1、設(shè)問(wèn)發(fā)明法

設(shè)問(wèn)發(fā)明法也稱聰明的辦法、檢核表法。它享有創(chuàng)造技法之母的稱號(hào)。夜光粉是一種用量少用途不大的發(fā)光材料，多用于鐘表和儀表?，F(xiàn)在有人提出，它能有更大的用途嗎？這個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)，誘人研制成夜光紙，可以裁剪成任何形狀貼在夜間黑暗環(huán)境中，指示開關(guān)位置所在，既方便，又安全。可貼在火柴盒上、煤油燈座上、山區(qū)公路轉(zhuǎn)彎處、樓梯扶手處等等。Establishtoinventionmethodalsocalledintelligentmethod,andthemethodofchecklist.Itholdsthetitleofthemotherofcreationtechniques.Noctilucentpowderisakindofconsumptionpurposesnotbigluminescentmaterial,usedforclockandinstrumentation.Nowsomeoneisputforward,itcanbemoreuseful?Therhetoricalquestion,invitingthedevelopedluminouspaper,canbecutintoanyshapeinthedarknightenvironment,indicatingswitchposition,convenient,andsafe.Canstickonthematchbox,kerosenelampseat,mountainroadcorner,stairarmrest,andsoon..Thisinventiontechniquesinventedmethodcalledrhetoricalquestions.Establishtoinventionmethodaccordingtotheneedtosolvetheproblem,orneedtocreatetheobjectoftheinventionliststherelevantissues,andthencheckthinkingandpromoteinnovation.Canestablishtoexistingtheinventionofthepresenceofotherpurposes?Canyouintroduceothercreativeidea,orreplacement,ortoborrow?Existinginventionscanchange?Canyoushrink,ease,split?Couldyouexpandpurposes,prolonglife?Willyoupleasereplacemodelororder?Willyoupleaseupsidedown?Presenceofsubstituteproducts?Theexistingseveralinventionscanbecombinedtogether?......Fromthisinquirycanobtainthemethodtosolvetheproblemandtheideasoftheinvention這種發(fā)明技法叫設(shè)問(wèn)發(fā)明法。設(shè)問(wèn)發(fā)明法根據(jù)需要解決的問(wèn)題，或需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造發(fā)明的對(duì)象列出有關(guān)問(wèn)題，然后一一核對(duì)思考，促進(jìn)創(chuàng)造發(fā)明?？梢栽O(shè)問(wèn)現(xiàn)有的發(fā)明有無(wú)其他用途？能否引入其他創(chuàng)造性設(shè)想，或替代，或借用？現(xiàn)有發(fā)明可否改動(dòng)一下？可否縮小、減輕、分割？可否擴(kuò)大用途，延長(zhǎng)壽命？可否更換型號(hào)或順序？可否顛倒過(guò)來(lái)？有無(wú)替代用品？現(xiàn)有的幾種發(fā)明是否可以組合一起？……從這段設(shè)問(wèn)中可以獲得解決問(wèn)題的方法和創(chuàng)造發(fā)明的設(shè)想。（1）加一加

把一件物品加大一點(diǎn)，加長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)，加高一點(diǎn)，或者把功能增多一點(diǎn)，使物品在形態(tài)上、功能上、尺寸上有所變化，有利于使用。例如，把變通的印刷鉛字加大一點(diǎn)，成為大號(hào)字，便于老年人閱覽。把變通雨傘加大一點(diǎn)，成為海濱游泳場(chǎng)的晴雨兩用傘。鉛筆和橡皮原來(lái)是分開的兩件東西，美國(guó)威廉發(fā)明了橡皮頭鉛筆，這也是加一加的方法。帽子和衣服加在一起，有了帶帽子的風(fēng)雪大衣。X射線照相裝置同電子計(jì)算機(jī)加在一起，成為“CT掃瞄儀”，使診斷腦內(nèi)疾病和體內(nèi)癌變等具有特殊效能。Toincreasealittle,andanarticleextendedabit,abithigher,orthefunctionincreasedalittle,maketheitemsontheform,function,sizechanges,ishelpfultouse.Forexample,theflexibleprintingtypeincreasedalittle,becomelarge,readingtotheelderly.Flexibleumbrellaincreasedalittle,becomeaseasideworkedasamphibiousumbrellaintherainorshine.Pencilanderaserisdividedtwothings,theUnitedStates,Williaminventedtherubberheadpencil,itisalsoaplusoneplusmethod.Thehatandclothes,puttogether,haveaparkawiththehat.X-rayphotographicdevicewiththeelectroniccomputer,puttogether,becomea"CTscaninstrument",makethediagnosisofbraindiseasessuchascancerinvitroandinvivowithspecialperformance.（2）減一減

把一件物品減小一點(diǎn)、減輕一點(diǎn)、減低一點(diǎn)，使它的形態(tài)、功能發(fā)生變化。例如，電子管改成集成塊，體積縮小了。鋼鐵架帆布帳篷改為充氣塑料帳篷，重量大大減輕了。近視眼患者帶上眼鏡很不方便，發(fā)明微型隱形鏡片，裝在眼睛內(nèi)，更方便了。Minishtheoneitem,reduce,reducealittlebit,makeitachangeinthemorphologyandfunction.Tubeintoaintegratedblock,forexample,volumeisreduced.Steelframethecanvastentinsteadofinflatableplastictent,greatlyreducetheweight.Patientswithmyopiawearglassesisnotveryconvenient,inventedthemicrolenses,intheeyes,moreconvenient.（3）擴(kuò)一擴(kuò)

把一個(gè)物品放寬一點(diǎn)，擴(kuò)大一點(diǎn)，使它的功能產(chǎn)生明顯的變化。例如，放大鏡、顯微鏡、寬銀幕電影、投影電視，都是運(yùn)用擴(kuò)一擴(kuò)的技法。上珠算課，教師向全班同學(xué)演示怎樣撥珠運(yùn)算，制作一個(gè)大算盤，掛在黑板上，全班同學(xué)都看得清清楚楚。Putaarticlestorelaxalittle,andexpand,createsanobviouschangeitsfunction.Forexample,amagnifyingglass,microscope,widescreenmovie,projectionTV,enlargetheexpansiontechniqueisused.Theabacusclass,theteachertotheclasshowtodialthebeadoperation,makingabigabacus,hangingontheblackboard,theclasstoseeclearly.（4）縮一縮

使一個(gè)物品的體積縮小一點(diǎn)，縮短一點(diǎn)，給人使用帶來(lái)方便，或者改變它的功能。例如，制造壓縮餅干、袖珍收音機(jī)、袖珍雨衣等，書籍的縮印本、袖珍詞典等。一位醫(yī)師設(shè)想了利用氣球作為疏通血管的工具。把氣球縮得很?。ㄖ睆街挥袔缀撩祝阉翟谝粋€(gè)特制的導(dǎo)管的一端插入病人的動(dòng)脈血管，當(dāng)它探到被脂肪阻塞的地方時(shí)，就給小氣球充氣，小氣球膨脹后，就擠壓清除了沉積在那里的脂肪，使血液正常地疏通。Makeasmalleritems,shorter,bringconveniencetopeopleuse,orchangeitsfunction.Buildcompressedbiscuits,pocketradios,pocket,forexample,raincoat,etc.,booksinreduced,pocketdictionary,etc.Aphysicianusingballoonsastoolstounclogbloodvessels.Shrinktotheballoonissmall(onlyafewmillimetersindiameter),fastenitononeendofaspecialcatheterinsertedintothepatient'sartery,blockedwhenittobefat,givesmallballoon,balloonexpansion,theresqueezetoremovethedepositionoffat,bloodnormallyopen.（5）變一變

改變物品的形狀、尺寸、顏色、味道、音響等，引起人們新的感覺，更有使用價(jià)值，更受消費(fèi)者歡迎。例如，服裝的面料、款式、顏色、圖案的變化。圓形鉛筆變?yōu)榱切巍⒈鈭A形，不易滑手，不易從桌上滾下。圓珠筆從單色變?yōu)殡p色、三色等。Changetheitem'sshape,size,color,taste,sound,etc.,causepeoplenewfeeling,havemoreusevalue,ismorepopularwithconsumers.Forexample,thefabricsofclothing,style,color,designchange.Circularpencilintohexagonal,oblate,isnoteasytoslide,noteasyrollingdownfromthetable.Ballpointpenfrommonochrometodoublecolor,threecolor,etc.（6）改一改改進(jìn)物品原來(lái)的形狀、性能、結(jié)構(gòu)，使之出現(xiàn)新形態(tài)、新的功能。例如，對(duì)雨傘的改進(jìn)。為了防止容易拿錯(cuò)，讓傘布增加顏色和圖案。為了防止風(fēng)雨時(shí)傘布遮住視線，改用透明的塑料作傘布。為了撐傘時(shí)拿東西方便，設(shè)計(jì)成可戴在頭上的帽式雨傘。還有，帶“儲(chǔ)水器”的傘，帶照明的傘，等等。再如，撥環(huán)式電話機(jī)改為按鍵式電話機(jī)；單放機(jī)改為收音機(jī)；單卡改為雙卡……，使產(chǎn)品朝著自動(dòng)化、微型化、效率化、輕便化、簡(jiǎn)單化、省力化方向發(fā)展。Improvetheitemsoftheoriginalshape,performance,structure,makeitanewformandnewfunctions.Forexample,improvementsontheumbrella.Inordertopreventeasytogetwrong,toincreaseourumbrellaclothcolorandpattern.Inordertopreventthewindandrainumbrellaclothcoverthelineofsight,toswitchtoatransparentplasticcloth.Totakethingseasywhentheumbrellas,designedtobeputonthehatoftheheadanumbrella.Also,with"water"umbrella,umbrella,withlightingandsoon.Again,suchas,dialthetelephoneringtypetotouch-tonetelephone.Walkmanischangedtotheradio;Singlecardinstead