英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)——

詞匯與語(yǔ)法主講：林嵐Tel:82111544Email:linda410@163.comAgreement

一致

一致指句子成分之間或詞語(yǔ)之間在性、數(shù)等方面應(yīng)保持一致。主謂一致指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)必須在人稱、性、數(shù)上保持一致。一般遵循三條原則：①語(yǔ)法一致原則②意義一致原則③鄰近一致原則簡(jiǎn)介Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement一、語(yǔ)法一致原則語(yǔ)法一致原則：即主語(yǔ)在形式上的單復(fù)數(shù)決定著謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g.Thenumberoferrorswassurprising.Julia&hertwinsisternaturallylookalotalike.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement二、意義一致原則意義一致原則:即主語(yǔ)在意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。Thecrowdwerefightingfortheirlives.Threeyearsinastrangelandseemslikealongtime.ThefamilywerewatchingTVlastnight.昨晚全家在看電視。（主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)名詞family，但表復(fù)數(shù)，故用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞were）Fiveminutesisenough.五分鐘就夠了。(主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)名詞minutes，但表單一概念，故用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞is)Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement三、鄰近一致原則鄰近原則即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。e.g.Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.Eitherthestudentsortheteacher___here.(is)EitherTomorhisbrothers

havetoshovelthesnow.不是湯姆就是他的兄弟們必須把雪鏟去。（動(dòng)詞have不與主語(yǔ)Tom一致，而與其鄰近的復(fù)數(shù)名詞brothers形式上一致）一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement四、幾種特殊情況1）當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示時(shí)間、距離、度量、價(jià)值等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，如表示抽象概念,

往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常采取單數(shù)形式;如表示具體的多少,

強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g.Tendollarsisnotenough.Threeweeks

wasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.用三個(gè)星期來(lái)做必要的準(zhǔn)備。Tenyuan

isenough.十元夠了。Ten

minutes

is

all

that

I

can

spare

for

you.Six

thousand

dollars

is

a

large

sum

of

money

to

her.The

fifty

miles

were

covered

by

the

winner

in

three

hours.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement2）如果主語(yǔ)由“manya,morethanone+單數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，盡管從意義看是復(fù)數(shù)，仍用單數(shù)形式;但如果more

than

one本身作主語(yǔ),

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。由morethan…of作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.More

than

one

question

has

been

discussed.Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.許多人都讀過(guò)這本書。Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement3）連詞or,either…or…,

neither…nor…,

not

only…but

also…連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須和靠它較近的一個(gè)名詞或代詞取得一致。

Either

I

or

they

are

responsible

for

it.

Neither

your

unkind

words

nor

your

unfriendly

attitude

has

caused

me

any

distress.Not

only

he

but

also

his

family

members

are

interested

in

football

match.

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement4）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)包含and時(shí),如果主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)單一概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。否則用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。Readingandwritingareveryimportant.

Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.

Theiron&steelindustryplaysanimportantpartinournationeconomy.War

and

peace

is

a

constant

theme

in

history.

The

wear

and

tear

on

the

machine

is

obvious.

The

secretary

and

manager

was

present

at

the

meeting.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement典型例題

TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.

A.isB.wasC.areD.were

答案B.注：先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)，先排除A，C。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門heLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別，monitor前沒(méi)有the，在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and相連。這樣本題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement5）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,besides,in

addition

to,accompanied

by,

rather

than,nolessthan,aswellas等詞引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致。

Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.Scientist,

together

with

some

assistants,was

sent

to

help

solve

that

problem.

The

boss,

rather

than

his

employees,

is

to

blame.Vocabulary&Grammar--AgreementNobodybutXiaoWang&XiaoLiwasthere.Nooneexceptmyparents

knows

anythingaboutit.XiaoWang,togetherwithhisclassmates,wassenttoJapan.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement6）there或here開頭的句子，若主語(yǔ)有若干名詞或一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)可與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Hereisapen,afewbooks&somepaperinthedrawer.Thereis

apen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。Thereare

twentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有二十個(gè)男孩，二十三個(gè)女孩。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement7）某些學(xué)科名稱和疾病名稱雖是復(fù)數(shù)形式,

但這些詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。這些詞包括:

physics(物理學(xué)),economics(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)),mathematics(數(shù)學(xué)),statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)),electronics(電子學(xué)),mechanics(力學(xué)),classics(古典文學(xué))等學(xué)科名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Electronics

is

a

piece

of

cake

to

him.Quantummechanics(量子力學(xué))

supplies

methods

for

calculating

the

results

of

experiments

in

all

those

realms.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement8）集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如army,

family,audience,crew,crowd,couple,class,company,committee,group,

staff,

team,

public,

cabinet,

band等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。但集合名詞people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Vocabulary&Grammar--AgreementHisfamilyisn‘tverylarge.他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。

Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.他的家人都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。

The

population

of

the

earth

is

increasing

very

fast.

One

third

of

the

population

here

are

farmers.

The

public

has

every

reason

to

be

cautious

of

professional

deception.

The

public

now

know

the

whole

story.

The

teaching

staff

of

this

college

is/are

excellent.這所大學(xué)的教師都是出類拔萃的.

Arethereanypolicearound?Thepolicearesearchingforamurderer.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement9）當(dāng)使用非確定量的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)如some,all,mostof,halfof…,plentyof…，partof,aportionof，動(dòng)詞形式根據(jù)詞組中的名詞是否為復(fù)數(shù)確定。Onethirdoftherubbishisdumpedintothesea.Twoaircraftaredestroyed.Allofhermoneyisspentonclothes.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement10）代詞each和由every,some,no,any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)，或主語(yǔ)中含有each,every,謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。

Eachofushasatape-recorder.

Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.Every

hour

and

every

minute

is

vital

to

me

now.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement11）有些名詞，如variety,number,population,majority等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。

Anumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

Thenumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

Anumberofbookshavelentout.

ThemajorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement12）用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：Aseriesofaccidents

hasbeenreported.媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。Apileoflots

wassetbesidethehearth.爐邊有一堆木柴。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement13)表示書名、報(bào)名、劇名、國(guó)名等的名詞或詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致

表示書名、報(bào)名、劇名、國(guó)名等的名詞(或詞組)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如只指一種、一本或一個(gè),

不論它形式上是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只用單數(shù)形式。

The

Adventures

of

Huckleberry

Finn

was

written

by

the

famous

American

novelist

Mark

Twain.

The

New

York

Times

is

not

available

here.

The

United

States

was

founded

in

1776.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement14)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),

主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),

要根據(jù)句子意思來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式,單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞包括:

aircraft,

deer,

fish,

sheep,

means,

species,

series,

works,

crossroads

headquarters等。Various

means

of

transport

are

introduced

in

this

article.There

are

already

137

species

of

butterflies

known

in

the

world

today.It

is

all

a

means

to

an

end.這只是達(dá)到目的的一種手段。The

airline

ordered

15

new

aircraft.那家航空公司訂購(gòu)了十五架新飛機(jī)。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement其他情況下的主謂語(yǔ)一致

1.none本身作主語(yǔ)時(shí)或它修飾的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),

如代表不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,

如代表可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

None

of

the

telephones

are/is

working.所有的電話都?jí)牧恕?/p>

2.

one

and

a

half后接的名詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)形式,

但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如:

One

and

a

half

years

has

passed.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement3.

one

or

two后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式.

I

shall

be

away

only

one

or

two

days.

4.

one

of

后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果是在theonlyoneof

接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。John

is

the

only

one

of

the

students

who

has

been

to

France.John

is

one

of

the

students

who

have

been

to

France.

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement5.

either,

neither作主語(yǔ)時(shí),

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式.

Neither

shoe

fits

comfortably.兩只鞋都不合腳。

Neither

of

my

friends

has

come

yet.我的兩個(gè)朋友都還沒(méi)來(lái)。6.

動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

Seeing

is

believing.

To

hesitate

means

failure.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement

Exercise1.Themother,alongwithhertwochildren, ___(be)livingamiserablelife.2.Neitherhismothernorhisfather___(be) willingtolethimgo.3.Poultry___(include)chicken,ducks,andotherbirdsthatarekeptfortheirmeat.4.Threehours___(be)notenoughforcompletingthistask.5.Halfoftherice___(be)giventothepoor.(is,is,include,isis)Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement6.Sixtypercentofthepeople___(be)men.7.There___(be)eightsheepbrowsingonthegrass.8.Morethanonechild___(be)drowned.9.Thesemeans___(be)veryeffective.10.Wheresheisgoing___(be)stilluncertain.11.Whattheyneed___(be)thescissors.12.Spittingandthrowinglitter__(be)notallowedinthepublic.(are/were,are/were,was,are,is,are,is)Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement1.Eachofyou______responsiblefortheaccident.a.amb.bec.isd.are2.Eachmanandwoman______thesamerights.a.hasb.havec.hadd.ishaving3.Everymeans______triedbutwithoutmuchresult.a.hasbeenb.havebeenc.ared.is4.There______inthisroom.a.aretoomuchfurnitureb.istoomanyfurnituresc.aretoomuchfurnituresd.istoomuchfurniture5.Themanagerorhisassistant______planningtogo.a.wereb.arec.wasd.beCAADCVocabulary&Grammar--Agreement6.NotonlyIbutalsoDavidandIris______fondofplayingbasketball.a.amb.isc.ared.was7.NeitherTomnorhisparents______athome.a.isb.arec.hasd.was8.Eitherthedeanortheprincipal______themeeting.a.attendsb.attendc.areattendingd.haveattended9.“______twentydollarsabigsumtoher?”“Isupposeso.”a.Willbeb.Isc.Ared.Were10.Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.a.areb.hasc.isd.wereCBABCVocabulary&Grammar--Agreement11.Mostofhissavings______intheXinHuaBank.a.hasbeenkeptb.isbeingkeptc.havekeptd.havebeenkept12.Allthatcanbedone______.a.hasdoneb.hasbeendonec.havedoned.havebeendone13.Oneorperhapsmorepages_______.a.ismissingb.hasbeenmissedc.aremissingd.wasmissing14.Morethanoneworker______dismissed.a.havebeenb.arec.hasbeend.has15.Manyastudent______theimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguage.a.haverealizedb.hasrealizedc.havebeenrealizedd.hasbeenrealizedDBCCB

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement16.Thegasworks______nearthecity.a.isb.arec.wered.be17.Thecommittee______overtheproblemamongthemselvesfortwohours.a.hasarguedb.hasbeenarguingc.havearguedd.havebeenarguing18.Thepublic______generousintheircontributionstotheearthquakevictims.a.isb.wasc.ared.hasbeen19.Cattle______onthehillside.a.grazesb.isgrazingc.wasgrazingd.weregrazing20.Measles______akindofinfectiousillness.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeenADCDA

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement21.ThePhilippines______tothesouth-eastofChina.a.liesb.liec.layd.lays22.Maryisoneofthegirlswho______alwaysontime.a.isb.amc.ared.was23.Whatcausedtheaccident______ontheroad.a.werestoneb.werestonesc.wasstoned.wasstones24.Wiskyandsoda______hisfavoritedrink.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen25.______istoattendourevening.a.boththesingerandthedancerb.Eitherthesingerordancersc.Thesingerordancersd.ThesingeranddancerACDAD

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement26.TheSmiths______theirbreakfastwhenthemorningpostcame.a.hadb.hasbeenhavingc.arehavingd.werehaving27.Nooneexcepttwostudents______themeeting.a.hasbeenlateforb.havebeenlateforc.waslateford.werelaterfor28.Allbuthimandme______totheexhibition.a.amgoingb.isgoingc.aregoingd.wasgoing29.Interest,aswellasprospects,______importantwhenonelooksforajob.a.areb.werec.isd.was30.Thepresident,accompaniedbyhisassistants,______.a.havearrivedb.arearrivingc.hadarrivedd.hasarrivedDCCCD

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement31.Anumberofcars______infrontoftheparka.isparkedb.wasparkedc.areparkedd.hasparked32.Thenumberofarticlespublishedonsmok