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LessonsfromWenchuanEarthquakeDisasterinChina
PeijunSHIStateKeyLaboratoryofEarthSurfaceProcessesandResourceEcology(ESPRE)KeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentalChangeandNatureDisaster,MinistryofEducation(ECND)AcademyofDisasterReductionandEmergencyManagement,MOCandMOE(ADREM)BeijingNormalUniversityWORKINGSESSIONLessonsfromMegaDisasters,10.00to11.30,Sunday,15thMarch,2015,Sendai,Japan
WenchuanEarthquakeEarth-sufaceRuptureMapTheM>=4aftershockdistributionmap(uptoAugust9of2008)ThedestructivezoneoftheearthquakefaultthroughtheoldcityofBeichuanCounty
SecondaryDisastersInducedbyWenchuanEarthquake
Theinducedgeologicaldisasters:inducedbytheearthquakeandrainstorms,reaches9556,including5117landslides,3575rockfalls,358debrisflowsThesecondarydisasterssuchasbarrierlakes,damagedreservoirsanddamageddams:34barrierlakeswithdifferentlevelsofdanger,andtheTangjiashanBarrierLakenearthecountyseatofBeichuanCountywasofextremelyseveredanger;Over1800damagedreservoirsinSichuanprovince;DamsinSichuan,Chongqing,Shaanxi,GansuandYunnanwithalengthof1054kmweredamaged
LandslideandrockfallInducedbyWenchuanEarthquake
FieldInvestigationPointsHeavyRainRockCollapseLandslidesEarthquakeBarrierlakesDebrisFlowWenchuanEarthquakeDisasterChainsIntegratedemergencydisasterassessmentmapofWenchuanEarthquakeCasualties12:00ofJuly11,2008,theWenchuanEarthquakeinSichuanprovincehadcaused:69197deathtoll18341peoplemissing374176injured15.106billiontransferredandrelocated96445hospitalizedinjuredpeople,ofwhich88391peoplehavelefthospitalalready,and5405peopleremaininhospital3334peoplewhohadbeentransferredtootherprovincesfromSichuanprovinceTreatmentsofthesickandwoundedsummedupto2827552person-timesLosses(billionRMB):853.0ResponsetotheWenchuanearthquakeTheStateCouncilissuedtheRegulationonPost-WenchuanEarthquakeRehabilitationandReconstruction.Itclarifiedthedetailedresponsibilitiesofgovernmentatalllevelsintherehabilitationandreconstructionaftertheearthquake.Inaccordwiththisregulation,anexpertearthquakerescuegroupwasestablishedtoinvestigateandevaluatetheearthquaketoprovidesupportfortheformulationofplansforpost-earthquakerehabilitationandreconstruction.Regulationonpost-Wenchuanearthquakerehabilitationandreconstruction(a)andWenchuanearthquakeimpactassessmentmap(b)Rebuilttown,ShuimoinWenchuan,SichuanProvinceResponsetotheWenchuanearthquakeTheregulationstatedthatthefinancialassistancegivenbytheprovincesormunicipalitiesshouldbenolessthan1%ofitslocalfiscalrevenueofthepreviousyear.Toexpressthecountry’scondolencestothevictimsoftheWenchuanearthquake,theStateCouncildeclaredMay19–212008tobeNationalGriefDay.TheresponsetotheWenchuanearthquakewasthefastestandlargestmobilizationofhelpinChinesehistory.Theguaranteesstatedinvariouspoliciesresultedinaverysuccessfulandeffectiverehabilitationandreconstructionprocess.Asaresult,within3years,thedisaster-hitarearecoveredandevensurpasseditspre-earthquakeeconomicandsocialdevelopmentstatus.Whatcommitmentsareexpectedtobeachieved?China’smainachievementsLessonsRecommendations
Establishedadisasterpreventionandreductionregime,mechanismsandlegalsystem
Improvedmonitoring,earlywarning,andriskassessmentEstablishedthedisasterinformationsharingserviceandapubliccampaignondisasterpreventionandreduction
StrengthenedtheclimatechangeresponseanddisasterriskgovernanceStrengthenedthedisasterpreparedness
China’smainachievementsAnatlasseriesonnaturaldisasterstosupportnationalandlocaldisasterpreventionandreduction
TheAtlasofNaturalDisastersinChina(1992)supportedthedevelopmentofthe2000–2005plan。TheAtlasofNaturalDisasterSystemofChina(2003)servedthedevelopmentoftheplanfor2005–2010.TheAtlasofNaturalDisasterRiskofChina
(2011)wasusedinthedevelopmentoftheplanfor2011–2015。
AtlasseriesofnaturaldisastersinChinaandWorld/atlas(13—19,March,2015)TheChineseexperienceinthepast25yearsillustratestheimportanceofthreesharedpoints:IdentificationoftheconceptofcomprehensivedisasterpreventionandreductioninstrategiesInclusionofgoalsforcomprehensivedisasterpreventionandreductioninnationalplansActionstostrengthenthetechnologicalsupportofcomprehensivedisasterpreventionandreduction.ThesynergybetweencentralandlocalgovernmentsrequiresfurtherimprovementThesynergybetweenurbanandruralareasshouldbefurtherstrengthenedThesynergybetweenthegovernmentandpublicstilllacksaninstitutionalguaranteeThesectoralmanagementanddisasterriskgovernancestillneedstobeintegratedLessons
2.2LessonslearnedAlthoughChinahasmadeclearprogressandgainedmanyachievementsincomprehensivedisasterpreventionandreduction,Chinaalsolearnedvaluablelessonsviathechallengesofvariousnaturaldisastersoverthepast25years.Therearesomeareasthatrequirestrengtheningandimprovementtofurtherreducetheriskofdisasters.ThesynergybetweencentralandlocalgovernmentsrequiresfurtherimprovementThedisasteremergencymanagementsystemcharacterizedby“unifiedleadership,comprehensivecoordination,categorizedmanagement,tieredresponsibility,andjurisdictionmanagement”shouldbefurtherimplemented.Thereexistuncoordinatedgoalsbetweensectoraldisastermanagementandintegratedriskgovernance.Acleardefinitionanddivisionofresponsibilitiesbetweencentralandlocalgovernmentsisyettoestablish.Thesynergytobefurtherstrengthenedtoovercomethedisadvantagesofdisperseddisastermanagementfunctionsinvarioussectorsisneeded.Thecopingcapacityforlarge-scaledisastersandemergingrisksstillremainsinadequate.ThesynergybetweenurbanandruralareasshouldbefurtherstrengthenedThereareobviousdifferencesbetweenruralandurbanareasintermsofdisastermonitoringandearlywarningsystems,communitypreparedness,emergencyresponseandpost-disasterrecovery,andreconstruction.Thisdualstructurelargelystemsfromlowlevelsofdisasterprotectioninruralareas(however,urbanareasenjoylittlemore),andrapidurbanization.Thus,thegapbetweenruralandurbanareasintermsofdisasterprevention,reduction,andreliefcapabilitiesfurtherincreases,whichreducestheefficiencyofdisasterpreventionandreductionefforts.Furthermore,ithinderstheprocessoftheurban-ruralintegrationandleadstothelowlevelofdisasterresponsecapabilitiesinurbanandruralareas.Thus,theurbanandruralcoordinationandcooperationmechanismofthecomprehensivedisasterprevention,reductionandreliefurgentlyneedstobestrengthened.ThesynergybetweenthegovernmentandpublicstilllacksaninstitutionalguaranteeAlthoughsocietyasawholesharesagrowingconcernaboutdisasterprevention,reduction,andrelief,thegovernmenthasnotofferedsystematicguidancenorstandardizedmanagement.Furthermore,existingpolicieslackoverallconsideration,andasaresultsocialforceshardlyplayaneffectiveroleincommunitydisasterreduction,emergencyrescue,andpost-disasterreliefandrecovery.Therefore,thesystemdesignintermsofthecoordinatedresponseofgovernmentandsocietyrequiresurgentattention,especiallyintheareasofdisasterreliefdonations,volunteerservices,andemergencyrequisitions.DisasterassessmentandinformationreleaserequriesfruhtercoordinationTherehasbeensignifcantimporvementindisastermonitoringandrapidassesementcapcity,butdisasdterinformaitonrelaserequiresfurhterenhancement.Aschemeistoestablishtoensurerapidreportingandrapidreleaseofdisasterinforamtion.Thegoalistohaveearly-monitoring,earlyacknowlegement,earlyreportingandearlyrelase.Thestrategyistofurhterimprovethecosiliencebetweenscieitificassessment,governmentcoordinationandpublicacitivtiyindisasterprevention,mitigationandrelief.ChallengesClimatechangeuncertaintiesleadtogreaterenvironmentalrisks
Globalwarming
IncreaseofextremeeventsEnvironmentalriskswillincreaseExposureandvulnerabilityarelikelytoincreaseUncertaintiesregardingclimatechangeanditsimpactSustainabledevelopmentisfacingchallengesfromemergingrisks
EnergyandwatersecurityareimportantcomponentsofresourcesafetyFoodsecurityisfoundationofeconomicandsocialsafetyTerrestorialecosystemstabilityisthekeystoneofdisasterpreventionandreduction.ProtectionofcoastalzoneishighlylinkedtoresourceandecologicalsafetyChallengesfromgloballynetworkeddisastersDistributionofFutureHigh-temperature,DroughtandFloodRiskLevelsinChinaunderEmissionScenarioRCP8.5[19](Redcolordenoteshighestrisklevel,andlightbluecolordenoteslowestrisklevel)TheglobalizationoftheinfluenceofdisastersIncorporateeconomicdevelopment,lifestyle,andecosystemservicestobetteradapttothechangingenvironmentPromoteagreeneconomystrategybybalancingeffortstomitigatedisasterlossandenhancebenefits
Comprehensivedisasterriskpreventionparadigmunderthestrategyof“commonworld,commonexistence,commondevelopment”RecommendationsPromotingtheintegrationofcopingwithclimatechangeanddisasterpreventionandreductionAcceleratethetransitionofeconomicgrowthpatternswithafocusonstructureadjustmentsupportedbyinnovationanddevelopmentinscienceandtechnology.Establishadiversifiedenergysecurityandsupplychainsystem
toefficientlyreducethenegativeimpactsoflarge-scaledisasterrisks.Comprehensivelyimprovenationalandlocaldisasterrisksharingcapabilitiesbyestablishinga“globallarge-scaledisasterriskfinancialmanagementsystem”torealizetheriskdiversificationandsharingintheglobalcontext.RecommendationsPromotingtheintegrationofcopingwithclimatechangeanddisasterpreventionandHolisticallyimprovenationalandregionalriskgovernancecapacityforlarge-scaledisastersGreenEconomyClimateChangeCatastropheRiskVegetationEconomyExtremeClimateEventsIncreasePreventMitigateCarbonSinkInterrelationsbetweenclimatechange,greeneconomy,anddisasterriskAcceleratethetransitionofeconomicgrowthpatternswithafocusonstructureadjustmentsupportedbyinnovationanddevelopmentinscienceandtechnology.Establishadiversifiedenergysecurityandsupplychainsystem
toefficientlyreducethenegativeimpactsoflarge-sca
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