英語對(duì)Syntheticvs.AnalyticAnswerQuestionsDirections:theQuestionswithifnecessary.1.syntheticlanguages(合語)?Howtheycharacterized?AccordingtoWebsterNinthNewCollegiateDictionary,Asyntheticlanguageis“Characterizedfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”2.analytical（分析語）?HowaretheyAccordingtoTheRandomHouseCollegeDictionaryAnanalyticlanguageis“Characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbsandchangesinwordsordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthaninflectedforms”.3.Englishlanguageflexibleorder語序WhyisitnotsoinBecausewordorderismoreconnectedwiththeformalchanges.Iftheformchangeismoreflexible,thewordorderismoreflexible.Chineselanguageisananalyticlanguage,thewordordercannotbechangeatrandom,inwhichtherelationshipbetweenthewordsarecloselyrelatedwithwordorderandfunctionwords.4.istheusualwordorderEnglishWhatnineofinsentences?TheusualorderinEnglishsentenceSubject-Object.TheninetypesofinversioninEnglishsentencesinclude:interrogativeinversion,imperativeinversion,exclamatoryinversion,hypotheticalinversion,balanceinversion,linkinversion,signpostinversion,negativemetricalinversion.1.are—Cinformalwords（形式詞?Englishlanguageisfeaturedinitsabundantfunctionwords,ofwhichisarticle.Articlesarefrequentemployed.useanarticleornot,anduseadefiniteoneoranindefiniteone,makesdifferenceexpressionofmeaning.AuxiliaryaremorefrequentlyusedinChinese.Chineselanguagecontainsauxiliaryfortense,structuralandmood.Thislastcategoryisespeciallyuniqueinthelanguagefortherichnessdelineationofemotions,liketheletters呀、啦、哦、嘛、呢，others.6.manyofformalwords（形式詞）arethereEnglishlanguage?2.Therefivetypesofformalwords,is:article,includinga,an,andpreposition,likeon,in,to,for,as,at,of,from,across,etc.;auxiliaryverb,likewill,do,have;coordinator,includingand,but,or;subordinator,likeunless,after,for,dueto,etc.7.（聲調(diào)語言）Chinesetonecanbeusedindicatingchangeofmeaningandnotsuitableforexpressingthecertainty,completeness,independenceorfinality.Ⅱ.FillinDirections:Fillintheblankswithbestyoufoundinthetextbook.1.綜合語的特征是經(jīng)常性系統(tǒng)性的運(yùn)用曲折形式來表現(xiàn)語法關(guān)系為特征的語言，分析語的特征是分析語的特征是相對(duì)頻繁地使用功能詞，助詞和改變?cè)~序來表達(dá)句法關(guān)系，而不用曲折形式來表達(dá)。12.

英語有形態(tài)變化，詞序比漢語靈活，但相對(duì)固定。13.

英語屬于綜合分析語言

語言。

形態(tài)變化、詞序和虛詞是表達(dá)語法意義的三大手段。形態(tài)變化就是詞的形式變化括構(gòu)詞形態(tài)和構(gòu)形形態(tài)。現(xiàn)代英語的變化主要包括性數(shù)格時(shí)語態(tài)語氣、比較級(jí)、人稱、詞性等變化。漢語的數(shù)量助詞有們，動(dòng)態(tài)助詞有著、了和過等。漢語結(jié)構(gòu)助詞的、地、得類似于應(yīng)用英語形態(tài)變化，但缺乏普遍性。英漢語在主謂賓的排列上都是主-動(dòng)表）順序。漢語的定語一般放在名詞的后面，英語的定語一般放在名詞的前面。漢語沒有形態(tài)變化用或不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞詞有定語從句，名詞之前定語的長(zhǎng)度不宜太長(zhǎng)。漢語的實(shí)踐順序和邏輯順序是按照由先到后、由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實(shí)到結(jié)論的順序。英語的虛詞包括冠詞、介詞、助動(dòng)詞、并列連接詞、和從屬連接詞。漢語的虛詞包括介詞、助詞和連詞。英語的語音系統(tǒng)由元音、輔音、重讀和語調(diào)組成。漢語的語音系統(tǒng)由聲母、韻母和聲調(diào)組成Ⅲ.TranslatebetweenE/CLanguagesDirections:sentencesintotargetPayattentionofomissionstrategy.yourtranslation27.中國(guó)人也好，外國(guó)人也好，死人也好，活人也好，對(duì)的就是對(duì)的，不對(duì)的就是不對(duì)的。isrightisright,andwhatiswrongiswrong,nomatteraChineseorforeigner,deadoraliveheis.她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成為一個(gè)大明星。ambitionisbiggerthanhersister.Shewantstobeasuperstar.在當(dāng)今中國(guó)，人人都在練功夫，功夫課也成為中國(guó)中部地區(qū)一些中學(xué)的必修課。InpresentChina,allthepeoplearepracticingChinesekongfu,whichhasbecomeacompulsorycourseinsomemiddleschoolsinthecentralpartofChina.上學(xué)的，上學(xué)了；下海的，下海了。wenttocollege,andsomegotintobusiness.這是一部美國(guó)的熱門影片。isahotAmericanfilm.周恩來舉止優(yōu)雅，待人體貼。Enlaiiselegantandconsiderate.33.如蒙早日寄來樣品和報(bào)價(jià)，我方將不勝感激。ityoucansendusthesampleandquotationearly.我們大家都看出他能說會(huì)道。ofusfoundhimeloquent.這筆資金注入給這個(gè)城市帶來活力capitalwillinvigoratethecity.驕傲使人落后。keepsonefromprogress.一把大火把整個(gè)村子燒成了白地firehasturnedthewholevillageintoaruin.我們必須阻止陌生人靠近。mustkeepthestrangersaway.這種結(jié)果真讓我郁悶。resultreallydepressedme.該型汽車速度快，效率高，行動(dòng)靈活。newcarsarefast,andhandy.新疆產(chǎn)地毯圖案新穎，色調(diào)雅致備受青睞ThecarpetsmadeinXinjiangarebeautifulandmagnificenttheirandelegantcolors.AccordingtoJohn,mycousin,Londonwasmostbeautifulthen.InthreehourswereachedWashingtonmonument,ourdestinationChineseunderstandablyspokewithproudoftheirachievementsinthelastdecade.IaskedhimtoteachmeFrench.Iinvitedhimforadinneratmyhome.Theearthquakereducedallthehousesintopieces.根據(jù)我表哥約翰的說法，這個(gè)時(shí)候倫敦最漂亮。三小時(shí)后，我們達(dá)到了目的地華盛頓紀(jì)念館。中國(guó)人對(duì)過去十年取得的成就感到自豪，這是可以理解的。我要他教我法語。我邀請(qǐng)他到我家吃飯。地震把所有房屋變成了廢墟。Chapter2AnswerQuestionsDirections:theQuestionswithifnecessary.1.Englishiscalledcompact（聚集）whileChinesediffuse流散）one?ThisisbecauseEnglishlanguagehasrigidrulesonsentencestructurecenteredsubject-predicate；sentencesaredeveloped-predicatestructures.2.isthestructureinsentence?ThesimplestEnglishsentenceconsistsofonlyasubjectandapredicate,basedonwhichmanycomponentsareattachedorderived.Andtheverbiscore,thenumberofnounsattachabletotheverbiscalledtheverb’svalence.AsChineselanguageoninternalthemeinsteadexternalrepresentation,ChinesesentencescanhardlybeclassifiedaccordingverbvariationlikeEnglishsentencesare.3.manythereinSVP,SVO,SVOO,SVOC4.InwhichEnglishcanDeclarative,interrogative,imperativeexclamative.5.InwhichcanthecompactnessofbeA)toaddmodifiers;toextendelementsinthebasicsentencea)grammaticalconcord;b)notionalconcord;c）principleproximity6.Whichthepredicates?Itcanverbs,nouns,oradjectives;canoneverbmorethanoneverbsornorverbs;canonewordorwordphrases.Nounsand（包括代詞7.theregularofThemesentences;transitivesentence;relativesentences;exclamativesentence;existentialsentence;ownershipsentence;descriptivesentence;andexplicativesentence8.WhytheremanyinChinese?GivesomeInsummary,sentencesarecharacterizedthreeuncertainties—Uncertaintyofsubject;uncertaintyofpredicate;uncertaintyintherelationbetweensubjectandpredicate.9.Chineseembodied?Chinesesentencevariationisembodiedbylargenumberofambiguoussentencesandfullsentenceminorsentences.example:他欠你的錢；是前天發(fā)的電報(bào)；房間干干凈凈。9.HowdoyouunderstandquotationtheofJespersenpointsout,analysismeanssuppleness,andsynthesismeansregidity;inanalyticlanguageyouhavethepowerofkaleidoscopicallyarrangingandrearrangingelementsthatinsyntheticformsareinrigidconnexion.Ⅱ.FillinDirections:Fillintheblankswithbestyoufoundinthetextbook.11.英語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞性短語和動(dòng)詞性短語組成。1.英語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸結(jié)為五種基本句型即主語+謂語主語+動(dòng)詞+表語主語+動(dòng)詞賓語、主語動(dòng)詞+直接賓語間接賓語和主語+動(dòng)詞賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語。13.英語基本句型的變式有陳述句變疑問句定句變否定句和主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句。2.英語基本句型的擴(kuò)展可以通過增加修飾語和擴(kuò)展基本句型的成分進(jìn)行。15.英語句子不流散的原則是一致原則，包括語法一致、意義一致和就近一致。ⅢbetweenE/CLanguagesDirections:sentencesintotargetPayattentionsubjectyourTrytoyourbrief.16.Theofhisgavebigsurprise.妻子突然回家，使他感到很吃驚。17.Ithatyouclosedoorwhen離開時(shí)請(qǐng)順手關(guān)門。18.Hewhopollutes誰污染誰負(fù)責(zé)。19.Thetownwasbya暴風(fēng)雨襲擊了這個(gè)村莊。20.shouldbegiventoviolatorsoflaws.違法者應(yīng)受到懲罰。21.這種自行車價(jià)廉物美，在中東很暢銷。ThisbicycleischeapfineandsellswellinMiddleEast.22.中國(guó)地大物博人口眾多，中國(guó)人過去也常常以此自豪。Chinesepeoplewereproudoftheircountrywithvastterritoryandabundantresourcesandgreatpopulationthepast.23.教高年級(jí)的翻譯課，我不是很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Iamagreenhandteachingtranslationfortheseniorstudents.24.婚姻的事，年輕人自己做主了。Theyoungmenwilldecideforthemselvesfortheirmarriage25.女兒的心事，做娘的清楚得很。Motherarefullyconsciousworriesinherdaughter26.這件事我還被蒙在鼓里呢。Iamstillinthedarkforthismatter.27.錢，我來想辦法。Asformoney,Iwilltryborrow.28.改革的目的是為了發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。Theaimofreformistodevelopproductiveforce.29.她很喜歡中國(guó)畫。ShelikesChinesepainting.30.他點(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭，意思是他聽見了，但沒表示同意或不同意。Henodded,indicatingheheardwhatyousaid,butshownosignofagreementnot.31.我們深信，我方的產(chǎn)品會(huì)受到歐洲市場(chǎng)的歡迎。WefirmlybelievethatourproductwillbewelcomedinEuropeanmarket.32.

我很榮幸今天有機(jī)會(huì)參加這個(gè)派對(duì)。Itisagreathonorformetoparticipateinsuchapartytoday.33.一個(gè)外表和談吐都很美國(guó)化的中年人，坐到了車?yán)?。AyoungmanwhotalksandlikeAmericanenteredthecar.34.吃苦在前，享受在后。Tobearhardshipyouenjoycomforts.6

Chapter3ⅠAnswerQuestions1.isthedefinitionhypotaxis（形合）Hypotacticisdefinedthedependentsubordinateconstructionrelationshiporrelationshipclauseswithconnectives,forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome2.isthedefinitionparataxis（意合）?Paratacticisdefinedasthearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Example:rainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway.3.isrelative?Whatconjunction?theirRelativeincludesrelativepronoun,relativeadverb,conjunctivepronounandconjunctivesuchaswho,that,which,when,howetc.Itisusedtoconnectmainclausewiththeattributiveclause,theobjectclause,thesubjectclauseandthepredicativeclause.Conjunctionincludescoordinatingconjunctionandsubordinatingconjunction,suchasand,but,so,however,untilso…thatandetc.Itisusedconnectwords,phrases,clausesoradverbialclauses.4.thefunctionsPrepositionisusedtoshowtherelationofanounsubstituteforanountosomeotherwordinasentence.PrepositionsappearconstantlyinEnglishspeechandwriting5.theadvantagesofhypotaxisinopinion?HypotaxisfrequentlyoccursinEnglishsentence-making.Hypotaxisstressestheovertcohesionandthesentenceformwhichisstructuralcompletenessandmeaning-overt.6.doesusecovertcoherence?ItisbecauseinChinesearefewhypotacticmeans.Chinese,asalanguagedifferentfromEnglish,dosecontainthosefrequently-usedrelativepronouns,relativeadverbs,conjunctivepronounsandconjunctiveadverbsinEnglish.Moreover,Chineseprepositionsinasmallnumbertoabout30,andhasnoformchangeslikeEnglish.7.theinorganization?Chineselanguagestresstheparatacticmeansthanthehypotacticmeans.Thegrammaticalmeaningandlogicconnectionbetweenlanguagepartsarealwayssensedinthewords8.ofparataxisareinChineselanguage?MeansofparataxisusedinChineseinclude(i)sentenceorder,(ii)repetition,parallelism,antithesis,andcontrastandon,(iii)contractedsentence,(iv)fourcharacterstructure.9.toturnEnglishintoinofandstructure?AstothetranslationofEnglishintoChinese,onlyaftertheanalysisoftheformandstructureofthesentencescanthemeaningandfunctionbeclearlyjudged.10.Whatareinhypotacticstructure?Therearefourcharacteristicsinhypotacticstructure:(i)emphasisovertcohesion,(ii)emphasisonsentenceform,(iii)emphasisonstructuralcompleteness,(iv)emphasisonrevealingmeaningthroughform.Ⅱ.Fillin11.

漢語意法采取的手包括

語序、

反復(fù)排比、對(duì)偶

和照等。

英譯漢，往往要先析句子結(jié)構(gòu)、形式，才能確定子的功能、義。英語的合手段包括關(guān)系詞和連接詞、介詞和其它連接手段。關(guān)系詞括關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。英語常綜合應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞、連接詞、介詞和其它連接手段把各種分連接起來構(gòu)筑成短句子，表一定的法