高考必考語法精講精練語法專題十：名詞性從句名詞性從句是比較重要的語法項(xiàng)目。《2017年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱》附錄語法項(xiàng)目表中對名詞性從句列了四項(xiàng)：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。全國卷新課標(biāo)Ⅰ對名詞性從句的考查一般在語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中，主要考查從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法。2015年高考全國卷Ⅰ沒有考查名詞性從句。2016年高考全國卷Ⅰ第71題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查了賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetothatIlive.本句中須將that改為where。2017年高考全國卷Ⅰ沒有考查了名詞性從句。在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫做名詞性從句。名詞可以充當(dāng)句子的主語、賓語、表語和同位語，因此，名詞性從句包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句。=1\*GB3①Whatwasmostimportanttoherwasherfamily.(主語從句)=2\*GB3②Idon’tknowwhatyouwanttosay.(賓語從句)=3\*GB3③Thegoodnewsisthatwehavewonthegame.(表語從句)=4\*GB3④Thenewsthatwehavewonthegameistrue.(同位語從句)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：從屬連詞that,because疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whether,if疑問副詞when,where,why,how,縮合連接詞whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever關(guān)聯(lián)短語asif,asthough注意：連詞that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)無詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用，在主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中不能省略，在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，口語或非正式的文體中常被省去；疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接詞以及關(guān)聯(lián)短語在句中既保留自己的含義又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。名詞性從句一般都用陳述句的語序，即使從句表達(dá)的是疑問含義。例如：=1\*GB3①Theproblemiswhathehasdonetothelittleboy.=2\*GB3②Wealldon’tknowwhenhewillcome.1.主語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語的句子叫主語從句主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether和連接代詞what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)。例如：=1\*GB3①Thathestoleabikewastrue.=2\*GB3②Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.=3\*GB3③Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.=4\*GB3④WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.=5\*GB3⑤Whetherhecanpasstheexamdependsonwhetherhestudyhardornot.=6\*GB3⑥Whateveryoudoisnoneofmybusiness.=7\*GB3⑦Whoevercomestoourlibrarywillbewelcome.單個(gè)的主語從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如果是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：=1\*GB3①Whereandwhenhewasbornhasnotbeenfound.=2\*GB3②Whenthepersonwasmurderedandwhyhewasmurderedarestillunknown.主語從句比較長的時(shí)候，為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主句的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1）It+be+名詞+主語從句。例如：=1\*GB3①Itisafactthathehasgoneabroad.=2\*GB3②Itisapitythatyoumissedthesportsmeetinglastweek.（2）It+be+形容詞+主語從句。例如：=1\*GB3①Itisobviousthathetoldalie.=2\*GB3②Itiscertainthathewillwinthegame.（3）It+be+過去分詞+主語從句。例如：=1\*GB3①Itissaidthatshewillcometothepartytomorrow.=2\*GB3②Ithasnotbeenannouncedwhentheplanearetotakeoff.（4）It+不及物動詞+主語從句。例如：=1\*GB3①Ithappenedthatthemeetingwascanceledthatday.=2\*GB3②ItoccurredtomethatIhadforgottentobringmywallet.注意:在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時(shí)，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣(should)+do，常用的句型是：Itisnecessary/important/natural/strange/essential,etc.)that…例如：=1\*GB3①It’snecessarythatyoushouldstudyhard.=2\*GB3②Itisstrangethatheshouldsaythat.=3\*GB3③Itisessentialthatacollegestudentshouldmasteratleastaforeignlanguage.2.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。例如：=1\*GB3①Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.=2\*GB3②Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.=3\*GB3③Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.1).由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去。但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。例如：Hehastoldme(that)hewillleaveWuhanandthathewillgotoShanghaitomorrow.注意:在insist,suggest,advise,decide,demand,desire,require,request,order,command等表示“堅(jiān)持、建議、決定、要求、命令”（“堅(jiān)決要命”）等意義的動詞后，賓語從句中謂語部分常用虛擬語氣，即should+動詞原形。例如：=1\*GB3①Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.=2\*GB3②Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.但是,如果suggest作“表明、暗示”講,insist作“堅(jiān)持說、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”講，則其后的賓語從句中用陳述語氣。例如：=1\*GB3①Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathehadpassedtheexamination.=2\*GB3②Theboyinsistedthathehadnotstolenthemoney.2).用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句whether和if均可引導(dǎo)動詞后的賓語從句，常可互換。但從句中有ornot時(shí)或介詞后的賓語從句中只能用whether連接。其它名詞性從句，如主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中表示“是否”只用whether.介詞后的賓語從句一般不用which和if引導(dǎo)，要用whether和what。that也很少引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句，只在except,but,besides等之后才用。例如：=1\*GB3①Idon’tcareaboutwhetheryouhavemoneyornot.=2\*GB3②Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.=3\*GB3③Heseldomloseshistemperexceptthatyoumakeafoolofhim.3).賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)賓語從句的謂語動詞時(shí)態(tài)受主句謂語動詞的影響，如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句中的謂語動詞可以用各種時(shí)態(tài)。例如：=1\*GB3①IknowthathestudiesEnglisheveryday.=2\*GB3②IknowthathestudiedEnglishlastterm.=3\*GB3③Iknow(that)hewillstudyEnglishnextyear.=4\*GB3④WeallknowthathehasstudiedEnglishsince1998.如果主句中的謂語動詞用了一般過去時(shí)，則從句中的語動只能用過去時(shí)的某種形式，如一般過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)等。例如：=1\*GB3①Webelievedthathehadearnedenoughmoneytobuildahouse.=2\*GB3②TheteachertoldusthatTomhadleftusforAmerica．當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如：Theteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeast.4).當(dāng)主句是I/Wethink(suppose,expect,believe,guess,imagine)時(shí)，其后的賓語從句如果是否定形式，常把否定詞not從從句中轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中成為否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。例如：=1\*GB3①Wedon’tbelievethathewillwinthegame.=2\*GB3②Idon’tthinkhewilldoso.注意：doubt用于肯定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，后面用whether/if引導(dǎo)名詞性從句；用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，后面用that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。besure用于肯定句或疑問句時(shí)，后接that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句；用于否定句時(shí)，后接whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。例如：=1\*GB3①Idoubtwhetherhewillcometomorrow.=2\*GB3②Thereisnodoubtthathewillcometomorrow.=3\*GB3③Iamsurethathewillwinthegame.=4\*GB3④Iamnotsurewhetherhewillwinthegame.3.表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的句子叫表語從句。表語從句常放在系動詞之后。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時(shí)用asif,because引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+系動詞+表語從句。例如：=1\*GB3①Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.=2\*GB3②That’sjustwhatIwant.=3\*GB3③Thisiswhereourproblemlies.=4\*GB3④Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting.=5\*GB3⑤Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.=6\*GB3⑥Thisisbecausehemissedthetrainbyoneminute.注意：當(dāng)主語是reason時(shí)，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如：Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.4.同位語從句在復(fù)合句中作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。同位語從句用于解釋說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名詞后,如news,idea,information,fact,hope,thought,belief等，用來說明名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞通常有that,whether和連接副詞when,where,why,how；連接代詞who，what，whose，which也可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例如：=1\*GB3①Thenewsthathewonthefirstplacewastrue.=2\*GB3②Itisaquestionhowhedidit.=3\*GB3③Theproblemwhetherweshouldcontinuetodotheexperimenthasbeensolved.=4\*GB3④Wehaven’tsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.=5\*GB3⑤Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback.=6\*GB3⑥Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.同位語從句一般緊跟在被解釋的名詞之后，但有時(shí)候也可以分開，將從句放在句末。例如：=1\*GB3①Thesuggestioncamefromthechairmanthatthenewruleshouldbeadopted.=2\*GB3②WordcamethatMr.Presidentwouldcomeandinspectourschool.5.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

（1）定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句解釋說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。

=1\*GB3①The

plane

that

has

just

taken

off

is

for

Paris.

（定語從句）

=2\*GB3②The

fact

that

he

has

died

is

quite

clear.

（同位語從句）

（2）定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語從句主要由連詞that

引導(dǎo)，在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分；where,

when,

how,

who,

whether,

what

等連詞也可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。

=1\*GB3①The

news

that

he

told

me

is

true.

（定語從句）=2\*GB3②The

news

that

he

has

just

died

is

true.

（同位語從句）=3\*GB3③The

problem

that

we’re

facing

now

is

how

we

can

collect

so

much

money.

(定語從句)=4\*GB3④The

problem

how

we

can

collect

so

much

money

is

hardto

solve.

（同位語從句）=5\*GB3⑤The

question

that

he

raised

puzzled

all

of

us.

（定語從句）=6\*GB3⑥The

question

whetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（同位語從句）

（3）同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子,

而定語從句則不能。如：

=1\*GB3①Theideathatwecanasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位語從句）→The

idea

is

that

we

can

ask

the

teacher

for

advice.

=2\*GB3②The

fact

that

the

earth

moves

around

the

sun

is

known

to

all.

（同位語從句）

→The

fact

is

that

the

earth

moves

around

the

sun.

=3\*GB3③Pay

attention

to

the

problem

how

we

can

protect

the

wild

animals.

（同位語從句）

→The

problem

is

how

we

can

protect

the

wild

animals.高考英語短文改錯(cuò)及語法填空分析與訓(xùn)練·名詞性從句考點(diǎn)規(guī)律分析:名詞性從句短文改錯(cuò)改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)主要涉及從句引導(dǎo)詞的誤用、缺失以及多余。語法填空主要涉及從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇。名詞性從句單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：1.…butitdidn’tmatterthatIwouldwinornot.(全國卷)2..(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetothatIlive3.(2016·全國Ⅱ)Thesummerholidayiscoming.MyclassmatesandIaretalkingabouthowtododuringtheholiday.4.Besides,Ihavefewfriends,Idon’tknowthattheydon’tliketotalkwithme.(全國卷)名詞性從句單句改錯(cuò)之提升訓(xùn)練：1.

It’s

uncertain

that

the

experiment

is

worth

doing.

2.That

is

hard

is

to

do

good

all

one's

life

and

never

do

anything

bad.

3.What

the

boy

didn't

take

medicine

made

his

mother

angry.

4.What

he

really

means

is

what

he

disagrees

with

us.

5.Ifwecan

finish

translating

the

book

depends

on

the

time.

6.That

is

that

Lu

Xun

once

lived.

7.

The

fact

which

she

had

not

said

anything

surprised

all

of

us.

8.

Thereisnodoubtwhetherhewillcometomorrow.9.

Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasbecausehemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.10.Thathewantstotellusisnotclear.名詞性從句單句語法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：1.(2016·全國Ⅰ，閱讀B)Wenowrealize________importantfamilyisandhowimportanttobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’reraisingchildren.2.(2016·全國Ⅱ，閱讀B)Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.________findstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.3.(2016·全國Ⅱ，閱讀D)Thejourneywasintendedtoachievemorethan________CaptainRobertFalconScotthaddone.4.(2016·北京，29)Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonis________onecanbeentirelydust.5.(2016·四川，七選五)Scientistsarestillnotexactlysure________genesinfluenceaging,buttheybelievethattheydo.6.(2016·江蘇，21)Itisoftenthecase________anythingispossibleforthosewhohangontohope.7.(2015·湖南，26)Youhavetoknow________you'regoingifyouaretoplanthebestwayofgettingthere.8.(2015·北京，33)Itrulybelieve________beautycomesfromwithin.9.(2015·重慶，8)Wemustfindout________Karliscoming,sowecanbookaroomforhim.10.(2015·四川，8)Theexhibitiontellsus________weshoulddosomethingtostopairpollution.11.(2015·安徽，25)Ashipinharborissafe,butthat'snot________shipsarebuiltfor.12.(2014·大綱全國，24)Exactly________thepotatowasintroducedintoEuropeisuncertain，butitwasprobablyaround1565.學(xué)習(xí)札記：參考答案及解析名詞性從句單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：1.that改為whether，whether與ornot搭配，表示“是否”2.that－where考查從句連詞。該句是賓語從句，意為“靠近我住的地方”，that改為where。3.how→what考查疑問詞的用法。我和同學(xué)們正在談?wù)摷倨诶镒鍪裁?。固定表達(dá)whattodo，如何用how結(jié)構(gòu)為howtodosth。4.that改為why，why引