2022年湖北省孝感市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級知識點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Learningaboutacountry'scultureisashowofrespectandisalwaysdeeplyappreciated.

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2.

Birthratesdecline,andmortalityofyoungandadultsincreaseswhenthepopulationapproaches______.

3.

Professionaltreatmentfromyourdentistworksbetterthanover-the-counterproductsin______.

4.

StephenWinstonwasthefirstprofessionalorganizer.

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5.

GianmarcoVeruggiothinksthatitisdifficulttoregulaterobots'behaviourduetotheir______.

A.unpredictablefailures

B.self-learningmechanisms

C.automaticnavigationalsystems

D.possessionofhuman-likepersonalities

6.

Becausebeingawareofself-existenceisthepremiseofepisodicmemory,onlyhumanbeingshavesuchkindofmemory.

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7.

Nexttocoal-burningpowerplants,______arethesecondlargestU.S.sourceofcarbondioxidepollution.

8.EndYourBackPain

Likeanexpensivebuttemperamentalsportscar,thehumanspinisbeautifullydesignedandmaddeninglyunreliable.Ifyouarealiving,breathinghumanbeing,youhaveprobablysufferedtheagonyofbackpain.Andaslongaspeoplecontinuetoleadoverweight,sedentaryandstressfullives,thenumberofsufferersisunlikelytogoanywhereotherthanup.

Asitdoes,armiesofnewback-painsufferers,manydesperateandevendisabled,willseekrelief.Whentheydo,they'llquicklydiscoverjusthowcomplicatedtheirproblemreallyis,withitsmystifyingmixofphysicalsymptomsandpsychologicalunderpinnings.Therealityisthattheagonywilloftengoawayonitsown—impossibleasthatmayseemwhenyouarewrithing(痛苦扭曲)onthekitchenfloor.TheGreatPainMystery

Backpaincanoriginateanywhereintheelaboratespinalarchitecture.Degenerateddiscs(椎間盤),whichmanyleadtoherniation(突出)andcompressednerves,areacommonproblem.Thentherethosewrenchingpainprovokedbymuscleinjuries,whichcandropgrownmentothefloor.What'smostmysteriousaboutbackproblemsisthefrequentdisconnectbetweenanatomicaldefectsandpain.Unlikebloodpressureandcholesterol(膽固醇),whichcouldbemeasuredwitharmcuffsandbloodtests,lower-backpainhasnoobjectiveway—thevolumeoftears?theintensityofagrimace?—tobegauged.

Manytimes,theprecisecauseofpainremainsunknown.Imagingtestsfoundthattwopeoplewithherniateddiscscanleadradicallydifferentlives:Onespendshisdayspoppingpainkillers,theotherwaltzesthroughlife.Inawell-knownstudy,researcherschecked98healthypeople:Two-thirdshadabnormaldiscseventhoughnonecomplainedofpain.Therealissueiswhysomepeoplehaveamildbackacheandsomehavereallycripplingpain.Inanotherresearch,expertscomparedagroupofpatientswhoreportedbackpainwithacontrolgroupwhodidnot.Closetotwo-thirdsifthepainpatientshadcracksintheirdiscs,so-calledhigh-intensityzones,orHIZs.Butsodid24percentofthenon-complainers.

Theanswerhasasmuchtodowiththemindaswiththebody.IntheHIZstudy,thebestpredictorofpainwasnothowbadthedefectlooked,butthepatient'spsychologicaldistress.Depressionandanxietyhavelongbeenlinkedtopain;arecentCanadianstudyfoundthatpeoplewhosufferfromseveredepressionarefourtimesmorelikelytodevelopintenseordisablingneckorlow-backpain.AtNewYork'sHospitalforSpecialSurgery,psychiatristGregoryLutzsaysheoftenseesmenwhohavetwothingsincommon:cripplingsciatica(坐骨神經(jīng)痛)andanupcomingweddingdate.Theproblemintheirback,possiblyadegeneratedorherniateddisc,likelyalreadyexisted,saysDr.Lutz,butwasintensifiedbythepre-marriagejitters.

SpineSurgeryBreakthrough

Painispain,andmanywantaquickfixandthatmeanssurgery.Spinal-fusionsurgery,oneofthemostinvasiveandcostlyformsoftherapy(about＄42,000)hasmorethandoubledintheUSsince1993,toabout350,000in2003.Discectomy,whichisdonelessinvasively,hasalsospikedto342,000surgeriesperyear.Buttheseproceduresdon'tworkforeveryone.

Theincreaseinallspinalsurgeryhasbeenpromotedinpartbytechnicaladvancespromisingbetteroutcomes.Perhapsthemostintriguingnewdevelopmentistheartificialcobalt-chromedisc.InOctober2004,theUSFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)approvedthefirstsuchdisc,theCharite,forpatientswithdegenerativediscdisease.Thethree-piecedevicehasaslidingmedical-gradeplasticcoresandwichedbetweentwometalplates,whichallowsthespinetomove.Itisbelievedthat,suchdiscs,likekneereplacements,willgivepatientsmoremobilitythantraditionalfusionsurgery.Andtheywillgetoutofbedalotsoonertoo.Thekeyistobev

A.plainageing

B.spinedefects

C.surgicalfailures

D.mentalstress

9.Floods

WaterisoneofthemostusefulthingsonEarth.Wedrinkit,batheinit,cleanwithitanduseittocookfood.Mostofthetime,itiscompletelybeneficialtothehumans.Butinlargeenoughquantities,theverysamestuffweusetowashatoothbrushcanoverturncars,destroyhousesandevenkill.Floodinghasclaimedmillionsoflivesinthelasthundredyearsalone,morethananyotherweatherphenomenon.

Howwaterexistsonourplanet

ThetotalamountofwateronEarthhasremainedfairlyconstantformillionsofyears(thoughitsdistributionhasvariedconsiderablyinthattime).Everyday,averysmallamountofwaterislosthighintheatmosphere,whereintenseultravioletrayscanbreakawatermoleculeapart,butnewwaterisalsoemittedfromtheinnerpartoftheEarth,byvolcanicactivity.Theamountofwaterthatiscreatedandtheamountthatislostareprettymuchequal.

Atanyonetime,thisvolumeofwaterisinmany,differentforms.Itcanbeliquid,asinoceans,riversandrain;solid,asintheglaciersoftheNorthandSouthPoles;orgaseous,asintheinvisiblewatervaporintheair.Waterchangesfromstatetostateasitismovedaroundtheplanetbywindcurrents.

Windcurrents

Windcurrentsaregeneratedbytheheatingactivityofthesun.ThesunshinesmoreontheareaaroundEarth'sequatorthanitdoesonareasfarthernorthandsouth,causingaheatdiscrepancyoverthesurfaceoftheglobe.Inwarmerregions,hotairrisesupintotheatmosphere,pullingcoolerairintotheunoccupiedspace.Incoolerregions,coldairsinks,pushing/drivingwarmerairintotheunoccupiedspace.TherotationoftheEarthbreaksthiscycleup,sothereareseveral,smallerair-currentcyclesallalongtheglobe.

Overall,windcurrentsintheatmospherearefairlyconsistent.Atanyparticulartimeofyear,currentstendtomoveinacertainwayacrosstheglobe.Consequently,specificlocationsgenerallyexperiencethesamesortofweatherconditionsyeartoyear.Butonaday-to-daybasis,theweatherisnotsopredictable.Windcurrentsandprecipitation(降水)areaffectedbymanyfactors,chieflygeographyandneighboringweatherconditions.Ahugenumberoffactorscombineinaninfinitevarietyofways,producingallsortsofweather.Occasionally,thesefactorsinteractinsuchawaythatanatypicalvolumeofliquidwatercollectsinonearea.Forexample,conditionsoccasionallycausetheformationofahurricane,whichdumpsalargequantityofrainwhereveritgoes.Ifahurricanelingersoveraregion,ormultiplehurricaneshappentomovethroughthearea,thelandreceivesmuchmoreprecipitationthannormal.

Waterways

Sincewaterwaysareformedslowlyovertime,theirsizeisproportionatetotheamountofwaterthatnormallyaccumulatesinthatarea.Whenthereissuddenlyamuchgreatervolumeofwater,thenormalwaterwaysoverflow,andthewaterspreadsoutoverthesurroundingland,Atitsmostbasiclevel,thisiswhatafloodis—anabnormalaccumulationofwaterinanareaofland.

Sourcesoffloods

Ashasbeenmentionedabove,floodsoccurwhenanatypicalvolumeofwatercollectsinanarea.Thereareanumberofwaysthismighthappen,andthereareawiderangeofeventsthatoccurwhenitdoes.

-Rainstorms

Thesortoffloodingthatmostpeoplearefamiliarwithoccurswhenanunusuallylargenumberofrainstormshitanareainafairlyshortperiodoftime.Inthiscase,theriversandstreamsthatdivertthewatertotheoceanaresimplyoverwhelmed.Thevaryingtemperaturesofdifferentseasonsleadtodifferentweatherpatterns.Inthewinter,forexample,theairovertheoceanmightbewarmerthantheairovertheland,causingthewindflowtomovefromthelandouttosea.Butinthesummer,theairoverthelandheats

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10.

SomeexpertsthinktheFremontwaspushedoutbyotherpeoples,whileotherexpertsbelievethattheymovedsouthbecauseofsome______.

11.GreenhouseEffect

Ⅰ.Introduction

GreenhouseEffect,thecapacityofcertaingasesintheatmospheretotrapheatemittedfromtheEarth'ssurface,therebyinsulatingandwarmingtheEarth.Withoutthethermalblanketingofthenaturalgreenhouseeffect,theEarth'sclimatewouldbeabout33Celsiusdegreescooler—toocoldformostlivingorganismstosurvive.

ThegreenhouseeffecthaswarmedtheEarthforover4billionyears.Nowscientistsaregrowingincreasinglyconcernedthathumanactivitiesmaybemodifyingthisnaturalprocess,withpotentiallydangerousconsequences.SincetheadventoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe1700s,humanshavedevisedmanyinventionsthatburnfossilfuelssuchascoal,oil,andnaturalgas.Burningthesefossilfuels,aswellasotheractivitiessuchasclearinglandforagricultureorurbansettlements,releasessomeofthesamegasesthattrapheatintheatmosphere,includingcarbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxide.Theseatmosphericgaseshaverisentolevelshigherthanatanytimeinthelast420,000years.Asthesegasesbuildupintheatmosphere,theytrapmoreheatneartheEarth'ssurface,causingEarth'sclimatetobecomewarmerthanitwouldnaturally.

ScientistscallthisunnaturalheatingeffectglobalwarmingandblameitforanincreaseintheEarth'ssurfacetemperatureofabout0.6Celsiusdegreesoverthelastnearly100years.Withoutremedialmeasures,manyscientistsfearthatglobaltemperatureswillrise1.4to5.8Celsiusdegreesby2100.Thesewarmertemperaturescouldmeltpartsofpolaricecapsandmostmountainglaciers,causingariseinsealevelofuptolmwithinacenturyortwo,whichwouldfloodcoastalregions.Globalwarmingcouldalsoaffectweatherpatternscausing,amongotherproblems,prolongeddroughtorincreasedfloodinginsomeoftheworld'sleadingagriculturalregions.

Ⅱ.HowtheGreenhouseEffectWorks

ThegreenhouseeffectresultsfromtheinteractionbetweensunlightandthelayerofgreenhousegasesintheEarth'satmospherethatextendsupto100kmaboveEarth'ssurface.Sunlightiscomposedofarangeofradiantenergiesknownasthesolarspectrum,whichincludesvisiblelight,infraredlight(紅外線),X-rays,andultravioletlight.WhentheSun'sradiationreachestheEarth'satmosphere,some25percentoftheenergyisreflectedbackintospacebycloudsandotheratmosphericparticles.About20percentisabsorbedintheatmosphere.Forinstance,gasmoleculesintheuppermostlayersoftheatmosphereabsorbtheSun'sX-rays.TheSun'sultraviolet(紫外線的)radiationisabsorbedbytheozonelayer,located19to48kmabovetheEarth'ssurface.

About50percentoftheSun'senergy,largelyintheform.ofvisiblelight,passesthroughtheatmospheretoreachtheEarth'ssurface.Soils,plants,andoceansontheEarth'ssurfaceabsorbabout85percentofthisheatenergy,whiletherestisreflectedbackintotheatmosphere—mosteffectivelybyreflectivesurfacessuchassnow,ice,andsandydeserts.Inaddition,someoftheSun'sradiationthatisabsorbedbytheEarth'ssurfacebecomesheatenergyintheform.oflong-waveinfraredradiation,andthisenergyisreleasedbackintotheatmosphere.

Certaingasesintheatmosphere,includingwatervapor,carbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxide,absorbthisinfraredradiantheat,temporarilypreventingitfromdispersingintospace.Astheseatmosphericgaseswarm,theyinmmemitinfraredradiationinalldirections.SomeofthisheatreturnsbacktoEarthtofurtherwarmthesurfaceinwhatisknownasthegreenhouseeffect,andsomeofthisheatiseventuallyreleasedtospace.ThisheattransfercreatesequilibriumbetweenthetotalmountofheatthatreachestheEarthfromtheSunandtheamountofheatthattheEarthradiatesoutintospace.Thisequilibriumorenergybalance—the

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12.

Realizingthepotentialbenefits,executivesareexpectingthosechangesintheworkplacewithevengreaterenthusiasm.

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13.

TheOctober11GuardianclaimedthattherateofCO2accumulationwasincreasingatanalarmingratein2002and200

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14.GriffithworkedforafirmthatspecializedineconomicdevelopmentinWashingtonD.C.becausesheneededmoneytopayforherdebt.

15.

Cropinsurancecannotbeprovidedbyinsurancecompaniesbecause______doesnotworkinthiscase.

16.Accordingtoahoaxannouncement,theTacoBellCorporationboughttheLibertyBellandmovedittoIrvinetohelp______.

17.

TheunderworldtendedtousetheInternetandadvancedintelligenttechnologiestocommitcrimes.

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18.

Nowadayssleddogsarestillnecessarywhen______.

A.therearesevereweatherconditions

B.flyingmachinesarefullwithpassengers

C.snowmachinesuseuppowerintheArcticregion

D.peopleneedpartnersduringthetravel

19.

Manycitiesoffer______.that.cansaveyoumoneyandensureyoursafety.

20.

Thosewholiveincoastalareasshouldbeawareofpossible______afteranearthquake.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(28)

A.Totransportwatertohigherplace.

B.Totransportvegetablesquickly.

C.Tobringnutrientstothesoil.

D.Toadjustthesoiltemperature.

22.

【B4】

23.聽力原文：M:Howisschoolgoing,Barbara?Areyoutakinganynewclasses?

W:I'mtakinganotherreallyinterestingcoursecalledBusinessandtheWeb.Wearelearningaboute-commerceandhownewtechnologicaldevelopmentswillaffectthewaywebuy,sellandmarketthingsinthefuture.

M:Wow,thatsoundslikesomethingIshouldtake.

W:Ithinkit'soneofthemostusefulcoursesI'vehadsofar.Rightnow,wearestudyingwirelesscommunicationsandhowthat'sgoingtoaffectthedevelopmentoftheInternetandeventuallyonlinebusiness.Wehavehadseverallecturesontheimportanceofcellphonesandseveralnewkindsofportablecomputersandotherelectronicdeviceswhicharebasedonrelatedtechnologies

M:Whatotherkindsoftopicswillyoubecovering?

W:WearegoingtodiscusshighbandwidthInternetconnections,likecablemodems,whichwillallowustoexchangeinformationmorequickly.Andfromthere,wewillfocusonhowInternet.TV,radioandtelephonetechnologiesareallstartingtocometogether.

M:Iwasjustreadingaboutthatinthenewspaper.Buthowdoesthatrelatetoonlinebusiness?

W:Asthesetechnologiesconvergeinthenearfuture,anewhigh-speednetworkwilldevelopwhichwillbeperfectforthedistributionofproductsandservicesonline.

(20)

A.E-commerce.

B.Wirelesscommunications.

C.Businessandtheweb.

D.Newtechnology.

24.聽力原文：M:DidyoutellSallyshehasfailedtheexamagain?

W:No.Ididn’thavethehearttotellher.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(18)

A.Shedoesn'tlikeaheart-to-hearttalkwithSally.

B.Shethinksthetopicistooseriousforher.

C.ShethinksthenewsistoohardforSally.

D.ShedaresnottotellSallythehadnews.

25.(31)

A.Itcanbeuseless.

B.Itcanbeuseful.

C.Itcanbeabnormal.

D.Thespeakerhasnoideaaboutit.

26.聽力原文：M:WhataboutthispostofRetailManagerwe'regoingtoadvertise,Joan?Whatkindofpersonarewelookingfor?

W:Well,it'sajobwhichrequiresasenseofresponsibilityandindependence,sincethepersonselectedwill'berunning,atthestartatanyrate,willberunningtenstoreswithabout100staff.

M:Andwiththepossibilityofexpandingto15storesand150staff.

W:Right.Sothere'splentyofscopeforinitiativeandenergy...andofcourse,hardwork.

M:Soatthemomentwe'relookingforsomeonewho'sresponsible,independent,dynamic,hardworkingandhasinitiative...

W:That'sit.Butalsosomeonewhoisabletodealwithupwardsofa100ora150staff.

M:Sosomeonesensitive,tactfulandarticulate.Waitaminute,whydoesithavetobeaman?

W:Sorry,heorshe...Yes,OK,sothisisverymuchajobrequiringpeopleskills,soI'dpersonallyliketoseesomeonewho'shadquitealotofexperienceasateamleader.

M:OK.Now,thisisaretailjob--andaprettyhigh-poweredoneatthat--soIguesswewantsomeonewithacertainamountofretailexperience.

W:Absolutely,andnotjustacertainamount,either.Whoeverwechoseshouldhaveasubstantialamountofexperienceinretailing.

M:Justaminute,whatdoyoumeanby"asubstantialamount"?Five,ten,20years?

W:Well,Ithinkhe--sorry,heorshe--wouldhavetobeatleast30.

M:Yeah,OK.Sowe'llputintheadvertisement"proventrackrecordasaretailmanager".

(23)

A.Theircolleague.B.Theirjob.C.Ajobvacancy.D.Awantad.

27.(36)

A.Theolderanimalslookaftertheyoungerones.

B.Theyoungeranimalslookaftertheolderones.

C.Themothersteachtheirdaughters.

D.Themotherssetagoodexamplefortheirdaughters.

28.(29)

A.Aperiodduringwhichweceasetogrow.

B.Beingtrappedinsideashellofourown.

C.Theprotectionofourselvesagainstrisks.

D.Thefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubt.

29.聽力原文：M:IhavepassedtheteachercertificateexaminationandIwonderifIcangetthejoboftheteachingassistant.

W:Yes.certainly.Butifonlyyouhadsentinyourapplicationintime.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(16)

A.Themanisnotsuitablefortheposition.

B.Thejobhasbeengiventosomeoneelse.

C.Shehadn'treceivedtheman'sapplication.

D.There'snovacancyforteachingassistant.

30.聽力原文：W:I'mreallylookingforwardtothistripwithourgeologyclass.ButI'mnotcertainifIhavethestrengthtocarryabackpackupanddownthemountain,especiallywhenit'sfulloftools.

M:Theyaretakingtwodonkeystocarrythetools.Wejusthavetocarryourpersonalitems,likeclothingandsleepingbags.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(17)

A.Hedoesn'tknowwhattoolstobring.

B.Hedoesn'tmindhelpingthewoman.

C.Thewomanwon'thavetocarrythetools.

D.Thedonkeyswillcarrythewoman'spersonalitems.

31.(25)

A.It'snotalwaysclearwhypeoplebehaveincertainways.

B.Peopleusuallyblameothersfortheirmistakes.

C.Certainconditionscausedriverstobehavestrangely.

D.Thereasonforsomebehavior.isobvious.

32.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

EducationisanenormousandexpensivepartofAmericanlife.Itssizeismatchedbyitsvariety.

DifferencesinAmericanschools(36)______withthosefoundinmajorityofothercountieslieinthefactthateducationherehaslongbeenintendedforeveryone—notjustfora(37)______elite.Schoolsareexpectedtomeettheneedsofeverychild,(38)______ofability,andalsotheneedsofsocietyitself.Publicschoolsoffermore(39)______subjects.Itsurprisesmanypeoplewhentheycomeheretofindhighschools(40)______suchcoursesastyping,sewing,radiorepair,ordrivertraining,alongwithtraditionalacademic(41)______suchasmathematics,history,andlanguages.Studentschoosetheircurriculadependingontheirinterests,futuregoals,andlevelofability.The(42)______goalofAmericaneducationistodevelopeverychildtothe(43)______ofhisorherownpossibilities.

(44)____________.Theyalsoplayalargeroleinthecommunity,especiallyinthesmalltowns.

Theapproachtoteachingmayseemunfamiliartomany.(45)____________.Studentsspendmuchtimelearninghowtouseresourcematerials,libraries,statisticsandcomputers.(46)____________,theywillbeabletofindwhateverfactstheyneedthroughouttherestoftheirlives.Knowinghowtosolveproblemsisconsideredmoreimportantthantheaccumulationoffacts.

33.(17)

A.Hehastogotoanothermeetingfirst.

B.Hedoesn'twanttospeakatthemeeting.

C.Hemightgetlostinthecrowd.

D.Hedoesn'tliketogotopublicplaces.

34.(15)

A.Hopkins.B.Wilfred.C.Ralf.D.Thewoman.

35.(22)

A.Tostudypoetrytogether.

B.TostudyBiologytogether.

C.Totutoreachotherforthetests.

D.Tomeetinthealleytostudy.

36.

【B9】

37.(40)

38.(34)

A.Consumerswereresponsive.

B.Consumerswerehostile.

C.Consumersturnedcautiousofit.

D.Consumersdidn'tcareallthetime.

39.

【B2】

40.

【B10】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

TheNationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestancethat______.

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.onlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkoutstandardsfortesting

D.theacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

42.

Whatdoes"liveacompletelysedentarylifestyle"inPara.1mostprobablymean?

43.

Throughsocialnetworking,youcan______.

A.makefriends,businessconnectionsorfindanappointment

B.findsomeusefulinformationaboutoursociety

C.asksomeonetohelpyoufinishyourownbusiness

D.getprivateinformationaboutyourfriends

44.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestpeopledo?

A.Supplyantioxidantsregularly.

B.Don'ttakeextraantioxidants.

C.Takeenoughvitamins.

D.Takemorefruitsandvegetables.

45.

Since1980s,homeschooling______.

A.hasgrownquicklywithsocietyacceptingitseducationalphilosophy

B.hasdecreasedgreatlywithmanychildrenlosinginterestinstudyingathome

C.hasfacedtheserioussituationoflosingsocialsupport

D.hasadoptedonlineteachingasitsonlyapproach

46.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Occasionalself-medicationhasalwaysbeenpartofnormalliving.Themakingandsellingofdrugshavealonghistoryandarecloselylinked,likemedicalpracticeitself,withthebeliefinmagic.Onlyduringthelasthundredyearsorsohasthedevelopmentofscientifictechniquesmadeitpossibleforsomeofthecausesofsymptomstobeunderstood,sothatmoreaccuratediagnosishasbecomepossible.Thedoctorisnowabletofollowupthecorrectdiagnosisofmanyillnesseswithspecifictreatmentoftheircauses.Inmanyotherillnesses,ofwhichthecausesremainunknown,itisstilllimited,liketheunqualifiedprescriber,tothetreatmentofsymptoms.Thedoctoristrainedtodecidewhentotreatsymptomsonlyandwhentoattackthecause:thisistheessentialdifferencebetweenmedicalprescribingandself-medication.

Theadvanceoftechnologyhasbroughtaboutmuchprogressinsomefieldsofmedicine,includingthedevelopmentofscientificdragtherapy.Inmanycountriespublichealthorganizationisimprovingandpeople'snutritionalstandardshaverisen.Parallelwithsuchbeneficialtrendshavetwoadverseeffects.Oneistheuseofhigh-pressureadvertisingbythepharmaceuticalindustry,whichhastendedtoinfluencebothpatientsanddoctorsandhasledtotheoveruseofdrugsgenerally.Theotheristheemergenceofthesedentarysocietywithitsfaultywaysoflife:lackofexercise,over-eating,unsuitableeating,insufficientsleep,excessivesmokinganddrinking.Peoplewithdisordersarisingfromfaultyhabitssuchasthese,aswellasfromunhappyhumanrelationships,oftenresorttoself-medicationandsoaddthetakingofpharmaceuticalstothelist.Advertisersgotogreatlengthstocatchthismarket.

Cleveradvertising,aimedatchronicsuffererswhowilltryanythingbecausedoctorshavenotbeenabletocurethem,caninducesuchfaithinapreparation,particularlyifsteeplypriced,thatitwillproduce---bysuggestion--averyrealeffectinsomepeople.Advertisementsarealsoaimedatpeoplesufferingfrommildcomplaintssuchassimplecoldsandcoughs,whichclearupbythemselveswithinashorttime.

Thesearethemainreasonswhylaxatives,indigestionremedies,painkillers,tonics,vitaminandirontabletsandmanyotherpreparationsarefoundinquantityinmanyhouseholds,Itisdoubtfulwhethertakingthesethingseverimprovesaperson'shealth;itmayevenmakeitworse.Worsebecausethepreparationmaycontainunsuitableingredients;worsebecausethetakermaybecomedependentonthem;worsebecausetheymightbetakeninexcess;worsebecausetheymaycausepoisoning,andworseofallbecausesymptomsofsomeseriousunderlyingcausemaybemaskedandthereforemedicalhelpmaynotbesought.

Thefirstparagraphisintendedto______.

A.suggestthatself-medicationhasalonghistory

B.definewhatdiagnosismeansexactly

C.praisedoctorsfortheirexpertise

D.tellthesymptomsfromthecauses

47.

【C2】

48.

WherewasiceusedaftertheCivilWar?

49.

Bythispassage,theauthormainlywantstohighlight______.

A.themagicpowerofcomputers

B.theimportanceofanoptimisticoutlook

C.thepowerofcreativityandintelligence

D.theinfluenceoftechnologicaldevelopment

50.AccordingtoBennis,thetraitsharedbyleadersconsistsof______.

A.toplevelsofintelligenceandeducationanddevotion

B.remarkableabilitytoencouragepeoplewithloyaltyandhope

C.strikingqualifiesofgoingthroughserioustrialsandsufferings

D.strongpersonalitiesthatarouseadmirationandconfidence

51.

Wecanlearnfromthesecondparagraphthat______.

A.Pepsitakesalargershareinthesoft-drinkmarketthanCoke

B.bothPepsiandCoke'scolaslosttheirsharelastyear

C.Coke'sshareofthecolamarkethasdeclinedwhilePepsi'shasincreased

D.Cokebrandshavelostitspopularityinthesoft-drinkmarket