2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（6）PassageEleven(SuperconductingMaterials)Thestoneage,TheIronAge.Entireepochshavebeennamedformaterials.Sowhattocallthedecadesahead?Thechoicewillbetough.Welcometotheageofsuperstuff.Materialscience--oncetheleastsexytechnology–isburstingwithnew,practicaldiscoveriesledbysuperconductingceramicsthatmayrevolutionizeelectronics.Butsuperconductorsarejustpartofthepicture:fromhouseandcarstocookpotsandartificialteeth,theworldwillsomedaybemadeofdifferentstuff.Exoticplastics,glassandceramicswillshapethefuturejustassurelyashavegeneticengineeringandcomputerscience.Thekeytothenewmaterialsisresearchers’increasingabilitytomanipulatesubstancesatthemolecularlevel.Ceramics,forexample,havelongbeenlimitedbytheirbrittleness.Butbyminimizingthemicroscopicimperfectionsthatcauseit,scientistsaremakingfarstrongerceramicsthatstillretainsuchqualitiesashardnessandheatresistance.FordMotorCo.nowusesceramictoolstocutsteel.AfirmcalledKyocerahascreatedalineofceramicscissorsandknivesthatstaysharpforyearsandneverrustorcorrode.Asimilartransformationhasovertakenplastics.High-strengthpolymersnowformbridges,ice-skatingrinksandhelicopterrotors.Andonenewplasticthatgenerateselectricitywhenvibratedorpushedisusedinelectricguitars,touchsensorsforrobothandsandkaratejacketsthatautomaticallyrecordeachpunchandchop.Evenplasticlitter,whichoncethreatenedtopermanentlyblotthelandscape,hasprovedamenabletomoleculartinkering.Severalmanufacturersnowmakebiodegradableforms;someplasticsix-packringsforexample,graduallydecomposewhenexposedtosunlight.Researchersaredevelopingwaystomakeplasticsasrecyclableasmetalorglass.Besides,composites–plasticreinforcedwithfibersofgraphiteorothercompounds–madetheround-the-worldflightofthevoyagerpossibleandhaveevenbeenprovedincombat:ahelmetsavedaninfantryman’slifebydeflectingtwobulletsintheGrenadainvasion.Someadvancedmaterialsareoldstandardwithanewtwist.Thenewestfiberopticcablethatcarrytelephonecallscross-countryaremadeofglasssotransparentthatapieceof100milesthickisclearerthanastandardwindowpane.Butnewmaterialshavenoimpactuntiltheyaremadeintoproducts.Andthattransitioncouldprovedifficult,forswitchingrequireslengthyresearchandinvestment.Itcanbesaidafirmerhandleonhowtomovetocommercializationwilldeterminethesuccessorfailureofacountryinthenearfuture.1.Howmanynewmaterialsarementionedinthispassage?A.TwoB.ThreeC.FourD.Five2.Whydoestheauthormentiongeneticengineeringandcomputerscience?A.Tocomparethemwiththenewmaterials.B.Toshowthesignificanceofthenewmaterialsonthefutureworld.C.Tocomparethenewmaterialstothem.D.Toexplainhisviewpoint.3.Whyistransitiondifficult?A.Becausetransitionrequiresmoneyandtime.B.Becausemanymanufacturersareunwillingtochangetheirequipment.C.Becauseresearchonnewmaterialsisverydifficult.D.Becauseittakes10years.4.WhereliessuccessofacountryintheNewAgeofsuperstuff?A.Itliesinresearch.B.Itliesininvestment.C.Itliesininnovation.D.Itliesinapplication.Vocabulary

超級材料ceramic

超導陶瓷

神奇的

塑造，成型

脆性

聚合體jacket

空手道外衣sensor

觸及傳感器punchandchop

每一個擊、打

玷污，損害風景的東西

修補，調整

服從于，遵循的

能生物遞減分解的rings

放六個罐子的環(huán)狀物

分解

可循環(huán)（使用的）

步兵

使偏斜，使轉向newtwist

一個新的觀點，方法難句譯注1.Materialscience–oncetheleastsexytechnology–isburstingwithnew,practicaldiscoveriesledbysuperconductingceramicsthatmayrevolutionizeelectronics.【參考譯文】材料科學，一度曾是最無吸引力（最不起眼）的技術，正以嶄新的，以超導陶瓷為首的種種實用性發(fā)明綻開新顏。這種超導陶瓷可能會使電子技術徹底改變。2.Someadvancedmaterialsareoldstandardwithanewtwist.Thenewestfiberopticcablesthatcarrytelephonecallscross-countryaremadeofglasssotransparentthatapieceof100milesthickisclearerthanastandardwindowpane.【參考譯文】有些高級材料是帶有新方法的老標準。最新全國電話的光纖電纜由玻璃制成。這種玻璃透明度極高，一片100英里厚的玻璃比一塊標準的窗框玻璃還要清晰透明。寫作方法與文章大意這是一篇介紹“超導材料”的論說文,采用一般到具體的分類寫作手法。先指出未來時代的材料屬于超導，然后再提出三種超導材料，再逐一說明。答案詳解三種超導材料。答案在第一段最后一句“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷”。下面各段具體講這三種材料。第二段講陶瓷：“新材料之關鍵在于研究工作者不斷提高在分子水平上處理物質的能力。舉陶瓷為例，由于它的脆性，長期來應用范圍有限。但是通過改善導致脆性的微小缺陷，科學家制造出一種保持原有硬度和抗熱性，但堅實得多的陶瓷”。第三段講塑料?！邦愃频霓D折發(fā)生在塑料上，高強度的塑料建成了橋梁、溜冰場、直升機的葉輪。一種震動或推動就能發(fā)電的新型塑料用于電子吉他上，觸及傳感塑料用于機械手和空手道外衣上，它能自動記錄每次擊打?！焙竺嬲劶八芰侠梢蕴幚?，或者制造可分解還原的塑料制品。塑料內加入其他化合物加強性能。第四段講有些高級材料由新的改變，最新的光纖電纜由玻璃制成，透明度極高，100英里厚的一塊玻璃其清晰度比一塊普通窗玻璃還高。說明這種新材料對未來世界的意義。答案在第一段：“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷一定會像生物工程和計算機一樣將改變世界?！盇.把它們和新材料相比較，這里不僅僅是比較，而是說明三者都具同樣的作用——改變世界。C.把新材料比作它們。也不僅僅是比喻比擬。與A一樣沒有說到核心電。D.說明他的觀點。太籠統(tǒng)。轉折需要錢和時間。見最后一段“可是新材料只有制成產(chǎn)品才有影響，而這個轉折可能很困難，因為轉折需要長期的研究和投資?？梢赃@么說，在不久的將來，更牢牢地掌握如何把材料轉變成商品將決定一個國家之成敗?！盉.因為許多制造商不愿改變他們的設備。C.因為新材料的研究非常困難。D.轉折要華上十年時間。這三項文內沒有涉及。在超級材料時代已過之成功在于應用。A.在于研究。B.在于投資。C.在于革新。這三項都是應用的部分前提。其中A和B文內提到，C項文內未涉及。PassageTwelve(WeShouldAllGrowFatandBeHappy)Here’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintown,evenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestaurant,hediscoversthatthisetherealcreatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Oh,butofcourse,shedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain.Whatamiserablelotdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognizethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcaloriecharts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghips,protrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercises,sweatinginsaunabaths,beingpummeledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor‘healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.Manyofthesebrightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutair,waterandthegoodwillofGod.Dietersundertaketostarvethemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable?Well,foronething,they’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.Wonderfoodisacompletefood,theadvertisementsays.‘Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater…’.Acompletefooditmaybe,butnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.And,ofcourse,they’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.Andwhocanblamethem?Atleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.Whatuttertortureitisalwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice!What’sallthisself-inflictedtorturefor?Saintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyholdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings!1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis_______.A.OnFat.B.WeShouldAllGrowFatandBeHappy.C.ManyDiseasesAreConnectedwithFat.D.DietDeprivesPeopleofNormalLife.2.Whydotheyneverseeeachotheragain?A.Becauseitisamemorableevening.B.Becausesheletshimeatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants.C.Becauseshedoesnoteatthisanddrinkthat.D.Becauseeatingfatteningfoodisthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.3.WhichofthefollowingwaysisNOTmentionedfordiet?A.Doingexercises.B.Noteatingsugar.C.Noteatingfat.D.Takingsaunabaths.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowarddiet?A.Persuasive.B.Critical.C.Indifferent.D.Adversative.Vocabulary

優(yōu)雅的，飄渺的

愁眉不展的

肚子

突出的，突起的

作（戰(zhàn)），實行

全面的bath

桑拿浴=pommel

用拳頭連打

按摩

不可思議的，離奇的

商人，販子

一時流行的風尚

調制品，葷素混合菜，調和物

奇妙的食物out

痛斥，鞭打a/onesitting

一口氣

用力嚼

予以打擊，使遭受

苗條的，不足取的，無價值的寫作方法與文章大意文章論及“減肥及痛苦”。以先聲奪人的男女約會入手，引入減肥的痛苦過程：首先是各種減肥的方法（全面戰(zhàn)斗）；其次是痛苦的難熬；最后點出減肥的目的。號召人放棄減肥。三段式文章：引言，正文和結論。以諷刺的筆調，步步深入的手法勸人放棄減肥，過愉快的生活。答案詳解我們都該長得胖乎乎，心情愉快。這是文章的目的，也是文章最佳標題。答案見最后一段：“這一切自我折磨為了什么？圣潔的人們不吃飯