初中語(yǔ)法(yǔfǎ)專(zhuān)題（一）時(shí)態(tài)第一頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行(jìnxíng)時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行(jìnxíng)時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)第二頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。一般(yībān)現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生(fāshēng)的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSundays,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①be動(dòng)詞；②行為動(dòng)詞否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加don't,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，則用doesn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。He

likes

music.

He

doesn’t

like

music.一般疑問(wèn)句：①把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；②用助動(dòng)詞do提問(wèn)，如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。Does

he

like

music?第四頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。什么情況下用？第五頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。①表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(zhuàngtài)。They

go

home

once

a

week

.②表示主語(yǔ)通常的能力、興趣愛(ài)好、和性格特征。Ilikereading.③表示客觀的事實(shí)或真理。The

sun

always

rises

in

the

east

.第六頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。.④表示按照時(shí)刻表或已經(jīng)計(jì)劃安排(ānpái)好的將來(lái)行為。（只限于是go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,takeoff,stop,be等表示開(kāi)始或移動(dòng)意義的詞。）⑤在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will+動(dòng)詞原形)，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。（主將從現(xiàn)）Lucywillbeathomeifitrainstomorrow.

第七頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式(xíngshì)變化規(guī)則第八頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。規(guī)則例子一般在詞尾加-s，(清輔音后讀/s/，在濁輔音后讀/z/；在t后讀/ts/,在d后讀/dz/。)Play→playsleave→leavesswim→swims以字母s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的詞加-es，讀/iz/,如果動(dòng)詞原形詞尾已有e,則只加-s。pass→passesfix→fixesteach→teacheswish→wishesdo→does以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，先變y為i,再加-es,讀/z/study→studiescarry→carriesfly→flies第九頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.He______(be,am,is,are)ateacheratNo.2MiddleSchool.2.He______(have,has)classesintheafternoon.3.He______(get,gets)upathalfpastsixeverymorning.4.Healways_____(come,comes)toschoolontime.5.He______(study,studies)veryhardathislesson.6.Oneandtwo_____(be,is,are)three.7.Blueandyellow_____(make,makes)green.8.Theearth_____(move,moves)roundthesun.9.IwillgothereifI____(be,willbe,am,is,are)freetomorrow.第十頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。我們經(jīng)常在晚上(wǎnshang)8點(diǎn)看電視。

We

always

watch

TV

at

8:00

in

the

evening.我不喜歡紅色的鞋。Idon’tlikeredshoes.2023/2/6第十一頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。一般(yībān)過(guò)去時(shí)第十二頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。概念：過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month…),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①be動(dòng)詞；②行為動(dòng)詞否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)(tóngshí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。He

smoked

last

year.

He

didn’t

smoke

last

year.一般疑問(wèn)句：①was或were放于句首；②用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did提問(wèn)，同時(shí)(tóngshí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。Did

he

smoke

last

year?

第十三頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。構(gòu)成規(guī)則例子一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed，(在清輔音后讀/t/；在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/；在/t/,/d/后讀/id/。look→lookedplay→playedwork→worked結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞在末尾加-dlike→likedlive→livedhope→hoped末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)，先雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母，再加-edplan→plannedstop→stoppeddrop→dropped結(jié)尾是“輔音字母＋y”的動(dòng)詞，先變“y”為“i”再加-edstudy→studiedworry→worriedcry→cried第十四頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.He____(be,was,were,been)hereamomentago.2.They____(be,was,were,been)herejustnow.3.Thescientists_____(leave,leaves,leaved,left)forAmericayesterday.4.Lastweekwe______(visit,visited)theScienceMuseum.5.WhenIwasachild,Ioften____(play,played)football.6.Thestudentsranoutoftheclassroomassoonasthebell____(ring,rang,rung).第十五頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。當(dāng)我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，我經(jīng)常(jīngcháng)在街上踢足球。When

I

was

a

child,

I

often

played

football

in

the

street.

4．我昨天完成作業(yè)了。Ifinishedthehomeworkyesterday.2023/2/6第十六頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)?，F(xiàn)在(xiànzài)進(jìn)行時(shí)第十七頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作(dòngzuò)（情況）發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式稱(chēng)為時(shí)態(tài)。1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(dòngzuò)及行為。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：Now,atthistime,days,look.listen等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)做標(biāo)志。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+be+doing+其他4.否定形式：主語(yǔ)+be+not+doing+其他5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。第十八頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。6.用法：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示1)、現(xiàn)在（說(shuō)話(huà)的瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)“此時(shí)此刻”。E.g.Heisreading.Theyaretalkingnow.2)、當(dāng)前(dāngqián)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。E.g.Theyareworkingthesedays.3)、某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表預(yù)定的計(jì)劃或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。E.gIamcoming.第十九頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)?，F(xiàn)在分詞的變法有1)、一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾加上-ing,E.g.jump2)、以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去e，再加-ing.E.ghavewrite3)、.以重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有(zhǐyǒu)一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞，它前面是單個(gè)元音字母時(shí)要先將詞尾的輔音字母雙寫(xiě)，再加上-ing.E.g.sitput其句式變換都在be上做文章。第二十頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.I____(write,amwriting,iswriting,arewriting)aletternow.2.Look,it_____(begin,isbeginning,ambeginning,arebeginning)torain.3.They____(study,isstudying,amstudying,arestudying)medicineattheMedicalInstituteofChengdethesedays.4.He_____(teach,amteaching,isteaching,areteaching)anEnglishlessonatthistime.第二十一頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。5.我媽媽(māmā)在做家務(wù)。Mymotherwasdoinghousework.6.老師正在教我們?nèi)绾斡秒娔X。Theteacherwasteachingushowtousecomputer.2023/2/6第二十二頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。過(guò)去(guòqù)進(jìn)行時(shí)第二十三頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.概念：表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作(dòngzuò)。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)+was/were+doing+其他4.否定形式：主語(yǔ)+was/were+not+doing+其他5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把was或were放于句首。(第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)）其句式變化仍然要在be上做文章。第二十四頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.I_____(cook,cooked,wascooking,werecooking)breakfastwhenyouarrived.2.What____you_____(do,did,was...doing,were…doing)atthistimeyesterdayevening?3.We_____(have,arehaving,had,werehaving)dinnerwhenthedoorbellrang.4.While/When/Aswe____(have,had,arehaving,werehaving)dinner,thedoorbellrang.第二十五頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。7.昨天下午四點(diǎn)你們(nǐmen)在打籃球嗎？Were

you

playing

basketball

at

four

yesterday

afternoon?8.他看書(shū)時(shí)睡著了。

He

fell

asleep

when

he

was

reading.

2023/2/6第二十六頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。一般(yībān)將來(lái)時(shí)第二十七頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。構(gòu)成:①will,shall+動(dòng)詞原形，其中shall只用于第一人稱(chēng)。②begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形，表示主觀打算，按計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事情。③beto+動(dòng)詞原形，表示客觀安排④beaboutto+不定式，意為馬上要做某事，正要做某事。(不可與副詞連用）⑤某些動(dòng)詞，可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表將來(lái)，如come,go,arrive,leave。⑥在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(zhuàngyǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)(zhuàngyǔ)從句中，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will+動(dòng)詞原形)，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。第二十八頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。否定形式：主語(yǔ)(zhǔyǔ)+am/is/arenotgoingtodo；主語(yǔ)(zhǔyǔ)+will/shallnotdo+其他一般疑問(wèn)句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。e.g.Shewillbebackinthreedays.Shewillnotbebackinthreedays.WillShebebackinthreedays?

第二十九頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1_____you____adoctorwhenyougrowup?AWill;goingtobeBAre;goingtobeCAre;/DWill;be2Idon’tknowifhisuncle_____.Ithinkhe_____ifitdoesn’train.Awillcome;comesBwillcome;willcomeCcomes;comesDcomes;willcome3Hewillbeback_____afewminutes.AwithBforConDin4Whattime_____wemeetatthegatetomorrow?AwillBshallCdoDare5Hewillhaveaholidayassoonashe_____theworknextweek.AfinishesBdoesn’tfinishCwillfinishDwon’tfinish第三十頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。6There_____someshowersthisafternoon.AwillbeBwillhaveCisgoingtobeDaregoingtohave7It____mybrother’sbirthdaytomorrow.She_____aparty.Aisgoingtobe;willhaveBwillbe;ishavingCwillbe;isgoingtohaveDwillhave;isgoingtobe8LiMingis10yearsoldnow,nextyearhe_____11.AisBisgoingtobeCwillbeDwilltobe第三十一頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。過(guò)去(guòqù)將來(lái)時(shí)第三十二頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。構(gòu)成：（would+動(dòng)詞原形，或?qū)?lái)時(shí)的其它過(guò)去構(gòu)成形式wasgoingtodo……）表示以過(guò)去某一時(shí)間為參照，在過(guò)去看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(dòngzuò)或存在的狀態(tài)。在賓語(yǔ)從句及間接引語(yǔ)中，時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，經(jīng)常會(huì)用到過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。如Ithoughtitwasgoingtobefun.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：---soon/thenextday---that-clause(名詞性從句或上下文中---)第三十三頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.ItoldmyfriendthatI____(should/wouldarrive,shall/willarrive)soon.2.Theylookedatthosecloudsoverthesky.It____(isgoingtorain,wasgoingtorain).第三十四頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)?，F(xiàn)在(xiànzài)完成時(shí)第三十五頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.概念：表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛結(jié)束也有可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，甚至(shènzhì)延續(xù)到將來(lái)；或發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成一定的影響或結(jié)果。常與since+過(guò)去時(shí)（間）,for+一段時(shí)間連用。表示與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：recently,already,yet,just,never,ever,sofar,bynow,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for+時(shí)間段，lately,inthepastfewyears,etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+have/has+p.p（過(guò)去分詞）+其他第三十六頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。4.否定(fǒudìng)形式：主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+p.p（過(guò)去分詞）+其他5.一般疑問(wèn)句：have/has+主語(yǔ)+p.p（過(guò)去分詞）+其他?第三十七頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。have（has）been和have（has）gone的區(qū)別

havebeentoaplace意思是“到過(guò)、去過(guò)”，表示(biǎoshì)曾到過(guò)某處，但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒；havegonetoaplace表示(biǎoshì)“去了”，已經(jīng)去了某地，現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已經(jīng)到那兒了。

第三十八頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。Youhave_____atallyoungman.AgrownBgrownintoCgrownusDgrownup2.Hehas____thewatchforayear.AbuyBboughtChaveDhad3.Hasyourbrother_____thedog?AkeptinBfedCfedonDkepton4.I_____thisbookfortwoweeks,Ihavetoreturnitnow.AborrowedBhaveborrowedCkeptDhavekept5.Haveyouever_____totheGreatWall?It'sverybeautiful.AgoneBbeenCwentDgo6.Herbrother_____thePartysince1978.AjoinedBhasjoinedChasbeeninDwasin7.TheGreens_____manyplacesofinterestsincetheycametoChina.AwillvisitBvisitedChavevisitedDvisit第三十九頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。8I'msorry,I____yourname.AhadforgottenBforgotChaveforgottenDforgotten9Thebookshop_____foreightyears.AhasbeenopenBhasbeenopenedChasopenedDhasopen10Wehave_____allthepapersoweneedtobuysome.AusedupBmadeofCfilledwithDhuntedfor11TheflowerI____grownup.AplantedhasBplantedhaveChasplantedDhaveplanted第四十頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。巧解現(xiàn)在(xiànzài)完成時(shí)態(tài)題第四十一頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。技巧1:尋找現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的“段時(shí)間”。(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始(kāishǐ)并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),多和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用:for+一段時(shí)間;since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間(since作連詞后接從句時(shí),該從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí))。(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)也用在含有during/in/overthelastyears或inrecentyears等的句子中。第四十二頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。趁熱打鐵(chènrèdǎtiě)第四十三頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。1.TheOrientalPearlTVTower_______tensofthousandsofvisitorssince1995.attracted

B.attracts

C.hasattracted

D.willattract

2.—Howlong_______you_____here?

—Forabouttwoyearssofar.

have,studied

B.did,live

C.do,stay

D.were,swimming3.—Howisyourfather?I__himforalongtime.

—Heisfine,butbusy.don’tsee

B.hadn’tseenC.didn’tsee

D.haven’tseen4.Meimeihasreceivedseverallettersfromherhometownsinceshe_______tothecity.

A.came

B.comes

C.hascome

D.willcome

第四十四頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。技巧2:尋找現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的副詞標(biāo)志或句型。(1)在做時(shí)態(tài)題時(shí),注意觀察(guānchá)句中是否有常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的副詞:yet,already,never,lately,recently,ever,just,before,(ever)since等。(2)句型:Ithasbeen+段時(shí)間+since+過(guò)去時(shí).也可以表示為:Itis+段時(shí)間+since+過(guò)去時(shí).

第四十五頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。9.自五個(gè)月前我就在這兒(zhèr)了。I

have

been

here

since

five

months

ago.

2023/2/6第四十六頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。過(guò)去(guòqù)完成時(shí)第四十七頁(yè)，共52頁(yè)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)1、概念：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作(dòngzuò)之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作(dòngzuò)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去（past-in-the-past）”。------|-----------|----------|--