閱讀理解之主旨大意題解題方法教育部2023高考大綱：閱讀理解部分“要求考生能讀懂書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能：（1）理解主旨和要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；（3）根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；（4）作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理；（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。下面主要講我們?cè)谧詈箅A段應(yīng)如何快速提高解答閱讀理解題（主旨大意題）的準(zhǔn)確率和速度。閱讀一篇文章時(shí)，通常要快速瀏覽全文，了解其大意，明確其主旨。因此，主旨大意題是?？碱}。解題指導(dǎo)主旨大意題包括：①主要內(nèi)容型(mainidea,mainlyabout)②寫(xiě)作目的型(purpose)③文章標(biāo)題型(title)段落大意VS文章大意[?？紗?wèn)題句式]1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis________.2.Thepassage(thefirstpara)ismainlyabout__.3.Whatisthemainidea/topic/purpose/subjectofthepassage?4.Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith_____.5.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat________.6.Themainideaofthefirst/second...paragraphprobablyis________.◎主旨大意題常有以下幾種命題方式：(1)Mainidea型：選擇項(xiàng)多為陳述句，要求考生選擇表達(dá)作者思想或觀點(diǎn)的句子。

題干多為如下形式：①What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?②Thepassageismainlyabout________.③Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.④Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?⑤Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?⑥Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily(主要地、根本上)______.⑦Thesubject（主題）discussedinthistextis________.⑧Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________.◎主旨大意題常有以下幾種命題方式：(1)Mainidea型：

選擇項(xiàng)多為陳述句，要求考生選擇表達(dá)作者思想或觀點(diǎn)的句子。(2)Mainpurpose型：

選擇項(xiàng)多為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)，要求考生找到某句話、某段話或者某篇文章主要的寫(xiě)作目的。

常見(jiàn)以下幾種題干形式：①What’sthepurposeofthepassage/paragraph2?②Thepassageismeantto________.③Thepurposeofthearticle/paragraph1isto__.④Inthispassage/paragraph2,thewritertriestotellusthat________.⑤Thepassage/paragraph3tellsusthat________.⑥Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage/paragraph1isto________.◎主旨大意題常有以下幾種命題方式：(1)Mainidea型：

選擇項(xiàng)多為陳述句，要求考生選擇表達(dá)作者思想或觀點(diǎn)的句子。(2)Mainpurpose型：

選擇項(xiàng)多為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)，要求考生找到某句話、某段話或者某篇文章主要的寫(xiě)作目的。(3)title型：

選擇文章標(biāo)題是另一類(lèi)對(duì)主旨大意題考查的形式，

要求考生用簡(jiǎn)短的詞、句來(lái)概括總結(jié)文章的大意。

命題形式：①Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.②Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?③Thebesttitleforthepassageis_______.④Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis________.解題技巧弄清文章/段落的大意，關(guān)鍵是找到主題句。文章主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應(yīng)，有時(shí)也在文中，或沒(méi)有主題句，需根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納（議論文和說(shuō)明文一般有主題句，但記敘文通常沒(méi)有主題句，需要?dú)w納）。各段的主題句也常在該段的首句或尾句。⑴主題句的位置：用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀可能是主題句的句子（文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等），搜索主題線索和主題信息。⑵找主題句的方法：⑶判定主題句的小技巧：①段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however,but,infact,actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。④表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等。干擾項(xiàng)①可能屬文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)；②可能屬文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論；③可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。⑷關(guān)于干擾項(xiàng)和正確答案正確答案是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái)的；但不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)其實(shí)或以偏概全。一、先看題目，再讀文章

這種方法看似簡(jiǎn)單，卻可以給考生節(jié)約很多寶

貴的時(shí)間。

該方法適用于所有體裁的閱讀理解文章，尤其

適用于應(yīng)用文。因?yàn)殚喿x理解測(cè)試不僅考查受

試者的精讀能力，還考查略讀和跳讀能力，而

應(yīng)用文是最適合考查略讀和跳讀能力的體裁

（這是由文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、寫(xiě)作邏輯決定的）。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練例：（2017全國(guó)I卷A篇，保留原題題號(hào)，下同）PacificScienceCenterGuide◆VisitPacificScienceCenter'sStoreDon'tforgettostopbyPacificScienceCenter'sStorewhileyouareheretopickupawonderfulscienceactivityorsouvenirtorememberyourvisit.Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3rightnexttotheLaserDome.◆Hungry?Ourexhibitswillfeedyourmindbutwhataboutyourbody?Ourcaféoffersacompletemenuoflunchandsnackoptions,inadditiontoseasonalspecials.ThecaféislocatedupstairsinBuilding1andisopendailyuntilonehourbeforePacificScienceCentercloses.◆RentalInformationLockersareavailable...

◆SupportPacificScienceCenter

Since1962PacificScienceCenterhasbeeninspiringapassion(熱情)fordiscoveryandlifelonglearninginscience,mathandtechnology.TodayPacificScienceCenterservesmorethan1.3millionpeopleayearandbeingsinquiry-basedscienceeducationtoclassroomsandcompanyeventsalloverWashington

State.It’sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.VtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.23.Whatisthe

purposeofthelastpartofthetext? A.Toencouragedonations. B.Toadvertisecomingevents. C.Tointroducespecialexhibits. D.TotellabouttheCenter'shistory.本文是應(yīng)用文。文章是太平洋科學(xué)中心的參觀指南。答案A。【解析】通過(guò)最后一部分的小標(biāo)題和段中“It'sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.VtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.”可知在尋求支持和捐贈(zèng)。1、通過(guò)瀏覽題目不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，題目為purpose型。2、再閱讀文章可知，該題只需要閱讀小標(biāo)題及個(gè)別信息就可以找到答案。也就是通過(guò)先看題目，再讀文章，利用跳讀的方法，只需讀幾十詞（而不是全文220余詞）就可以快速且正確作答。二、順序?qū)ふ掖鸢妇€索，特殊情況除外通常一篇閱讀理解的數(shù)個(gè)題目的答案線索在文中是按先后順序出現(xiàn)的，特殊情況除外。例如，主旨大意題、標(biāo)題歸納題、文章出處題、寫(xiě)作目的題等題目是建立在文章全部?jī)?nèi)容之上的，通常放在最后或最前面，解答這些題目的明顯依據(jù)視文章具體情況而定。因此，答題時(shí)要避免做每一道題都盲目地從頭到尾找線索，而應(yīng)在上一道題的答案線索下面找本道題的答案線索。這樣在做題過(guò)程中可以節(jié)約不少時(shí)間。

例：（2022新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷B篇）Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,"foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,"asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth'scoverstory.It'sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly"（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,"iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld."Ifthat'shardtounderstand,let'skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon'tthink."Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon'teat,"Curtinsays.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline.

B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin'scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.

B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.IthelpslocalfarmersgrowfruitsD.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.

B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.本文是一篇日常生活類(lèi)閱讀，主要向讀者介紹了現(xiàn)在的食物浪費(fèi)是非常普遍和嚴(yán)重的現(xiàn)象，食物浪費(fèi)會(huì)造成很多問(wèn)題，因此倡議大家不要浪費(fèi)。做這類(lèi)題材閱讀理解時(shí)要求考生對(duì)文章通讀一遍，做題時(shí)結(jié)合原文和題目有針對(duì)性的找出相關(guān)語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)填寫(xiě)出正確答案。4~7.【答案】B、B、D、A第4、6、7題是推理判斷題；第5題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。四道題的答案線索依次出現(xiàn)在第一、三、四、五段?！窘馕觥?B.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Then

friends

called

with

a

dinner

invitation.I

stuck

the

chicken

in

the

freezer.

But

as

days

passed,the

arugula

went

bad.

Even

worse,

I

had

unthinkingly

bought

way

too

much.I

could

have

made

six

salads

with

what

I

threw

out.（然后朋友們打電話來(lái)，邀請(qǐng)我和他們共進(jìn)晚餐。我把雞肉放在冰箱里。但隨著時(shí)間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買(mǎi)了太多。我扔掉了本來(lái)可以做六份沙拉的芝麻菜。）可知，作者在第一段提到芝麻菜的例子是想告訴讀者我們有時(shí)會(huì)在無(wú)意中浪費(fèi)食物，故選B。

5B.

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段Producing

food

that

no

one

eats

wastes

the

water,fuel,and

other

resources

used

to

grow

it.That

makes

food

waste

an

environmental

problem.（生產(chǎn)無(wú)人食用的食物會(huì)浪費(fèi)水、燃料和其他用于種植的資源。這使得食物浪費(fèi)成為一個(gè)環(huán)境問(wèn)題。）可知，食物浪費(fèi)的結(jié)果就是會(huì)造成環(huán)境問(wèn)題，故選B。6D.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段Curtin

is

CEO

of

DC

Central

Kitchen

in

Washington.D.C.，which

recovers

food

and

turns

it

into

healthy

meals.（Curtin是華盛頓特區(qū)中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，它可以回收食物并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為健康的膳食。）可知，Curtin的公司可以將不需要的食物重新做成健康膳食，故選D。7A.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Everyone

can

play

a

part

in

reducing

waste,whether

by

not

purchasing

more

food

than

necessary

in

your

weekly

shopping

or

by

asking

restaurants

to

not

include

the

side

dish

you

won't

eat."

Curtin

says.（"每個(gè)人都可以在減少浪費(fèi)方面發(fā)揮作用，無(wú)論是在每周購(gòu)物時(shí)不購(gòu)買(mǎi)超過(guò)必要數(shù)量的食物，還是要求餐廳不要提供你不會(huì)吃的配菜。"Curtin說(shuō)。）可知，Curtin建議人們不要多買(mǎi)食物，就購(gòu)買(mǎi)自己所需要的量就好，故選A。三、仔細(xì)閱讀題干，排除干擾項(xiàng)

通常閱讀理解的選項(xiàng)均與文章中的信息相關(guān)：

正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文部分內(nèi)容的同義重復(fù)或者總結(jié)引申；