第一部分第二講：交際、文化休克、文化定勢課件交際、文化休克與文化定勢Communication,CulturalShockandCulturalStereotype交際、文化休克與文化定勢Communication,CulObjectivesknowdefinitionsofcommunicationidentifythecharacteristicsofcommunicationidentifytencomponentsofcommunicationmasterthegeneralknowledgeabouttheconnectionofcultureandcommunicationlearnabouttheinterculturalcommunicationstudieslearninterculturalcommunicationcompetencestounderstandthedefinitionofculturalshock,itssymptoms,causesandfivestagestounderstandthedefinitionsofculturalstereotype,itscauses,effects,typesandsolutions

tounderstandthefourlevelsofinterculturalawarenessObjectivesknowdefinitionsof1.1CommunicationDefinedCommunicationmeans"sending,giving,orexchanginginformation,ideas,andetc."We"send,give,andexchangeinformation"everysingledaywhetherweareawareofitornot.Sometimeswecommunicatenon-verbally,whereasothertimeswecommunicateverbally.(theWebster'sDictionary)1.1CommunicationDefinedCommu1.1CommunicationDefinedAnyactbywhichonepersongivestoorreceivesfromanotherpersoninformationaboutthatperson'sneeds,desires,perceptions,knowledge,oraffectivestates.Communicationmaybeintentionalorunintentional,mayinvolveconventionalorunconventionalsignals,maytakelinguisticornonlinguisticforms,andmayoccurthroughspokenorothermodes.1.1CommunicationDefinedAnya1.1CommunicationDefined

交際是符號活動，它是一個動態(tài)多變的編譯碼過程，當交際者把意義賦予言語或非言語符號是，就產生了交際。交際受制于文化、心理等多種因素。交際不一定以主觀意識為轉移，可能是無意識的和無意向的活動。（賈玉新，1997：13）

1.1CommunicationDefined1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.1Communicationissymbolic.

Symbolsarethemainmeansforhumancommunication.Verbalandnonverbalsymbols.DangerRightWrong1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.2Communicationisdynamic.Communicationisanongoingactivity.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.3Communicationisirreversible“Oncethearrowhasbeenshotitcannotberecalled”.(anAsianproverb)Thewordsarespoken,andtheycannotbeunspoken.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.

1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.SettingDress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.Therulesforeachcontextareculturallybased.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.TimeTimeinfluencescommunicationandtheuseofitisculture-bound.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.NumberofpeopleThenumberofpeoplewithwhomaffectstheflowofcommunication.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.5Communicationisself-reflectiveJustasweusesymbolstoreflectonwhatgoesonoutsideofus,wealsousethemtoreflectonourselves.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.6Communicationistransactional.Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.Person1Person2Message1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.7Communicationinvolvesmakinginferences.Becausethereisnodirectmind-to-mindcontactbetweenpeople,youcannotaccessthethoughtsandfeelingsofotherhumanbeingsbutcanonlyinferwhattheyareexperiencing.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.3ComponentsofCommunicationThesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.1.3ComponentsofCommunicatio2.1CultureandCommunicationCommunicationisanelementofculture,ithasoftenbeensaidthatcommunicationandcultureareinseparable.2.1CultureandCommunicationC2.2AReviewofInterculturalCommunicationStudy2.2.1SomeTermsInterpersonalCommunicationIntraculturalCommunicationCross-culturalCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationInterregionalCommunicationInternationalCommunicationInterethnicCommunicationInterracialCommunication2.2AReviewofIntercultural2.2AReviewofInterculturalCommunicationStudy2.2.2InternationalCommunicationasaFieldofStudyBackgroundofItsEmergenceProcessofItsDevelopmentModelofInterculturalCommunication(Pleaserefertothedetailson11ofthecoursebook)2.2AReviewofIntercultural2.3InterculturalCommunicativeCompetenceAmodularframeworkofcommunicativecompetenceforsecondandforeignlanguageacquisition:grammaticalcompetence

sociolinguisticcompetence

discoursecompetence

strategiccompetence

(BasedonCanale&Swain,1980,Canale,1983;Swain,1984)

2.3InterculturalCommunicativGrammaticalcompetenceThemasteryofvocabulary,wordformation,sentenceformation,pronunciation,spelling,linguisticsemantics,etc.

SociolinguisticcompetenceThemasteryofhowtoproduceandunderstandutterancesappropriatelyindifferentsocialsituationsdependingonvariouscontextualfactors.

GrammaticalcompetenceSociolinguisticcompetenceAppropriatenessWhosaywhattowhom,andwhereOpenthewindow!Openthewindow,please!Wouldyoupleaseopenthewindow?Iwonderifyoumindmeopeningthewindow?SociolinguisticcompetenceApprDiscoursecompetenceThemasteryofhowtocombinegrammaticalformsandmeaningstoachieveaunifiedspokenorwrittentextindifferentgenres.StrategiccompetenceThemasteryofverbalandnon-verbalstrategiesthatmaybeemployedtocopewithcommunicationproblemsandbreakdownsduetolimitingconditionsinactualsituationsortoinsufficientcompetenceinoneormoreoftheotherareasofcommunicativecompetence.

DiscoursecompetenceCase1AChinesemother,Mrs.Zhang,wasseeinghersonandherAmericandaughter-in-law,Susan,offattheairport.TheywouldflybacktoNewYork.NowSusanwastalkingwithhermother-in-law.SinceMrs.Zhangdoesn’tknowanyEnglishandSusancanspeaklittleChinese,Susan’shusbandhadtoactastheinterpreterforthem.Case1AChinesemother,Mrs.ZSusan:Mrs.Zhang,cometoNewYorkifyouwant.Husband:媽媽，您可一定要來紐約看看。

Mother:不去了，給你們添麻煩。

Husband:Oh,itdependsonthephysicalcondition.Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyourdeliciousfood,Ilikethemverymuch.Husband:謝謝媽媽給我們做了那么多的好吃的

Mother:自家人謝什么。蘇珊，你以后可不要再減肥了，身體健康才最重要哪！

Husband:It’smypleasure.Susan,Ihopeyoubecomeevenmorebeautiful.Susan:Thankyou!Thesametoyou.Husband:謝謝媽媽，我祝你身體健康。

Mother:啊，謝謝，謝謝！Susan:Mrs.Zhang,c3CulturalShock3CulturalShock3CulturalShock3.1DefinitionTroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.

3CulturalShock3.1Definition3CulturalShock3.2SymptomsofCultureShocka.Physicalsymptomsb.Psychologicalsymptoms3CulturalShock3.2Symptomso3CulturalShock3.3CausesofCultureShockunfamiliaritywiththenewcountryinabilitytospeakthelanguagefluentlyorunderstandnewidiomsnotknowinghowtobehaveinanunfamiliarculturetheindividual'sstateofmentalhealth,typeofpersonality,previousexperiences,socio-economicconditions,familyand/orsocialsupportsystems,andlevelofeducation3CulturalShock3.3Causesof3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocka.Thefirststage:exoticismfeeleuphoricandbepleasedbyallofthenewthingsencountered.the"honeymoon"stage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockb.Thesecondstage:frustrationfeelingsofdiscontent,impatience,anger,sadnessandincompetence3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockc.Thethirdstage:adjustment

characterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture

anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumormaybeexperiencedafeelingofdirection3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockd.Thefourthstage:acceptancerealizingthatthenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstoofferdoubleintegrationortripleintegrationamoresolidfeelingofbelonging3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocke.Thefifthstage:reversecultureshock

the"re-entryshock"occuringwhenareturntothecountryoforiginismade3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShock

3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage4CulturalStereotype4.1Definition

StereotypewascoinedbyLippmanninhisbookPublicOpinionin1922.4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.1DefinitionWhenpeoplehavelittleinformationaboutagroupofpeopletheyarelikelytothinkoftheminaverygeneralway.Iftheotherpeoplewithwhomtheyinteractalsolackinformationaboutthatgroup,theyarelikelytoshareanoverlysimplifiedviewofthatgroup.Theresultofthisprocessofovergeneralizingbasedonlimitedorinaccurateinformationiscalledstereotyping.(LinellDavis,34)4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.1DefinitionCulturalstereotypereferstotheoversimplifiedpicturesweformaboutotherculturesinthebiasofourownculture-boundworldview.(WangLifei,204)4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.1Definition1)自定型2)他定型4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.1Definition定勢：思維角度偏見：情感角度歧視：行為視角4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypeFirst,peoplelearnstereotypesfromtheirparents,relativesandfriends.4CulturalStereotype4.2Cause4CulturalStereotype4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypeSecond,stereotypesdevelopthroughlimitedpersonalcontact.4CulturalStereotype4.2Cause4CulturalStereotype4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypeThird,manystereotypesareprovidedbythemassmedia(Samovaletal.,2000:246).4CulturalStereotype4.2Cause4CulturalStereotype4.3EffectsofCulturalStereotype1)negative2)positive4CulturalStereotype4.3Effe4CulturalStereotype4.5HowtoCopewithCulturalStereotypeAsHuWenzhong(1999:180)pointsout,itishardtoavoidstereotypesentirelywhenthinkingandtalkingaboutculturaldifferencesthelinebetweenstereotypesandgeneralizationsisverythin.Giventhatatleastsomedegreeofstereotypingisprobablyinevitable,thequestionbecomeshowoneshouldstereotypewell.4CulturalStereotype4.5How1.2CulturalStereotype4.5HowtoCopewithCulturalStereotype

Ting-Toomey(1999:163)listssomewaystoavoidstereotypes:(1)beingawarethatwearestereotyping;(2)assumingstereotypesare“bestfirstguesses”,not“definiteanswers”;(3)“usingloose,interpretivecategoriesratherthanevaluativecategories”(4)beingopentonewinformationreadytoredefinecategories;(5)recognizing“meaningfulandvaliddifferences”betweenourgroupandtheirs.1.2CulturalStereotype4.5Ho5FourLevelsofInterculturalAwarenessLevel1:CulturaldifferencesareexoticLevel2:CulturaldifferencesarefrustratingLevel3:Thedifferentcultureisbelievable.Level4:Thedifferentcultureisbelievableaslivedexperiences.5FourLevelsofIntercultural5FourLevelsofInterculturalAwarenessLevelInformationWayofKnowingInterpretation1Awarenessofsuperficial/visibleculturaltraitsstereotypesTourism,textbooksTV,popularopinionUnbelievable,exoticbizarre,entertaining2Awarenessofsignificant/subtleculturaltraitsquitedifferentCultureconflictsituationsUnbelievableinafrustratingway,irrational3Awarenessofsignificant/subtleculturaltraitsquitedifferentStudyabouttheculture;formalstudyinschoolBelievableatathinkinglevel,trytoadjust4AwarenessofhowaculturefeelstoaninsiderGettingintoandlivingthecultureBelievableandacceptableatemotionallevelaslivedexperience5FourLevelsofIntercultural

AssignmentPleasepreviewUnitTwooftheCourse-book.

AssignmentPleasepreviewUnit第一部分第二講：交際、文化休克、文化定勢課件交際、文化休克與文化定勢Communication,CulturalShockandCulturalStereotype交際、文化休克與文化定勢Communication,CulObjectivesknowdefinitionsofcommunicationidentifythecharacteristicsofcommunicationidentifytencomponentsofcommunicationmasterthegeneralknowledgeabouttheconnectionofcultureandcommunicationlearnabouttheinterculturalcommunicationstudieslearninterculturalcommunicationcompetencestounderstandthedefinitionofculturalshock,itssymptoms,causesandfivestagestounderstandthedefinitionsofculturalstereotype,itscauses,effects,typesandsolutions

tounderstandthefourlevelsofinterculturalawarenessObjectivesknowdefinitionsof1.1CommunicationDefinedCommunicationmeans"sending,giving,orexchanginginformation,ideas,andetc."We"send,give,andexchangeinformation"everysingledaywhetherweareawareofitornot.Sometimeswecommunicatenon-verbally,whereasothertimeswecommunicateverbally.(theWebster'sDictionary)1.1CommunicationDefinedCommu1.1CommunicationDefinedAnyactbywhichonepersongivestoorreceivesfromanotherpersoninformationaboutthatperson'sneeds,desires,perceptions,knowledge,oraffectivestates.Communicationmaybeintentionalorunintentional,mayinvolveconventionalorunconventionalsignals,maytakelinguisticornonlinguisticforms,andmayoccurthroughspokenorothermodes.1.1CommunicationDefinedAnya1.1CommunicationDefined

交際是符號活動，它是一個動態(tài)多變的編譯碼過程，當交際者把意義賦予言語或非言語符號是，就產生了交際。交際受制于文化、心理等多種因素。交際不一定以主觀意識為轉移，可能是無意識的和無意向的活動。（賈玉新，1997：13）

1.1CommunicationDefined1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.1Communicationissymbolic.

Symbolsarethemainmeansforhumancommunication.Verbalandnonverbalsymbols.DangerRightWrong1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.2Communicationisdynamic.Communicationisanongoingactivity.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.3Communicationisirreversible“Oncethearrowhasbeenshotitcannotberecalled”.(anAsianproverb)Thewordsarespoken,andtheycannotbeunspoken.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.

1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.SettingDress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.Therulesforeachcontextareculturallybased.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.TimeTimeinfluencescommunicationandtheuseofitisculture-bound.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.NumberofpeopleThenumberofpeoplewithwhomaffectstheflowofcommunication.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.5Communicationisself-reflectiveJustasweusesymbolstoreflectonwhatgoesonoutsideofus,wealsousethemtoreflectonourselves.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.6Communicationistransactional.Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.Person1Person2Message1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication1.2.7Communicationinvolvesmakinginferences.Becausethereisnodirectmind-to-mindcontactbetweenpeople,youcannotaccessthethoughtsandfeelingsofotherhumanbeingsbutcanonlyinferwhattheyareexperiencing.1.2CharacteristicsofCommuni1.3ComponentsofCommunicationThesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.1.3ComponentsofCommunicatio2.1CultureandCommunicationCommunicationisanelementofculture,ithasoftenbeensaidthatcommunicationandcultureareinseparable.2.1CultureandCommunicationC2.2AReviewofInterculturalCommunicationStudy2.2.1SomeTermsInterpersonalCommunicationIntraculturalCommunicationCross-culturalCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationInterregionalCommunicationInternationalCommunicationInterethnicCommunicationInterracialCommunication2.2AReviewofIntercultural2.2AReviewofInterculturalCommunicationStudy2.2.2InternationalCommunicationasaFieldofStudyBackgroundofItsEmergenceProcessofItsDevelopmentModelofInterculturalCommunication(Pleaserefertothedetailson11ofthecoursebook)2.2AReviewofIntercultural2.3InterculturalCommunicativeCompetenceAmodularframeworkofcommunicativecompetenceforsecondandforeignlanguageacquisition:grammaticalcompetence

sociolinguisticcompetence

discoursecompetence

strategiccompetence

(BasedonCanale&Swain,1980,Canale,1983;Swain,1984)

2.3InterculturalCommunicativGrammaticalcompetenceThemasteryofvocabulary,wordformation,sentenceformation,pronunciation,spelling,linguisticsemantics,etc.

SociolinguisticcompetenceThemasteryofhowtoproduceandunderstandutterancesappropriatelyindifferentsocialsituationsdependingonvariouscontextualfactors.

GrammaticalcompetenceSociolinguisticcompetenceAppropriatenessWhosaywhattowhom,andwhereOpenthewindow!Openthewindow,please!Wouldyoupleaseopenthewindow?Iwonderifyoumindmeopeningthewindow?SociolinguisticcompetenceApprDiscoursecompetenceThemasteryofhowtocombinegrammaticalformsandmeaningstoachieveaunifiedspokenorwrittentextindifferentgenres.StrategiccompetenceThemasteryofverbalandnon-verbalstrategiesthatmaybeemployedtocopewithcommunicationproblemsandbreakdownsduetolimitingconditionsinactualsituationsortoinsufficientcompetenceinoneormoreoftheotherareasofcommunicativecompetence.

DiscoursecompetenceCase1AChinesemother,Mrs.Zhang,wasseeinghersonandherAmericandaughter-in-law,Susan,offattheairport.TheywouldflybacktoNewYork.NowSusanwastalkingwithhermother-in-law.SinceMrs.Zhangdoesn’tknowanyEnglishandSusancanspeaklittleChinese,Susan’shusbandhadtoactastheinterpreterforthem.Case1AChinesemother,Mrs.ZSusan:Mrs.Zhang,cometoNewYorkifyouwant.Husband:媽媽，您可一定要來紐約看看。

Mother:不去了，給你們添麻煩。

Husband:Oh,itdependsonthephysicalcondition.Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyourdeliciousfood,Ilikethemverymuch.Husband:謝謝媽媽給我們做了那么多的好吃的

Mother:自家人謝什么。蘇珊，你以后可不要再減肥了，身體健康才最重要哪！

Husband:It’smypleasure.Susan,Ihopeyoubecomeevenmorebeautiful.Susan:Thankyou!Thesametoyou.Husband:謝謝媽媽，我祝你身體健康。

Mother:啊，謝謝，謝謝！Susan:Mrs.Zhang,c3CulturalShock3CulturalShock3CulturalShock3.1DefinitionTroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.

3CulturalShock3.1Definition3CulturalShock3.2SymptomsofCultureShocka.Physicalsymptomsb.Psychologicalsymptoms3CulturalShock3.2Symptomso3CulturalShock3.3CausesofCultureShockunfamiliaritywiththenewcountryinabilitytospeakthelanguagefluentlyorunderstandnewidiomsnotknowinghowtobehaveinanunfamiliarculturetheindividual'sstateofmentalhealth,typeofpersonality,previousexperiences,socio-economicconditions,familyand/orsocialsupportsystems,andlevelofeducation3CulturalShock3.3Causesof3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocka.Thefirststage:exoticismfeeleuphoricandbepleasedbyallofthenewthingsencountered.the"honeymoon"stage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockb.Thesecondstage:frustrationfeelingsofdiscontent,impatience,anger,sadnessandincompetence3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockc.Thethirdstage:adjustment

characterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture

anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumormaybeexperiencedafeelingofdirection3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockd.Thefourthstage:acceptancerealizingthatthenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstoofferdoubleintegrationortripleintegrationamoresolidfeelingofbelonging3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocke.Thefifthstage:reversecultureshock

the"re-entryshock"occuringwhenareturntothecountryoforiginismade3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage3CulturalShock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShock

3CulturalShock3.4FiveStage4CulturalStereotype4.1Definition

StereotypewascoinedbyLippmanninhisbookPublicOpinionin1922.4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.1DefinitionWhenpeoplehavelittleinformationaboutagroupofpeopletheyarelikelytothinkoftheminaverygeneralway.Iftheotherpeoplewithwhomtheyinteractalsolackinformationaboutthatgroup,theyarelikelytoshareanoverlysimplifiedviewofthatgroup.Theresultofthisprocessofovergeneralizingbasedonlimitedorinaccurateinformationiscalledstereotyping.(LinellDavis,34)4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.1DefinitionCulturalstereotypereferstotheoversimplifiedpicturesweformaboutotherculturesinthebiasofourownculture-boundworldview.(WangLifei,204)4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4.1Definition1)自定型2)他定型4CulturalStereotype4.1Defin4CulturalStereotype4