HENRYJAMES

（1843-1916）Heisregardedasoneofthekeyfiguresof19th-centuryrealistwritersandpsychologicalrealistnovelists.Aforerunnerofstreamofconsciousness.AnAmericanwriterwhospentthebulkofhiscareerinBritainDEFINITIONLIFEEXPERIENCEBornintoawealthyculturedfamilyofNewEnglandUnusualUpbringingWasexposedtothecultural

influenceofEuropeatavery

early

ageDevelopedalifelongfridenshipwithHowells,whobecamehis"moralpolice"(道德榜樣)Father--aneminentphilosopherandreformerBrother--afamousphilosopherandpsychologist(inventtheterm“streamofconsciousness”)簡史P124LIFEEXPERIENCETheculturalinfluenceofEuropeIntheHavardLawSchool,hereadFrenchnovelistsandcriticsHetouredEngland,FranceandmetFlaubertandTurgenevSettleddowninLondonCOMMENTSOFTHEAUTHORHewasavoluminous（著作多的）writer,andahewasacopious（大量的）letterwriterandleftagoodnumberofnotebooks.簡史P124COMMENTSOFTHEAUTHORHenevertookpartinpublicaffairsorshowedmuchinterestintheeconomicandsocialchangesoftheperiod.書上沒有COMMENTSOFTHEAUTHORINFLUENCEOFOTHERAUTHORSGEORGEELIOT--idealofphilosophicalnovelistTURGENEV--“adorable”,guide--InspiredbyhisportraitsofwomenFLAUBERT--ResembletoMadameBovaryHAWTHORNE--Impressedbyhisinsightintothehumanpsyche簡史P124ThreePeriods1.1865-1882Createdtheinternationalnovel（國際小說）andinternationaltheme（國際題材）

TheAmerican(1877)DaisyMiller(1879)ThePortraitofaLady(1881)簡史P125/126ThreePeriods2.1882-1895Droppedthe"internationaltheme"Wrotehistalesofsubtlestudiesofinter-personalrelationshipsandsomeplaysThenovelsandplayswerepoorlyreceivedbuthegotabetterknowledgeofliterarytechniques.TheBostonians(1886)ThePrincessCasamassima（1886）簡史P125ThreePeriods3.1895~1900WroteafewnovellasandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescenceBacktothe"internationaltheme"WhatMaisieKnew(1897)TheTurnoftheScrew(1898)TheWingsoftheDove(1902)TheAmbassadors(1903)TheGoldenBowl(1904)簡史P125THESUMMITOFHISARTCONSTITUTE"THEMAJORPHASE"OFHISCAREERaresetagainstalargeinternationalbackground,usuallybetweenEuropeandAmericafocusontheconfrontationofthetwodifferentcultureswithtwodifferentgroupsofpeoplerepresentingtwodifferentvaluesystemsInternationalThemenovels

ThemeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontrastwithEuropeandecadence,anditsmoralandpsychologicalcomplications.（簡史P125)WRITINGTECHNIQUESAmericanpersonalitiesofEuropeanpersonalitiesofinnocence,enthusiasm,ignorance,unsophistication,freshness,freedom,individualityAmericanheroesandheroines,whoconfrontedEuropeansophistication,eithertriumphedoveritorwereoverwhelmed.over-refinement,degeneration,complexity,highcultivation,sophisticationcontrastwith簡史P125WRITINGTECHNIQUESWRITINGTECHNIQUESPOINTOFVIEW他對敘述故事的觀察點與角度進行了一系列的試驗,創(chuàng)造了他所稱的“意識中心”的敘事方式,即故事的敘述者既不是那無所不知、“上帝”似的作者,也不是第一人稱主人公的“我”,而是作品中的某一個角色。小說中的敘述、描寫都從這個角色的觀察和認識出發(fā),敘述細節(jié)都必須通過這個“意識中心”人物的思想過濾。而這種過濾行為本身,反過來又能更好地折射這個“意識中心”人物的心靈。從現(xiàn)代敘述學(xué)的角度分析,即是采用了第三人稱有限視角即內(nèi)聚焦的方式。我是都教授，我預(yù)見到穿那雙高跟鞋的人在游輪上有危險，因為千頌伊有那雙鞋，所以我運用超能力來到游輪，救了差點落水的千頌伊。你預(yù)見到穿那雙高跟鞋的人有死掉的危險，所以在知道那雙鞋子的主人是千頌伊后，你利用超能力瞬間轉(zhuǎn)移到游輪上，救了差點落水的千頌伊。這時的你已經(jīng)愛上了頌伊。都教授預(yù)見到穿那雙高跟鞋的人有生命危險，看到千頌伊穿著那雙鞋后，在婚禮當(dāng)天瞬間轉(zhuǎn)移到游輪上，救了差點落水的千頌伊。而千頌伊卻以為這只是一個夢。都教授運用瞬間轉(zhuǎn)移來到游輪，救了千頌伊。他凝視著微醺的頌伊，在心里其實已經(jīng)愛上了這個脾氣不好又經(jīng)常犯二的女明星。都教授并不知道千頌伊也已經(jīng)喜歡上了他。WRITINGTECHNIQUES

Definition:Illuminationofthesitustioncharactersthroughoneorseveralminds.Thirdpersonlimitedpointofviewisamethodofstorytellinginwhichthenarratorknowsonlythethoughtsandfeelingsofasinglecharacter,whileothercharactersarepresentedonlyexternally.Thirdpersonlimitedgrantsawritermorefreedomthanfirstperson,butlessthanthirdpersonomniscient.POINTOFVIEW簡史P128WRITINGTECHNIQUESPSYCHOLOGICALANALYSIStheforerunnerof"stream-of-consciousness"novelsthefounderofpsychologicalrealismDefinitionByemphasizingtheinnerawarenessandinwardmovementsofhischaractersinfaceofoutsideoccurrencesratherthanmerelydelineatingtheirenvironmentinanydetail簡史P128WRITINGTECHNIQUES

anindispensablepartofhiscontributiontheartistshouldwriteaboutanythingthatconcernshim,eventheuglyandthecommonplace“TheArtofFiction”《小說的藝術(shù)》

isconcernedwithformdevotedtohumanvaluesArtmustberelatedtolife"Theonlyreasonfortheexistenceofanovelisthatitdoesattempttorepresentlife"