。Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish(20points)一個家庭的毀滅，就如一只瓷碗，只是不經(jīng)意地一摔，便碎了。許多家庭的毀滅，往往就是緣于這種貌似瀟灑貌似現(xiàn)代的輕率和沖動。家是一只瓷碗，擁有這只碗的人便有了生存的“憑據(jù)”。這碗里雖然只是粗茶淡飯，但也足以營養(yǎng)人之一生，因而這只瓷碗就值得人們好生愛惜。瓷碗易碎，毀之極易，成之艱難，即使我們有回天之術(shù)，可以將破碎的瓷碗重新粘合，但那一定是一件嘔心瀝血，異常艱難的苦差事，并且粘合之后，那曾經(jīng)破碎的痕跡也許就是永遠(yuǎn)不能消弭的疤痕。【參考譯文】Thehomewenttopieces,justlikeaporcelainbowl;anaccidentalslipwouldbreakit.Howmanycouples’wedlockisthusbroughttoanabruptend!Itoftenresultsfromsuchindiscretionandimpulsivenessthatareregardedbytoday’syoungpeopleasmodernandstylish.Homeisnomorethanaporcelainbowl,whichgivesitownerssomethingtofallbackon.Simplefoodthoughthebowlcontains,itisadequatetonourishonethroughoutone’slife.Thisporcelainbowl,therefore,needscherishing.Itissovulnerablethatoncebrokenitcanhardlybepiecedtogetherbypainstakingefforts,thegluedcrackswillstillbethereasaneverlastingreminderoftheunpleasantpast.Ⅴ.Writing(20points)Directions:Youaretowriteacompositionabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic:TechnologyandCulture.Inthefirstpartofyourwritingy