DeathofSocratesPhaedo“Beofgoodcheer,andsaythatyouareburyingmybodyonly…yetImayandmustpraytothegodstoprospermyjourneyfromthistothatotherworld.”Thenholdingthecuptohislips,quitereadilyandcheerfullyhedrankthepoison.(Hemlock)“Crito,IoweacocktoAsclepius;willyouremembertopaythedebt?”Phaedo,sections116A-118,tr.Jowett.AlaindeBotton:TheConsolationsofPhilosophy.

2000.P.272.Ifthepostcardstruckmesoforcefully,itwasperhapsbecausethebehaviouritdepictedcontrastedsosharplywithmyown.Inconversations,myprioritywastobeliked,ratherthantospeakthetruth.Adesiretopleaseledmetolaughatmodestjokeslikeaparentontheopeningnightofaschoolplay.Withstrangers,Iadoptedtheservilemannerofaconciergegreetingwealthyclientsinahotel...Ididnotpubliclydoubtideastowhichthemajoritywascommitted.

ibidIsoughttheapprovaloffiguresofauthorityandafterencounterswiththem,worriedatlengthwhethertheyhadthoughtmeacceptable.Whenpassingthroughcustomsordrivingalongsidepolicecars,Iharbouredaconfusedwishfortheuniformedofficialstothinkwellofme...ibidThatnight,abovetheicelands,suchindependenceofmindwasarevelationandanincitement.Itpromisedacounterweighttoasupinetendencytofollowsociallysanctionedpracticesandideas.Plato“IthankGodthatIwasbornGreekandnotbarbarian,freemanandnotslave,manandnotwoman;butaboveall,thatIwasbornintheageofSocrates.”lifeWasborn427BC,thesonofnobleparents,ahandsomeandvigorousyouthwithbreadthofhisshoulders;Firststudiedmusic,poetry,painting,andphilosophywithothermastersandbecameapupilofSocratesin407,remainingwithhimuntilthelatter’sdeath(399).Diedin347BC.JourneyofPlato399–387BCEgypt.Wasshockedtohearfromthepriestlyclasswhichruledthatland,thatGreecewasaninfant-state,withoutstabilizingtraditionsorprofoundculture。。Sicily,Italy.JoinedforatimePythagoreanschoolorsectImbibingwisdomfromeverysource,sittingateveryshrine,tastingeverycreed.學園前387or367,Academy,Academus.公元前86年羅馬統(tǒng)帥蘇拉圍攻雅典時才被迫遷入城內(nèi)。公元529年被東羅馬皇帝查士丁尼下令關(guān)閉。學園的意義。VisitstoSyracuse367,361BC.Interruptedhiswork,ontwooccasionsbyfurthervisitstoSyracuse,presumablyinthehopeofassistingintherealizationofhisidealState,andthathewasdisappointedinthishope.Personalityofthoughtlogicalanalysisabstractthoughtpoeticimaginationmysticalfeeling."Hischaracterwasnoble;hewasanaristocratbybirthandbytemperament,anpromisingidealist,hostiletoeverythingbaseandvulgar."F.T,p.59.IonInspiration引子醫(yī)神慶典，詩歌競賽。蘇格拉底用邏輯迫使伊安得出理論上的結(jié)論：自己既能解說荷馬，也能解說赫西俄德和阿爾克羅克斯。蘇格拉底所用的兩點伊安自己承認的理由：一個人在相同的題材上既能辨別好，也能判別壞；荷馬和其他詩人敘述的是相同的題材——人與人、神與神、神與人的關(guān)系，天上與地上發(fā)生的事情，神和英雄的來由等等。伊安的實際狀況：說到別的詩人，他就昏昏欲睡，一點見解也沒有，但說到荷馬就不同了。不是。。?！癟hereason,myfriend,isobvious.NoonecanfailtoseethatyouspeakofHomerwithoutanyartorknowledge.Ifyouwereabletospeakofhimbyrulesofart,youwouldhavebeenabletospeakofallotherpoets;forpoetryisawhole.”是。。?！癟hegiftwhichyoupossessofspeakingexcellentlyaboutHomerisnotanart,but,asIwasjustsaying,aninspiration;磁石的比喻thereisadivinitymovingyou,likethatcontainedinthestonewhichEuripidescallsamagnet,butwhichiscommonlyknownasthestoneofHeraclea.Thisstonenotonlyattractsironrings,butalsoimpartstothemasimilarpowerofattractingotherrings;andsometimesyoumayseeanumberofpiecesofironandringsfromoneanothersoastoformquitealongchain:andallofthemderivetheirpowerofsuspensionfromtheoriginalstone.Muse:theoriginalstoneInlikemannertheMusefirstofallinspiresmenherself;andfromtheseinspiredpersonsachainofotherpersonsissuspended,whotaketheinspiration.Forallgoodpoets,epicaswellaslyric,composetheirbeautifulpoemsnotbyart,butbecausetheyareinspiredandpossessed.

inspiredandpossessedCorybantianrevellersastheCorybantianrevellerswhentheydancearenotintheirrightmind,sothelyricpoetsarenotintheirrightmindwhentheyarecomposingtheirbeautifulstrains:butwhenfallingunderthepowerofmusicandmetretheyareinspiredandpossessed;likeBacchicmaidenswhodrawmilkandhoneyfromtheriverswhentheyareundertheinfluenceofDionysusbutnotwhentheyareintheirrightmind.Corybant,Bacchus,MaenadPriestofMotherCybele,Phrygiangoddessofnature.InPhrygiancalledMatarKubileya.Goddessofmountains,beastsespeciallylionandbee.ibidAndthesoulofthelyricpoetdoesthesame...theytellusthattheybringsongsfromhoneyedfountains,cullingthemoutofthegardensanddellsoftheMuses;they,likethebees,wingingtheirwayfromflowertoflower.Andthisistrue.Forthepoetisalightandwingedandholything,andthereisnoinventioninhimuntilhehasbeeninspiredandisoutofhissenses,andthemindisnolongerinhim.詩人不能諸體皆擅andwheninspired,oneofthemwillmakedithyrambs,anotherhymnsofpraise,anotherchoralstrains,anotherepicoriambicverses-andhewhoisgoodatoneisnotgoodanyotherkindofverse:fornotbyartdoesthepoetsing,butbypowerdivine.Hadhelearnedbyrulesofart,hewouldhaveknownhowtospeaknotofonethemeonly,butofall;總結(jié)andthereforeGodtakesawaythemindsofpoets,andusesthemashisministers,ashealsousesdivinersandholyprophets,inorderthatwewhohearthemmayknowthemtobespeakingnotofthemselveswhoutterthesepricelesswordsinastateofunconsciousness,butthatGofSoc.Whenyouproducethegreatesteffectupontheaudienceintherecitationofsomestrikingpassage,suchastheapparitionofOdysseusleapingforthonthefloor,recognizedbythesuitors...orthedescriptionofAchillesrushingatHector,orthesorrowsofAndromache,Hecuba,orPriam,-areyouinyourrightmind?Areyounotcarriedoutofyourself,anddoesnotyoursoulinanecstasyseemtobeamongthepersonsorplacesofwhichyouarespeaking,whethertheyareinIthacaorinTroyorwhatevermaybethesceneofthepoem?Ion.That