判斯*I.App]ii;aUi^n（if[Iiliirynslbrn-iulionalmli；vvicltkdeepslructiln?,Numberandgenderareculegorie^ofnounundpronoun.土IC;mulysiscanhtusedtoiinaly^callkindsofambiguoussimctuivs,4-TrutisrtirnjLLriortal「uIeadohoechuiiguthebusitn比山lingofsentences.S-strueturcisalevelqfsyntacticrepreseutntinnaft<irdieoperationofneCfisw町syniuci記inovemcnL.Thel.[<ijdiLimKilgmtritmu^eh（H）li、diffeitnEiioi】】nmnvschocils<j「trudeuilinguistks.Tr：jiisfonni3tionsarerheruleswhichCiiuchangethemeaningctsentence.填婺LAspisisTincrurallyindq^nclentunitthatusuallycomprisiisnnumbert）['\A'（）]LhklIbrmncompItieslLilcmcnl.qudi“noruirniniEind.LSynLaclicmovememhdictatedby『ulotradilinnatlycalkdlni1eshwhoseqperillionin;iyohangethesyrttaederepresentationofasenteace.3-Thulevel口I、syntiLulicrupi'i^ujihiLkHilh；Liexistsbefbrernuv^rhecitLikesplateiscommonlytermeddstructuru.Cuonsiruvlkmr^CirrsIo1w”urmorewcirtls,phrascsorclauseshuvingequivalentsyntacticslatLiN.ICanalysisempliasiz^stheh^riirchicalsofnsenterce,seemgit;isc%>nsisdngnfwordgroupsfirsi.Gaelanonsreferstothestructiii^landlogicaEtunctionatietationsbetweeneverynoLinphnisLLtiidsrnlcncL,7-AwMchnisIbmncdbypbtinolngic^lndcs,innqihologic;ilivies,siiilcsandsemanticrules.選拌題： 'l一'Hies^iitcncc"TheywerewantedLt?rciiminqui^lande】MLtiexpose[hirm-'Clvcs."isasentence.A,simple B. coordinateC.conipOLiiid D-c（）rnpii：xtsasub-fieldofUnguisiicsthaLstudiesthesentencesirLiciureoflanguage.A,Morphology B.syniaxC.Sematitics D, PragmaticsdocsnotbelongmsynLiicticcutcgorics.A,Auxiliary B.NPC,N D.PPTlicerhennnusedEICiiTiujysisis-A.trjnsfkirmadon B.conjoimngC.jjraupinp Dtsubstilutabilityresultedmainlyfromtheeapansionofthestudyoflinguistics,especiallythatofsemantics.PragmaticsB.PragmatismC.PhonologyD.PracticalismOncethenotionofwastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspiiledintopragmatics.

A.meaningB.contextC.formD.contentIfasentenceisregardedaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomes.A.asentence B.anactC.aunitD.anutteranceAanalysisofanutterancewillrevealwhatthespeakerintendstodowithit.A.semanticB.syntacticC.pragmaticD.grammaticalacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.A.SpeakingB.SpeechC.SoundD.Spokenactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.A.AlocutionaryB.AnillocutionaryC.AperlocutionaryD.AspeechOneofthecontributionsSearlehasmadeishisclassificationof acts.A.locutionaryB.illocutionaryC.perlocutionaryD.speechTheillocutionarypointofistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.directivesB.commisivesC.expressivesD.declarationsAlltheutterancethatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryintheirform.A.syntacticB.semanticC.grammaticalD.pragmaticThecooperativePrincipleisproposedby.A.JohnSearleB.JohnAustinC.PaulGriceD.JohnLyonsLinguistsfoundthatitwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningiftheoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.

A.brevityB.contextC.accuracyD.noneoftheaboveOfthethreespeechacts,linguisticaremostinterestedinthe.A.locutionaryactB.perlocutionaryactC.illocutionaryactD.noneoftheaboveThemaximofquantityrequires:.makeyourcontributionadinformativeasrequired.Donotmakecontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.BothAandB.Themaximofqualityrequireds:donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe.A.falseB.trueC.briefD.orderlyMostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCPgiveriseto.A.utterancemeaningB.speechacttheoryC.conversationalimplicaturesD.alloftheabove.ThesignificanceofGrice’sCPliesiexplainsiltowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveyisliterallysaid.A.morethanB.lessthanC.thesameasD.noneoftheabove.tSemanticsisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatformtheword..Semanticsisthestudyofhowsoundsareorganizedandusedinnaturallanguages..Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning,usuallyinlanguage.Theword"semantics"itselfdenotesarangeofideas,fromthepopulartothehighlytechnical-.Semanticsisgenerallyconsideredtobethestudyofmeaninginlanguage..Semanticsisthestudyofmeaningfromthelinguisticpointofview.,Semanticsisthemainpartoflinguistics.Thesamesemanticfeatureoccursinonepartofspeechonly.Forexample,"female11occursonlyinnounssuchastTmother!\"woman11trgirl""tigress"andsoonbutnotinotherpartsofspeech.ThestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationisA.morphology B.generallinguisticsC.phonology D.semantics(C)ComponentialanalysisisamethodappliedinthefieldofA.phonetics B.syntaxC.semantics D.pragmatics(C)10..Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD,psycholinguistics11.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword^gentleman5'canbeexpressedas—.A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB，+animate.+male^+human,+adultC.+animate廣ma]e,+human廣adultpLOgmatlClItQatSkhemeaningoflknguagsas-somethingintrinsicandinherent.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontextualized,thereforestableutterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentencesSpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustration