RepetitionDoesn’tWork:BetterWaystoTrainYourMemory比重復(fù)更有效的記憶方法Ateamofscientistsrecentlydiscoveredthatrepetitionisaterriblewaytomemorizeinformation—andtheirfindingshighlightmuchbetterstrategies.一組科學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn)重復(fù)記憶信息的方式是一種很糟的記憶方式，新的記憶方式強(qiáng)調(diào)從策略上找出更好的記憶方式。AnewstudypublishedinLearningandMemoryfoundthatsimplerepetitioninterfereswiththeabilitytolearnnewinformation,especiallywhenitissimilartoasetoffamiliarfacts.Thismaymeanthatmemorizingfactsaboutanissuethroughrepetitioncouldinterferewiththeabilitytorememberamorenuancedversionofthesameissuelateron.一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表在《學(xué)習(xí)和記憶》雜志上，簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)性記憶方式干擾學(xué)習(xí)新信息的能力，尤其是記憶一組類似熟悉的事實(shí)。通過反復(fù)重復(fù)的方式記住的東西可能會(huì)干擾對(duì)同一問題的更加具體版本的記憶能力。Instudy,subjectssaidalistofobjectseitheroneorthreetimes.Lateron,intherecallphase,anothersetofsimilarobjects("lures")wassnuckin.Thosewhohadseenobjectsmultipletimesbetterrecalledtheoriginalobjectsbuthadahardertimedistinguishingthelures.Inotherwords,theirmemorieswerestrongerbutlessprecise.Overthelongrun,repetitioncanbeafalsetemptress,makingusthinkwe'velearningsomethingwhenwereallyhaven't.表里添加了一個(gè)相似的單詞（“魚餌”）住東西，只是給我們?cè)斐傻募傧蠖?。Hereareafewtipsforbettermemory:這里有幾個(gè)記憶小竅門：Paceyourstudying給學(xué)習(xí)分段Notallrepetitionisbad.It'smoreaccuratetosaythatcrammingisineffective.“Thebetterideaistospacerepetition.Practicealittlebitoneday,thenputyourflashcardsaway,thentakethemoutthenextday,thentwodayslater,"explainMcDanielandRoediger.并不是所有的重復(fù)性記憶都不可取，死記硬背沒有用?！案玫霓k法是把重復(fù)性記憶兩天后，再把卡片拿出來記，”麥克丹尼爾·羅迪格解釋說。Mentallytestingyourselfonmaterialsgenerallyincreasesrecalldayslater,evenifthere'snofeedbackonhowwellyouactuallyrememberthefacts.Inotherwords,justgoingoverthematerialinyourheadatregularintervalshasbenefits.用記憶材料對(duì)自己的記憶力進(jìn)行測(cè)試，一般都能記幾天的時(shí)間，即使實(shí)際上對(duì)你記的內(nèi)容并沒有什么反饋信息，也要在你的腦海中定期對(duì)記憶材料回想一遍，這樣對(duì)記憶有好處。Withinacademia,there'saragingdebateabouttheoptimalspacingbetweenrecallintervals.Oneoftheoriginalsystems,byforeignlanguagelearningiconPaulPimsleur,advocatedforapacingoffiveseconds,25seconds,twominutes,10minutes,onehour,fivehours,oneday,fivedays,25days,fourmonths,andtwoyearsafterthefactsareinitiallylearned.Sincethen,othershavefoundthataslightdelayof10minutesinthefirstretrievalmadethetaskjustmentallychallengingenoughtobebeneficial.Butitdependsonthegoal;ifit'stomemorizeaspeechinaday,you'llprobablywanttocrammoreintervalsthanifyouwanttoremembersomethingfiveyearslater.在學(xué)術(shù)界，關(guān)于分段回憶最佳間隔期的爭(zhēng)論一直都很激烈。其中最初的一個(gè)記憶體系是保羅·羅皮姆斯勒式外語學(xué)習(xí)，主張分段記憶的時(shí)間段為5251025天、4個(gè)月、兩年后進(jìn)入初步學(xué)習(xí)階段。另10你想要五年后都能記住的東西可能就要采取分段記憶法了，多分出幾個(gè)時(shí)間間隔段進(jìn)行分段記憶。I'vebeenexperimentingwithrecallintervalsonehourafterIreadmaterial,thenagainwhenI'matthegym,tryingtorecallfactslearnedduringthepreviousthreedays,oneweek,andonemonthprior.Theoptimalintervalswillultimatelydependonyourschedule.我在讀過材料后間隔一小時(shí)的時(shí)間回想一下讀過的內(nèi)容，接著，在健身房的時(shí)候再回想一下讀過的內(nèi)容，試著回想三天前、一周前、一個(gè)月前讀過的內(nèi)容。最佳間隔時(shí)間段最終要按閱讀進(jìn)度進(jìn)行分段記憶。UseLoci使用位置記憶法/軌跡法TheancientgranddaddyofadvancedmemorytechniquesisthemethodofLoci,whichinvolvesplacingobjectsinsequentialorderinamentallyconstructed(imaginary)world.Themostfamousmemorymanofalltime,SolomonShereshevsky,whocouldrecallsetsofrandomnumbersyearslater,usedtoimaginehimselfplacingobjectsnearbuildings.古代老祖宗使用的高級(jí)記憶法就是位置記憶法/軌跡法，其中包括記憶對(duì)象的排列順序和虛構(gòu)的空間想象結(jié)構(gòu)。最著名的記憶高人所羅門·舍雷舍夫斯基能對(duì)隨機(jī)記憶內(nèi)容記住數(shù)年的時(shí)間，把自己想象成是置身于附近建筑物的對(duì)象。WorldMemoryChampionDominicO'Briengivespracticaltipsaboutdevelopingone'sownLocimethod.O'BrienadvocatesusingLociplacesoffamiliarity,likethewalkdownafamiliarneighborhoodblockorlocationwithinyourownhome.So,forinstance,ifyouwanttomemorizethewords"Duck,""Car,"and"Boat,"youmightimagineplacingaduckonthelivingroomfloor,acarinthebathroom,andaboatonthepatio.Formorecomplicatedtasks,itmighthelptolinkthemtogether,likeimaginingagiantduckwalkingtoacarinthebathroom.世界記憶冠軍多米尼克·實(shí)用技巧。奧布賴恩提倡使用軌跡記憶法從熟悉的地方入手開始記憶，從如同自家小區(qū)里那樣熟悉的地方開始進(jìn)行記憶。所以，例如，如果你想記住“鴨”、“車”、“船”這幾個(gè)單詞（"Duck,""Car,"and"Boat”），你就想象把一只鴨子在客廳地板上的場(chǎng)景，一輛汽車在浴室的場(chǎng)景、一艘船在院子里的場(chǎng)景。這樣的記憶法有助于把較為復(fù)雜難記的東西聯(lián)系在一起進(jìn)行記憶，像想象一只大鴨子在浴室里走向一輛車的場(chǎng)景。Connectthedots連點(diǎn)記憶法Understandingisthebasisforeasiermemorization.Chessmastershaveamucheasiertimememorizinglocationofchesspiecesthanbeginners,eventhoughthey'rerecallingthesameinformation.理解著記比較容易記住。象棋大師記棋子的走法比新手輕松容易，在回憶同樣的信息時(shí)，也能較為容易地回想起來。InastudypublishedintheJournalofCognitiveNeuroscience,researchersfoundthatsecond-yearbiologystudentshadaneasiertimelearningnewinformationifitwasrelatedtoprogramstheywerealreadystudying."Ifyoudon'timmediatelyknowtheanswertoaquestion,youcouldfirsttryrecallingwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthattopic.Thismighthelpyoutocomeupwiththerightanswerafterall,"concludesoneoftheresearchers.在《認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)雜志》上發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)二年級(jí)的生物學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)和已學(xué)知識(shí)相關(guān)的新信息時(shí)較為容易。“如果你不想馬上知道問題的答案，你可以先試著回憶你知道的內(nèi)容信息。這有助于你想出正確的答案，”其中一位研究人員總結(jié)道。Inotherwords,themore