Chapter7

InputandOutput1activedisplayareaactive-matrixmonitoraspectratiobarcodebarcodereaderbarcodescannercathode-raytube(CRT)claritycloudprintercombinationkeycordlessmousedigitalcameradigitalmediaplayerdigitalvideocameradigitalwhiteboarddisplayscreendocumentscannerdotpitchKeywordP224有效顯示區(qū)域源矩陣顯示器縱橫比條形碼條形碼閱讀器條形碼掃描器陰極射線管清晰度云打印機(jī)組合鍵無線鼠標(biāo)數(shù)碼照相機(jī)數(shù)字媒體播放器數(shù)碼影像攝錄機(jī)電子書寫白板顯示屏幕文件掃描儀點(diǎn)距2dotsperinch(dpi)dual-scanmonitorduplexprintinge-booke-bookreadere-paperelectronicpaperergonomickeyboardfaxmachineflat-panelmonitorflatbedscannerGoogleCloudPrintgrayscalehandwritingrecognitionsoftwarehardcopyheadsetshigh-definitiontelevision(HDTV)點(diǎn)每英寸雙向掃描顯示器雙面打印電子圖書電子圖書閱讀器電子紙電子紙人體工程學(xué)鍵盤傳真機(jī)平面顯示器平板掃描儀谷歌云打印灰度手寫識別軟件硬拷貝耳機(jī)高清電視3ink-jetprinterinputinputdeviceinteractivewhiteboardInternettelephoneInternettelephonyIPTelephonyjoystickkeyboardlaserprinterliquidcrystaldisplay（LCD）magneticcardreadermagnetic-inkcharacterrecognition(MICR)噴墨打印機(jī)輸入輸入設(shè)備交互式白板網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話IP電話游戲桿鍵盤激光打印機(jī)液晶顯示器磁卡閱讀器磁性墨水字符識別

4mechanicalmouseMobileDigitalTelevisionMobileDTVmonitormousemousepointermultifunctiondevice(MFD)multitouchscreennumerickeypadoptical-characterrecognition(OCR)optical-markrecognition(OMR)opticalmouseopticalscannerorganiclight-emittingdiode(OLED)outputoutputdevice

機(jī)械鼠標(biāo)移動(dòng)數(shù)字電視移動(dòng)數(shù)字電視顯示器鼠標(biāo)鼠標(biāo)指針多功能設(shè)備多觸點(diǎn)觸摸屏數(shù)字小鍵盤光學(xué)字符識別光學(xué)標(biāo)記識別光電鼠標(biāo)光電掃描儀有機(jī)發(fā)光二極管輸出輸出設(shè)備5passive-matrixmonitorPDAkeyboardpersonallaserprinterphotoprinterpictureelementspixelpixelpitchplatformscannerplotterpointingstickportablemediaplayerportableprinterportablescannerprinterradiofrequencycardreaderradiofrequencyidentification（RFID）refreshrateresolutionrollerball無源矩陣顯示器PDA鍵盤個(gè)人激光打印機(jī)照片打印機(jī)有效像素像素像素間距平版式掃描儀繪圖儀觸控點(diǎn)便攜式媒體播放器便攜式打印機(jī)便攜式掃描儀打印機(jī)射頻卡閱讀器射頻識別刷新率分辨率滾動(dòng)球6ScannersharedlaserprinterSoftcopySpeakersStylusTechnicalwriterTelephonythermalprinterthinfilmtransistormonitor(TFT)togglekeytouchpadtouchscreentrackballtraditionalkeyboard掃描儀共享激光打印機(jī)軟拷貝揚(yáng)聲器輸入筆技術(shù)文檔編寫員電話熱敏打印機(jī)薄膜晶體管顯示器切換鍵觸控板觸摸屏軌跡球傳統(tǒng)鍵盤7UniversalProductCode(UPC)VirtualkeyboardVoiceoverIP(VoIP)voicerecognitionsystemwandreaderWebCamwheelbuttonwirelesskeyboardwirelessmouse通用產(chǎn)品編碼虛擬鍵盤網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話語音識別系統(tǒng)條形碼讀入器網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像頭滾動(dòng)鍵無線鍵盤無線鼠標(biāo)8Herewedescribeoneofthemostimportantplaceswherecomputersinterfacewithpeople.Weinputtext,music,andevenspeech,butweprobablyneverthinkabouttherelationshipbetweenwhatweenterandwhatthecomputerprocesses.Haveyoueverwonderedhowinformationprocessedbythesystemunitisconvertedintoaformthatyoucanuse?Thatistheroleofoutputdevices.Whileinputdevicesconvertwhatweunderstandintowhatthesystemunitcanprocess,outputdevicesconvertwhatthesystemunithasprocessedintoaformthatwecanunderstand.Introduction9Competentendusersneedtoknowaboutthemostcommonlyusedinputdevices,includingkeyboards,mice,scanners,digitalcameras,voicerecognition,andaudio-inputdevices.勝任的終端用戶需要了解最常用的輸入設(shè)備，包括鍵盤，鼠標(biāo)，掃描儀，數(shù)碼相機(jī)，語音識別，和錄音設(shè)備。Additionally,theyneedtoknowaboutthemostcommonlyusedoutputdevices,includingmonitors,printers,andaudiooutputdevices.此外，他們還需要了解最常用的輸出設(shè)備，包括顯示器，打印機(jī)和音頻輸出設(shè)備。Andendusersneedtobeawareofcombinationinputandoutputdevicessuchasfaxmachines,multifunctionaldevices,andInternettelephones.并且終端用戶需要注意輸入和輸出設(shè)備的組合，如傳真機(jī)，多功能設(shè)備，和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)電話。10WhatIsInput?Inputisanydataorinstructionsthatareusedbyacomputer.Theycancomedirectlyfromyouorfromothersources.輸入是計(jì)算機(jī)使用的任何數(shù)據(jù)或指令。它們可以直接由你提供或從其他來源。Inputdevicesarehardwareusedtotranslatewords,sounds,images,andactionsthatpeopleunderstandintoaformthatthesystemunitcanprocess.輸入設(shè)備是硬件，用來將人們理解的文字，聲音，圖像和行動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成該系統(tǒng)單位可以處理的一種形式。11KeyboardEntryOneofthemostcommonwaystoinputdataisbykeyboard.

KeyboardsTraditionalkeyboards—full-sized,rigid,rectangularkeyboardsthatincludefunction,navigational,andnumerickeys.

傳統(tǒng)鍵盤——全尺寸，剛性，矩形鍵盤，包括功能鍵，導(dǎo)航鍵和數(shù)字鍵。Ergonomic

keyboards—similartotraditionalkeyboards.Thekeyboardarrangement,however,isnotrectangularandapalmrestisprovided.Theyaredesignedspecificallytoalleviatewriststrainassociatedwiththerepetitivemovementsoftyping.人體工程學(xué)鍵盤類似傳統(tǒng)的鍵盤。然而，鍵盤布局不是長方形，并且提供一個(gè)手掌大的休息區(qū)。它們是專門設(shè)計(jì)來減輕由于重復(fù)的打字動(dòng)作而引起的手腕負(fù)擔(dān)。12KeyboardEntry

KeyboardsWireless

keyboards—transmitinputtothesystemunitthroughtheair.Byeliminatingconnectingwirestothesystemunit,thesekeyboardsprovidegreaterflexibilityandconvenience.無線鍵盤——通過空氣傳輸輸入到系統(tǒng)單元。通過消除系統(tǒng)單元連接線，這些鍵盤提供更大的靈活性和方便性。PDA

keyboards—miniaturekeyboardsforPDAsandsmartphonestosendi-mail,createdocuments,andmore.PDA鍵盤——掌上電腦和智能手機(jī)的微型鍵盤，用于發(fā)送電子郵件，創(chuàng)建文檔，以及更多。13KeyboardEntry

KeyboardsVirtualkeyboards—displayanimageofakeyboardonatouchscreendevice.Thescreenfunctionsastheactualinputdevice,whichiswhythekeyboardisconsideredvirtual.Virtualkeyboardsarecommonontabletcomputersandmobiledevices.Anotherlesswidelyusedvariationofthevirtualkeyboarddisplaystheimageofthekeyboardontoadesktop.虛擬鍵盤——將鍵盤圖像顯示在觸摸屏設(shè)備上。屏幕作為實(shí)際輸入設(shè)備，這就是為什么鍵盤被認(rèn)為是虛擬的。虛擬鍵盤一般在平板電腦和移動(dòng)設(shè)備上。另外小部分虛擬鍵盤的變種將鍵盤圖像顯示的桌面上。14KeyboardEntryFeaturesAcomputerkeyboardcombinesatypewriterkeyboardwithanumerickeypad,usedtoenternumbersandarithmeticsymbols.Italsohasmanyspecial-purposekeys.SomekeyssuchastheCAPSLOCKkey,aretogglekeys.Thesekeysturnafeatureonoroff.Others,suchastheCTRLkey,arecombinationkeys,whichperformanactionwhenhelddownincombinationwithanotherkey.一個(gè)電腦鍵盤將打字鍵盤與數(shù)字鍵盤結(jié)合起來，用來輸入數(shù)字和算術(shù)符號。它也有許多專用鍵。一些鍵，如Caps

Lock鍵是切換鍵。這些鍵開啟或關(guān)閉一個(gè)功能。其他如Ctrl鍵是組合鍵，當(dāng)和另一個(gè)鍵聯(lián)合按下時(shí)執(zhí)行一個(gè)動(dòng)作。15PointingDevicesPointingisoneofthemostnaturalofallhumangestures.Pointingdevicesprovideanintuitiveinterfacewiththesystemunitbyacceptingpointinggesturesandconvertingthemintomachine-readableinput.Thereareawidevarietyofdifferentpointingdevices,includingthemouse,joystick,touchscreen,andstylus.16PointingDevicesMiceAmousecontrolsapointerthatisdisplayedonthemonitor.Themousepointerusuallyappearsintheshapeofanarrow.鼠標(biāo)控制在顯示器上顯示的指針。鼠標(biāo)指針通常以一個(gè)箭頭的形狀出現(xiàn)。Somemicehaveawheelbuttonthatcanberotatedtoscrollthroughinformationthatisdisplayedonthemonitor.一些鼠標(biāo)有滾輪按鈕，可以旋轉(zhuǎn)滾動(dòng)顯示在監(jiān)視器上的信息。17PointingDevicesMiceOpticalmousehasnomovingpartsandiscurrentlythemostwidelyused.Itemitsandsenseslighttodetectmousemovement.Anopticalmousecanbeusedonalmostanysurfacewithhighprecision.Mechanicalmousehasaballonthebottomandisattachedwithacordtothesystemunit.Cordlessorwirelessmouseisabattery-powereddevicethattypicallyusedradiowavesorinfraredlightwavestocommunicatewiththesystemunit.Thesedeviceseliminatethemousecordandfreeupdeskspace.無線鼠標(biāo)是一種電池供電的設(shè)備，通常使用的無線電波或紅外線光波通信系統(tǒng)單位。這些設(shè)備消除鼠標(biāo)線和釋放桌面空間。18PointingDevicesThreedevicessimilartoamousearetrackballs,touchpads,andpointingsticks.19PointingDevicesTouchscreensAtouchscreenallowsuserstoselectactionsorcommandsbytouchingthescreenwithafingerorpenlikedevice.Multitouchscreenscanbetouchedwithmorethanonefinger,whichallowsforinteractionssuchasrotatinggraphicalobjectsonthescreenwithyourhandorzoominginandoutbypinchingandstretchingyourfingers.20PointingDevicesJoysticksThejoystickisapopularinputdeviceforcomputergames.Youcontrolgameactionsbyvaryingthepressure,speed,anddirectionofthejoystick.Additionalcontrols,suchasbuttonsandtriggers,areusedtospecifycommandsorinitiatespecificactions.操縱桿是最流行的電腦游戲的輸入設(shè)備。你通過對操縱桿運(yùn)用不同壓力，速度，和方向控制游戲的動(dòng)作。額外的控件，如按鈕和觸發(fā)器，用于指定命令或啟動(dòng)具體行動(dòng)。21PointingDevicesStylusAstylusisapenlikedevicecommonlyusedwithtabletPCsandPDAs.Handwritingrecognitionsoftwaretranslateshandwrittennotesintoaformthatthesystemunitcanprocess.22ScanningDevicesScannersmoveacrosstextandimages.Scanningdevicesconvertscannedtextandimagesintoaformthatthesystemunitcanprocess.Therearefourtypesofscanningdevices:opticalscanners,cardreaders,barcodereaders,andcharacterandmarkrecognitiondevices.23ScanningDevicesOpticalScannersAnopticalscanner,alsoknownsimplyasascanner,acceptsdocumentsconsistingoftextand/orimagesandconvertsthemtomachine-readableform.Flatbedscannerismuchlikeacopymachine.Theimagetobescannedisplacedonaglasssurfaceandthescannerrecordstheimagefrombelow.Documentscannerissimilartoaflatbedscannerexceptthatitcanquicklyscanmultipagedocuments.Itautomaticallyfeedsonepageofadocumentatatimethroughascanningsurface.Portablescanneristypicallyahandhelddevicethatslidesacrosstheimage,makingdirectcontact.24ScanningDevicesCardReadersByfarthemostcommonisthemagneticcardreader.Theencodedinformationisstoredonathinmagneticstriplocatedonthebackofthecard.Radiofrequencycardreadersarenotascommonbutmoreconvenientreader.ThecardhasasmallRFID(radiofrequencyidentification)microchipthatcontainstheuser’sencodeinformation.Wheneverthecardispassedwithinafewinchesofthecardreader,theuser’sinformationisread.25ScanningDevicesBarCodeReadersYouareprobablyfamiliarwithbarcodereadersorscannersfromgrocerystores.Thesedevicesareeitherhandheldwandreadersorplatformscanners.Theycontainphotoelectriccellsthatscanorreadbarcodes,ortheverticalzebra-stripedmarksprintedonproductcontainers.26ScanningDevicesCharacterandMarkRecognitionDevicesCharacterandmarkrecognitiondevicesarescannersthatareabletorecognizespecialcharactersandmarks.Theyarespecialtydevicesthatareessentialtoolsforcertainapplications.ThreetypesareMagnetic-inkcharacterrecognition(MICR)–usedbybankstoautomaticallyreadthoseunusualnumbersonthebottomofchecksanddepositslips.Optical-characterrecognition(OCR)–usesspecialpreprintedcharactersthatcanbereadbyalightsourceandchangedintomachine-readablecode.27ScanningDevicesCharacterandMarkRecognitionDevicesOptical-markrecognition(OMR)–sensesthepresenceorabsenceofamark,suchasapencilmark.OMRisoftenusedtoscorestandardizedmultiple-choicetests.28ImageCapturingDevicesOpticalscanners,liketraditionalcopymachines,canmakeacopyfromanoriginal.Forexample,anopticalscannercanmakeadigitalcopyofaphotograph.Imagecapturingdevices,ontheotherhand,createorcaptureoriginalimages.Thesedevicesincludedigitalcamerasanddigitalvideocameras.29ImageCapturingDevicesDigitalCamerasDigitalcamerasaresimilartotraditionalcamerasexceptthatimagesarerecordeddigitallyonadiskorinthecamera’smemoryratherthanonfilmandthendownloaded,ortransferred,toyourcomputer.DigitalVideoCamerasUnliketraditionalvideocameras,digitalvideocamerasrecordmotiondigitallyonadiskorinthecamera’smemory.30Audio-InputDevicesAudio-inputdevicesconvertsoundsintoaformthatcanbeprocessedbythesystemunit.Byfarthemostwidelyusedaudio-inputdeviceisthemicrophone.Audioinputcantakemanyforms,includingthehumanvoiceandmusic.VoiceRecognitionSystemsVoiceRecognitionSystemsuseamicrophone,asoundcard,andspecialsoftware.Thesesystemsallowuserstooperatecomputersandotherdevicesaswellastocreatedocumentsusingvoicecommands.31WhatIsOutput?Outputisprocesseddataorinformation.Outputtypicallytakestheformoftext,graphics,photos,audio,and/orvideo.P210Outputdevicesareanyhardwareusedtoprovideortocreateoutput.32MonitorsThemostfrequentlyusedoutputdeviceisthemonitor.Alsoknownasdisplayscreens,monitorspresentvisualimagesoftextandgraphics.Theoutputisoftenreferredtoassoftcopy.Monitorsvaryinsize,shape,andcost.Almostall,however,havesomebasicdistinguishingfeatures.33MonitorsFeaturesThemostimportantcharacteristicofamonitorisitsclarity.顯示器最重要的特征是它的清晰度。

Clarityreferstothequalityandsharpnessofthedisplayedimages.清晰度是指顯示的圖像質(zhì)量和清晰度。Itisafunctionofseveralmonitorfeatures,includingresolution,dotpitch,refreshrate,size,andaspectratio.34MonitorsFeaturesResolutionisoneofthemostimportantfeatures.Imagesareformedonamonitorbyaseriesofdotsorpixels(pictureelements).Resolutionisexpressedasamatrixofthesedotsorpixels.Dot(pixel)pitchisthedistancebetweeneachpixel.Mostnewermonitorshaveadotpitchof.31mm(31/100thofamillimeter)orless.Thelowerthedotpitch(theshorterthedistancebetweenpixels),theclearertheimagesproduced.35MonitorsFeaturesRefreshrateindicateshowoftenadisplayedimageisupdatedorrefreshed.Mostmonitorsoperateatarateof75hertz,whichmeansthatthemonitorisrefreshed75timeseachsecond.Imagesdisplayedonmonitorswithrefreshrateslowerthan75hertzappeartoflickerandcancauseeyestrain.36MonitorsFeaturesSize,oractivedisplayarea,ismeasuredbythediagonallengthofamonitor’sviewingarea.Aspectratioisdeterminedbythewidthofamonitordividedbyitsheight.37MonitorsFlat-PanelMonitorsFlat-panelmonitorsarethemostwidelyusedtypeofmonitortoday.Comparedtoothertypes,theyarethinner,aremoreportable,andrequirelesspowertooperate.38MonitorsCathode-RayTubesJustafewyearsago,themostcommontypeofmonitorfortheofficeandthehomewasthecathode-raytube(CRT).Thesemonitorsaretypicallyplaceddirectlyonthesystemunitoronthedesktop.39MonitorsOtherMonitorsE-bookreaders,suchastheKindleorNook,alsoknownsimplyase-books,arededicated,handheld,book-sizeddevicesthatdisplaytextandgraphics.Digitalorinteractivewhiteboardsarespecializeddeviceswithalargedisplayconnectedtoacomputerorprojector.High-definitiontelevision(H