Bluetooth

&Wi-Fi原理和測試基礎(chǔ)AgendaBluetooth/Wi-Fi概述Bluetooth/Wi-Fi基本原理

Bluetooth/Wi-Fi

RF測試基礎(chǔ)Bluetooth應(yīng)用Bluetooth應(yīng)用con

t’Wireless

Link

Between

All

DevicesBluetooth

HistoryHarald

BluetoothA

FierceViking

King

in

the10th

CenturyDenmark,Who

is

Credited

with

UnitingDenmark

and

Norway

duringHisReign.Bluetooth

Unites

TechnologiesBluetooth發(fā)展1994年：愛立信公司的1994方案。希望為設(shè)備間的通訊創(chuàng)造一組規(guī)則（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)議），以解決用戶間互不兼容的移動電子設(shè)備。1999年：

Ericsson,

IBM,In ,

Nokia,

Toshiba等業(yè)界龍頭創(chuàng)立“特別 小組”（Special

Interest

Group，SIG）

，即”藍(lán)牙技術(shù)”的前身，目標(biāo)是開發(fā)一個(gè)成本低、效益高、可以在短距離范圍內(nèi)隨意無線連接的藍(lán)牙技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。初期未得到廣泛應(yīng)用，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)難以 ，對應(yīng)電子設(shè)備較少，紅外技術(shù)的競爭，制造成本過高。Bluetooth發(fā)展con

t’2005年后，發(fā)展迅猛，今年預(yù)計(jì)8億片。正式列入IEEE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，的外延互連需求，新功能如A2DP。十年磨一劍Advantages

of

Bluetooth用規(guī)格設(shè)備范圍空前廣泛易于使用無線Wifi和WLANWLAN：無線局域網(wǎng)。是Wi-Fi

制造商的商標(biāo)?？勺鰹楫a(chǎn)品的品牌認(rèn)證，是一個(gè)創(chuàng)建于IEEE802.11標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的無線局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)（WLAN）設(shè)備。基于兩套系統(tǒng)的密切相關(guān)，也常有人把Wi-Fi當(dāng)做

IEEE802.11標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的同意詞術(shù)語。在這里基本不做區(qū)分。Wi-Fi應(yīng)用Wi-Fi應(yīng)用con

t’高速有線接入技術(shù)的補(bǔ)充：最后一百米蜂窩移動通信業(yè)務(wù)的補(bǔ)充：緩解3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)壓力粗略統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，去年10月以來，中國

啟動20萬臺WLAN設(shè)備采購；中國移動開展了38萬臺WLAN設(shè)備招標(biāo)；今年3月中國電信又開始了新一輪的802.11n設(shè)備招標(biāo)。這讓W(xué)i-Fi設(shè)備市場成為電信領(lǐng)域繼3G、IPTV等后又一爭奪的熱點(diǎn)。Why

Wireless

Networking?

-

Driving

ForceGlobal

Internet

ExplosionRapid

growth

for

mobile

dommunications

needsBroadbanddata

access

at

fast

data

ratesGrowing

usage

of

handheld

devices

(laptop,

palmtop

etc)Wi-Fi發(fā)展1997年：IEEE802.11發(fā)布期間廠家各自開發(fā)自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如蘋果公司的AirPort。1999年：工業(yè)界成立Wi-Fi

，致力解決符合802.11標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和設(shè)備兼容性問題。中國：WAPI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2003年5月，強(qiáng)制性中國2004年3月， 務(wù)卿、GB

15629.11/1102-2003批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布長和貿(mào)易代表聯(lián)名致信，要求中國放棄WAPI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2009年4月，中國工業(yè)和信息化部召集 廠商開會，宣布今后中國國內(nèi)所有2G和3G

都必須使用WAPI技術(shù)Wi-Fi發(fā)展con

t’802.11，1997年，原始標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2Mbit/s，2.4GHz頻道）。802.11a，1999年，物理層補(bǔ)充（54Mbit/s，5GHz頻道）。802.11b，1999年，物理層補(bǔ)充（11Mbit/s，2.4GHz頻道）。802.11c，符合802.1D的

接入控制層（MAC）橋接（MAC

Layer

Bridging）。802.11d，根據(jù)各國無線電規(guī)定做的調(diào)整。

802.11e，對服務(wù)等級（Quality

ofService,QoS）的支持。802.11f，

的互連性（Interoperability）。

802.11g，物理層補(bǔ)充（54Mbit/s，2.4GHz頻道）。802.11h，無線覆蓋半徑的調(diào)整，室內(nèi)（indoor）和室外（outdoor）信道（5GHz頻段）。802.11i，安全和鑒權(quán)（Authentification）方面的補(bǔ)充。802.11n，導(dǎo)入多重輸入輸出（MIMO）和40Mbit信道寬度（HT40）技術(shù)，基本上是802.11a/g的延伸版。Advantages

of

Wireless

LANMobilityScalabilitySimpler

and

faster

installationInstallation

flexibilityReduced

cost

of

ownershipIEEE

802.xx–

A

family

of

Wireless

StandardsAgendaBluetooth/Wi-Fi概述Bluetooth/Wi-Fi基本原理

Bluetooth/Wi-Fi

RF測試基礎(chǔ)

PSA/N4010A簡介為什么測試工程師需要了解原理？無線測試工程師需要掌握的知識：儀器操作方法熟悉編程語言無線通信各種制式基本原理RF測試基本原理儀表原理編寫自動測試 發(fā)現(xiàn)問題解決問題

改進(jìn)測試流程

搭建測試環(huán)境

撰寫測試指導(dǎo)書ISM頻段ISM頻段：即工業(yè)，科學(xué)和醫(yī)用頻段。一般來說世界各國均保留了一些無線頻段，以用于工業(yè)，科學(xué)研究，和微波醫(yī)療方面的應(yīng)用。應(yīng)用這些頻段無需

證，只需要遵守一定的 ，并且不要對其它頻段造成干擾即可。2.4GHz為各國共同的ISM頻段。因此WLAN（IEEE

802.11b/IEEE

802.11g），Bluetooth，Zigbee等無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)，均可工作在2.4GHz頻段上。Bluetooth基本原理Rev

1.1

and

1.2

RF基本介紹

EDR

RF基本介紹組網(wǎng)方式工作狀態(tài)Bluetooth

Summary

(rev

1.1

and

1.2)Operating

Frequency:

ISM

band

2.402

-

2.480

GHzNumber

of

carriers:Frequency

Hop79

carriers

at

1

MHzspacing: nominally

1600

hops/s,

3200

duringpaging/inquiry0.5

BT

GFSK

modulation1Mb/sNominally <

0dBm,

0dBm,

+20dBmModulation:Raw

Symbol

rate:3

PowerClasses:Reference

sensitivity:-70dBm,

but

some

design

ing-90dBmRADIO

PARAMETERS

(1)Frequency

HopISM

band

at

2.45GHz,

2400

-

2483.5MHz2402

+

kMHz,

k

=

0,

…,

78Device

specific

hop

sequenceNominal

rate

1600

hops/sModulationBinaryFSKGaussian

filteringBT

=

0.5;

0.28<<0.35-20dB

bandwidth

of

1MHzRADIO

PARAMETERS

(2)Transmitter

powerNominal

0

dBmUp

to

20

dB

provided

power

controlReceiver

sensitivity-70

dBm

@

0.1%

BERFrequency-Hop SpreadSpectrum擴(kuò)頻技術(shù)：跳頻的載頻受一個(gè)偽隨機(jī)碼的控制，在其工作帶寬范圍內(nèi)，其頻率端， 的頻率器按PN碼的隨機(jī)規(guī)律不斷改變頻率。在接收器受偽隨機(jī)碼的控制，并保持與發(fā)射端的變化規(guī)律一致。：二 軍方

。應(yīng)用：GSMBluetooth作用：避免對其他系統(tǒng)的干擾，抗多徑Hop in

more

Detail5

different

hop sequences,

4

of

which

are

short

(32hops)and

used

for

special

purposes

e.g.

connectionestablishmentMain

sequence

called

“Connected

Mode”

sequence134,217,728

hops

(2^27)1600

hops/sec

over

79channelsTakes

23

hours,

18mins

&

6

sec

to

complete!Why

have

it?

Aids

signal

reliability

in

a

potentially

crowdedbandFREQUENCY

HOP2.4022.480freqtimeslavemasterBinaryFSK2FSK信號是符號“1”對應(yīng)于載頻f1，而符號“0”對應(yīng)于載頻f2數(shù)字調(diào)頻可用模擬調(diào)頻法—利用脈沖序列對一個(gè)載波進(jìn)行調(diào)頻2FSK鍵控法—利用脈沖序列控制選通兩個(gè)不同頻率的獨(dú)立信號源FSK信號的解調(diào)方法包括鑒頻法、相干檢測法、包絡(luò)檢波法、過零檢測法、差分檢測法等2FSK現(xiàn)在多用I/Q的方法實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)制與解調(diào)Waveform

Characteristics1

1

10

0

0+

fCenter

Freq.-

f1

1 1

1

10

00

0

00 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

01

1

11

11

11

1

1Max

deviation+/-

157.5

KHz1

Million

bits/secModulation

index

=

0.28

-

0.35‘1010’

deviationapprox.

88%

of

max

due

to

0.5

BT

FilterTX

SpectrumMask00

.

20

.

40

.

60

.

81

.

21

.

41

.

61

.

82-60-50-40-30-20-1001fr

eq

(M

Hz)power

s

pe

ctrum

(d

B)TX

Power

Control0

dBm

nominalpower-30

-+20

dBm

optional

rangePower

controlrequired

above0

dBmRSSI-based

power

regulationCoarse

monotonous

stepsLinkBudgetkTBNoise

floorTXpowerRX

power

@

10cmRX

power

@

10m0dBm-20-70-91-114C/I

=

21

dBNF

=

23dBTime

Division

DuplexTx

Timeslot

period

=

625usRx

Timeslot

period

=

625

usPay

loadHeaderAccessCodeBit

p0C Ch

63hannelCh

31Ch

50Ch

14Critical

intervals

during

whichVCO

must

have

settledSettling

timePay

loadHeaderAccessCodeSettling

timePowerBit

p0FH/TDDCHANNEL625

sttmasterslavef(2k)f(2k+1)f(2k+2)MULTI-SLOT

PACKETS625

sf(k)f(k+1)f(k+2)f(k+3)f(k+4)f(k+5)f(k)f(k+3)f(k+4)f(k+5)f(k)f(k+5)Bluetooth

EDR

SummaryEDR

is

an

enhancement

to

the

Bluetooth1.2

standardIt

is

backwards

compatible

with

earlierBluetoothstandardsIt

uses

PSK

modulation

schemeto

achieve2or

3Mb/sdata

rate–

p/4

DQPSK

for

2Mb/s(each

point

represents

2bitsof

data)–

8DPSK

for

3Mb/s

(each

point

represents

3

bits

ofdata)HowBluetooth?

changes

for

EDRTransmission

combines

the

originalGFSK

header

with

aDifferential

PSK

payloadThe

Peak

Data

Rate

increases

from

1Mbpsto2Mbps(mandatory)

or

3Mbps

(optional)using

new

modulationschemes:2MBit/s

–

p/4

DQPSK3MBits/s

–

8DPSKSpectral

characteristicsof

transmissionsare

virtually

unchangedSupport

for

both

modulationschemesis

mandatory

for

all

EDRcapable

products差分調(diào)制方式/4DQPSKCREATING

A

PICONETslave

Bslave

Cmaster

Aslave

DOPERATIONAL

STATESmasteractive

slaveparked

slavestandbyPhysical

Channel

DefinitionCountry

Frequency

RangeRFChannelsEU&USA2400

-2483.5MHzf

=

2402

+

kMHzk=

0,...,78Japan2471

-2497MHzf

=

2473

+

kMHzk=

0,...,22Spain2445

-2475MHzf

=

2449

+kMHzk=

0,...,22France2446.5

-

2483.5MHzf

=

2454

+kMHzk=

0,...,22PHYSICAL

CHANNELmaster

BD_ADDR

hop

sequencemaster

CLOCK

phaseslave

2slave

1masterslave

4slave

3PHYSICAL

LINK

TYPESSynchronousConnection-Oriented(SCO)

Linkcircuit

switchingsymmetric,

synchronousservicesslot

reservation

at

fixedintervalsAsynchronous

Connection-Less

(ACL)Linkpacket

switching(a)symmetric,

asynchronousservicespolling

access

schemeMIXED

LINKEXAMPLEERRORCORRECTIONForward-Error

Correction

(FEC)1/3

rate:

bit-repeat

code2/3

rate:

(15,10)

shortened

Hamming

codeAutomatic

Retransmission

Query

(ARQ)1-bit

fast

ACK/NAK1-bit

sequence

numberheader

piggy-backingAUTOMATIC

RETRANSMISSIONOPERATIONAL

STATESstand-by,

scanpage,inquiryconnectionactiveholdsniffparkStatediagramInquiry

and

PageInquiryDiscover

Bluetooth

device

in

rangeAcquire

device

address

and

clockPageEstablish

connection

between

master

and

slaveThe

device

that

initiates

page emasterInquiring

forRadiosRadio

A

Wants

to

find

other

radios

in

the

areaADCBIDbIDaIDcIDdInquiring

forRadiosRadio

A

issues

an

Inquire

(pages

with

the

Inquire

ID)Radios

B,

C

and

D

are ng

an

Inquire

ScanADCBIDbIDaIDcIDdINQINQInquireINQInquiring

forRadiosRadio

B

recognizes

Inquire

and

responds

with

an

FHSpacket–

Has

slave’s

Device

ID

and

ClockADCBIDbIDaIDcIDdIDbContention

SolvingRadio

A

Issues

an

Inquire

(again)Radios

C

and

D

respond

with

FHS

packetsAs

radios

C

&

D

respond

simultaneously

packets

are

corrupted

andRadio

A

won’t

respondEach

radio

waits

a

random

number

of

slots

and

listensIDbIDaIDcIDdIDbIDdAIDcDCBContention

SolvingRadio

C

waits

randomslotsRadio

A

Issues

an

Inquire

(again)Radios

C

respond

with

FHS

packetsIDbIDaIDcIDdIDbAIDcDCBContention

SolvingRadio

D

waits

random

slotsRadio

A

Issues

an

Inquire(again)Radios

D

respond

with

FHSpacketsIDbIDaIDcIDdIDdADCBIDbIDcInquiring

forRadiosRadio

A

now

has

information

of

all

radios

within

rangeIDbIDaIDcIDdADCBIDbIDcIDdInquireSummaryPaging

radio

Issues

page

packet

with

Inquire

IDAny

radio ng

an

Inquire

scan

will

respond

with

an

FHSpacketFHS

packet

gives

Inquiring

radio

information

to

pageDevice

IDClockIf

there

is

a

collision

then

radios

wait

a

random

number

ofslots

before

responding

to

the

page

inquireAfter

process

is

done,

Inquiring

radio

has

Device

IDs

andClocks

of

all

radios

in

rangeMaster

Paging

a

SlavePaging

assumes

master

has

slavesDevice

ID

and

anidea

of

its

ClockA

pages

C

with

C’s

Device

IDACIDaIDcIDcIDcPageMaster

Paging

a

SlaveC

Repliesto

A

with

C’s

Device

IDACIDaIDcIDcIDcMaster

Paging

a

SlaveA

sends

C

its

Device

ID

and

Clock

(FHS

packet)ACIDaIDcIDcIDaMaster

Paging

a

SlaveA

sends

C

poll

packet

to

confirm

connectionC

responds

any

packet

using

channel

hopfrequencyACIDaIDcIDcIDaMaster

Paging

a

SlaveA

connects

as

a

master

toCACIDaIDcIDcIDaConnection

States，發(fā)送和接收分組包，Active：主從節(jié)點(diǎn)都分別在信道通過并彼此保持同步；Sniff：在這個(gè)模式下，從節(jié)點(diǎn)可以暫時(shí)不支持ACL分組，也就是ACL鏈路進(jìn)入低能源sleep模式，空出資源，使得象尋呼、掃描等活動、信道仍可用；Hold：保持狀態(tài)Park：當(dāng)從節(jié)點(diǎn)不必介入微微網(wǎng)信道，但仍想與信道維持同步，它能進(jìn)入park（休眠）模式，此時(shí)具有很少的活動而處于低耗模式。slave

2slave

3slave

1master

Bslave

4slave

5SCATTERNET

(1)master

Aslave

1slave

2slave

3slave

4

/

master

Bslave

6slave

5SCATTERNET

(2)master

AWi-Fi基本原理DSSSOFDMAntennaDiversity802.11a,b,g,n概述Physical

Layer–SpreadSpectrumTechnologySpread

Spectrum

is

originated

from

militaryapplicationSpread

Spectrum

is

a

modulation

techniquethatusesmorebandwidth

than

that

needed

fortransmissionTo

achieve

a

larger

bandwidth,

Spread

Spectrum

uses

a

code

inthe

transmitterthatmustbe

known

bythereceiverThe

two

Spread

Spectrum

techniques

used

in

Wireless

LAN

are:Direct

Sequence

SpreadSpectrum

(DSSS)OrthogonalFrequencyDivision

Multiplexing

(OFDM)Advantages

of

Spread

SpectrumTechnologyOvercrowded

Frequency

Spectrum!

–

Why

do

we

stillspread

the

signal?Low

power

spectral

densityProtection

against

multipath

interferenceInterference

rejectionBetter

security

and

privacyFacilitates

the

use

of

Code

Division

Multiple

AccessDirect

Sequence

Spread

SpectrumDirect

sequencespreadspectrumsignal

is

generatedby

mixing

the

narrowband

userdatawith

awell-definedwidebandsignal

(pseudo-randomsequence).Recovering

the

narrowbanduser

data

is

achievedbymixing

the

receivedsignal

withan

identical,accura ytimedpseudo-random

sequence.FreqDirect

Sequence

Spread

SpectrumPower

SpectralDensityDirect

sequencespread

signalNarrowband

userdataDirect

Sequence

Spread

SpectrumData

SignalCode

SignalData

Signal

XCode

Signal-11-11-11Orthogonal

FrequencyDivision

MultiplexingOrthogonal

SignalsTDMACDMA(Walsh

Codes)OFDMAdvantages

ofOFDMIncreased

efficiency

because

carrier

spacing

isreduced

(orthogonal

carriers

overlap)Equalization

simplified,

or

eliminatedMoreresistanttofadingData

transfer

rate

can

be

scaled

to

conditionsSingle

FrequencyNetworks

are

possible(broadcastapplication)Now

possible

because

of

advances

in

signalprocessinghorsepowerDisadvantages

of

OFDMHigher

Peak-to-averageMore

sensitiveto

phase

noise,

timing

and

frequency

offsetsGreatercomplexityMore

expensive

transmitters

andreceiversEfficiency

gains

reduced

by

requirement

for

guard

intervalAntenna

Diversity

ConceptPhysical

layer

receive

operation

uses

antennadiversityWhy

Antenna

Diversity?To

combat

signal

degradation

due

to

multipath

fading,path

loss,

rain,

heat

etc.Antenna

Diversity

ConceptWhat

is

Antenna

Diversity?Radio

receiver

has

two

or

more

antennasThe

antennas

(a

few

cm

apart)

will

receive

verydifferent

signal

qualityReceiver

chooses

the

best

antenna

by

comparingthesignal

strengthCan

avoid

most

of

the

fade

out

periods

(multipathfadingcondition)IEEE802.11

ArchitectureTerminologyStation:

Any

devicethatcontains

a

MAC

and

PhysicalLayerthat

conformstoIEEE802.11

standardsAccess

Point:

Any

entity

thathas

station

functionality

anda

a

bridgethatconnectsa

wireless

client

device

to

thewired

networkSummary

of

Wireless

LANsStandardsStandardModulationData

ratesCommentsIEEE802.112-GFSK

or

4-GFSK

FHSSBPSK

or

QPSK

DSSS1

or

2

MbpsMultiple

PHYincludingInfra

redIEEE802.11bCCK5.5

or

11

MbpsCorporate

favoriteIEEE802.11g64

OFDM

+

BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,

64QAM,

CCK6,

9,12,

18,

24,36,

48,

54

MbpsIn

development,

48

and54

Mbps

will

need

newRFdesignIEEE802.11a64

OFDM

+

BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,

64QAM6,

9,12,

18,

24,36,

48,

54

MbpsETSI

TGj/IEEE

working

oncoexistence

strategiesHIPANLAN

1GMSK,

FSK23.5

Mbps

or

1.5MbpsEurope

only,

no

product,non-existence

nowHIPANLAN

264

OFDM

+

BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,

64QAM6,

9,12,

18,

24,36,

48,

54

MbpsETSI

TGj/IEEE

workingoncoexistence

strategies802.11b

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述支持1,2,5.5,11Mbps數(shù)據(jù)率2.4GHz

ISM頻段支持調(diào)頻模式(可選)最大輸出功率100mW使用Barker,CCK,PBCC等編碼方式使用BPSK,

DQPSK等調(diào)制方式802.11g

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述802.11b的繼任者，在802.11b所使用的相同的2.4GHz頻段上,使用a，b共有的調(diào)制方式提供了最高54Mbps的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率802.11a

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述支持6,9,12,

18,24,36,48,54Mbps數(shù)據(jù)率，其中，6–

24Mbps是必須支持的，其余為可選5.150–5.825GHz

頻段，信道間隔20MHz占用帶寬18MHz最大輸出功率40–800mW使用OFDM+BPSK,

QPSK,

16QAM,

64QAM等調(diào)制方式The

new

IEEE

802.11n

standard802.11n

Multiple-In,

Multiple

Out

(MIMO)Tx1Tx2Rx1Rx2x1x2h11h12h21h22x1x2x1x2H-1(DSP)Therealchannel(complicated)Needed

to

solve

the

equations

-Knowledge

ofchannelKnowledge

of

the

source

ofreceived

signalSignalindependenceSimilar

signalpowersChannel

Model

(oneOFDM

sub-carrierduringone

packet)

–

sumofsignals

received

bytransmitterThe

simultaneous

use

of

one

channel

by

multiplesignalstoincrease

data

rate

and/or

signalintegrityAgendaBluetooth/Wi-Fi概述Bluetooth/Wi-Fi基本原理

Bluetooth/Wi-Fi

RF測試基礎(chǔ)

PSA/N4010A簡介Bluetooth

RF測試基礎(chǔ)測試要求

發(fā)射機(jī)測試測試AgilentSolutionBluetooth

Radio

LinkRequirementsTest

ConceptGoalTo

ensure

Bluetooth

devices

can

get

in

contact

witheach

otherTo

ensure

the

Radio

Link

performanceTest

ModesTransmitter

Test

ModeLoop-back

Test

ModeReply

PacketDecode

PacketPerform

ARQRe-coded

PacketDUTTest

PacketTesterCompare?GenerateTest

PacketTest

Mode

-

Radio

Loop-backOptions

(Control

using

LMP

commands):SCO

/

ACL

packetsSingle

Frequencies

/Frequency

HopPowerlevelTransmitterOutput

PowerTXOutputSpectrumInitial

Carrier

FrequencyToleranceTransceiverOut-of-Band

spuriousemissionsReceiverSensitivityC/I

performanceOut-of-Band

blockingLower

Base

bandTX/RX

TimingFrequencyHopCoding/DecodingErrorcorrectionBluetooth

Radio

Link

RequirementsExample

of

Test

CasesOutputPowerEUT

in

loopback

or

TX

modeHop

onPower

control

to

maxPN9

as

payloadMeasured

at

lowest

operatingfrequencyZero

span

and

peak

detectionTest

limit:Class

1

PAV>0dBm(<20dBm)Class

2–6dBm<PAV<+4dBmClass

3

PAV<0dBmOther

Power

Related

TestPower

DensityImportant

for

ISM

band

operationPower

Density

<

100

mW

(20dBm)

per

100

kHz

EIRPPower

ControlApplicable

for

EUT

supporting

power

controlStep

size

of

the

power

control:

2dB

step

size

.

8

dBFor

power

class

1

equipment:At

minimum

power

step:

PAV

<

4dBmOutput

Spectrum:

20dBBandwidthEUT

in

loopback

orTXmodeHop

offPower

control

to

maxPN9as

payloadMeasured

at

lowestoperating

frequency10KHz

RBWTest

limit:f

=

|fH

-

fL|

1.0

MHzDeviation

of

11110000 versus

10101010157.5

KHz

nominal

deviation0.5BT

Gaussian

filter

sets

deviation

ratio

-

MUST

BE

>=

80%Modulation

CharacteristicsInitial

Carrier

Frequency

Tolerance

(ICFT)Known

as

“InitialCarrier

FrequencyTolerance”

or

ICFTMeasures

the

actualCenter

Frequency

ofthe

carrier

under

test(pre-amble

part,<75Khz)Timing

referenced

top0

( data

bit)AveragingFrequency

DriftMeasures

centerfrequency

of

burst

atthe

start,

thencompares

it

to

thecenter

frequencythroughout

the

burst

to25

kHz

Drift

limit

forone

slot40

KHz

Drift

limit

for

3and

5

slot20KHz

Drift

Rate10

bit

payload

driftReceiver

SensitivityVerifies

the

ability

to

receive

low

level

and

non-ideal

signalsTestsource

performs

the

non-ideal

transmitter

roleSingle

and

Multi-Slot

Packe sitivity

Tests:EUT

in

loopback

test

mode

and

hop

offTest

source

sends

DH1

with

PRBS9

payload

to

the

EUT

in

single

slot

testTest

source

sends

DH5

or

DH3

with

PRBS9

payload

to

the

EUT

in

multi-slot

testVarious

signal

impairments

are

implementedTest

performed

at

lowest,

middle,

and

highest

operating

frequencyTest

Limit:-70dBm

input

signal

levelBER

<0.1%(minimum

number

of

samples,

1

600

000

returned

payload

bits)Set

ofParametersCarrier

Freq.offsetModulationindexSymbol

timingerror175

kHz0.28-

20

ppm214

kHz0.30-

20

ppm3-

2

kHz0.29+

20

ppm41

kHz0.32+

20

ppm539

kHz0.33+

20

ppm60

kHz0.34-

20

ppm7-42

kHz0.29-

20

ppm874

kHz0.31-

20

ppm9-19

kHz0.28-

20

ppm10-75

kHz0.35+

20

ppmDirty

Transmitter

SimulationCarrier

to

Interference

PerformanceVerifies

receiver

performance

in

the

presence

ofCo-/adjacent

channelinterference.Test

source

provides

the

wanted

signal

to

the

EUTTestsource

sends

DH1

packets

with

PRBS9

payload

to

the

EUTPower

levels

are

detailed

in

the

RF

test

specificationTest

performed

at

lowest,

middle,

and

highest

operating

frequencyAdditional

test

source

provides

the

interference

signal

to

the

EUTBluetooth

modulated

signalFrequency

and

power

levels

are

detailed

in

the

RF

test

specificationThe

BER

shall

be

0.1%Exceptions

are

detailed

in

the

RF

test

specificationOut-of-Band

Blocking

PerformanceVerifies

receiver

performance

in

the

presence

of

interferenceTest

source

provides

the

wanted

signal

to

the

EUTTestsource

sends

DH1

packets

with

PRBS9

payload

to

the

EUTPower

levels

are

detailed

in

the

RF

test

specificationTest

performed

at

lowest,

middle,

and

highest

operating

frequencyCW

source

provides

the

interference

signal

to

the

EUTContinuous

Wave30MHz

to

12.75GHz

in

1MHz

incrementsPower

levels

are

detailed

in

the

RF

test

specificationThe

BER

shall

be

0.1%Exceptions

are

detailed

in

the

RF

test

specificationIntermodulation

PerformanceVerifies

receiver

intermodulation

characteristicsTest

requires

three

signal

generators:Test

source

provides

the

wanted

signal

at

frequency

f0RF

source

provides

a

static

sine

wave

signal

at

f1Additional

test

source

provides

a

Bluetooth-modulated

signal

at

f2Such

that

f0

=

2f1-f2

and

|f2-f1|

=

n*

1MHz,

where

n

can

be

3,

4,

or

5Power

levels

for

signals

are

detailed

in

the

test

procedureTest

performed

at

lowest,

middle,

and

highest

operating

frequencyThe

BER

shall

be

0.1%

under

these

conditionsumInputVerifLiees

vreecleiver

performance

when

the

input

signal

is

set

at

theum

power

levelTest

source

performs

the

Bluetooth

transmitter

roleTestsource

continuously

sends

DH1

packets

with

PRBS9

payload

to

the

EUTPower

level

is

set

to

–20dBm

at

the

receiver

input

of

the

EUTTest

performed

at

lowest,

middle,

and

highest

operating

frequencyThe

BER

shall

be

0.1%

at

-20dBmWi-FiRF測試基礎(chǔ)發(fā)射機(jī)測試測試AgilentSolutionTransmitterMeasurementPower

MeasurementSpectrum

MeasurementModulation

Characteristics

Measurement18.4.7.1

Transmit

power

levels

(802.11b)um

output

powerGeographic

Location1000mWUSA100mW(EIRP)Europ10mW/MHzJapanTable

115Transmit

power

levelsNote:Measuring

framed

RF

signals

requires

the

use

of

a

trigger

signal.17.3.9.1

Transmit

power

levels

(802.11a)Frequency

band

(GHz)um

output

powerwith

up

to

6

dBi

antenna

gain(mW)5.15–5.2540

(2.5

mW/MHz)5.25–5.35200

(12.5

mW/MHz)5.725–5.825800

(50

mW/MHz)Transmit

power

levels

for

the

United

StatesNote:Measuring

framed

RF

signals

requires

the

use

of

a

trigger

signal.18.4.7.2

Transmit

power

level

control

(802.11b)Power

control

shall

be

providedfor

transmitted

power

greaterthan

100

mW.A um

of

four

power

levels

may

be

provided.As

a

minimum,

a

radiocapableof

transmissiongreater

than

100mW

shall

be

capableof

switching

power

back

to

100

mW

orless.Test

method

same

with

power

measurementSignal yzer

should

haveenough

wide

band

tocomple y

capture

the

signal.Spectrummeasurement

method

:Channel

PowerTime

measurementmethod

:

Envelop

DetectionCCDFis

the

most

usefulgraph.Using

SignalPoweryzerto

MeasureWLAN18.4.7.6

Transmit

power-on

and

power-down

ramp(802.11b)umpowerumThe

transmitpower-on

rampfor

10%

to90%

ofshall

be

no

greater

than

2

μs.The

transmitpower-on

rampis

shown

in

Figure

146.The

transmitpower-down

rampfor90%

to10%power

shallbe

no

greater

than

2

μs.The

transmit

power-down

ramp

is

shownin

Figure

147.18.4.7.6

Transmit

power-on

and

power-down

ramp(802.11b)18.4.7.6

Transmit

power-on

and

power-down

ramp(802.11b)18.4.7.3

Transmit

spectrum

mask

(802.11b)The

transmitted

spectral

products

shall

be

less

than

–30

dBr(dBrelative

to

the

sin(x)/x

peak)

forfc

–

22

MHz

<

f

<

fc

–11

MHz;

andfc

+

11

MHz

<

f

<

fc

+

22

MHz;And

shallbe

less

than

–50dBr

forf

<

fc

–

22

MHz;

and

f

>

fc

+

22MHz.Where

fc

is

the

channel

center

frequency.The

measurementsshall

be

madeusing

a

100

kHz

resolutionbandwidth

and

a

100

kHz

bandwidth.Using

SA

Measure

IEEE

802.11b

SpectrumMask17.3.9.2

Transmit

spectrum

mask

(802.11a)The

transmittedspectrumshallhave

a

0

dBr

(dB

relative

totheum

spectral

density

of

the

signal)bandwidth

notexceeding

18MHz–20

dBr

at

11

MHz

frequencyoffset–28

dBr

at

20

MHz

frequency

offset–40

dBr

at

30

MHz

frequency

offset

and

above.

The

transmittedspectraldensityof

the

transmittedsignalThe

measurementsshall

be

madeusing

a

100

kHz

resolutionbandwidth

and

a

30

kHz

bandwidth.17.3.9.2

Transmit

spectrum

maskUsing

SA

Measure

IEEE

802.11a

SignalSpectrum17.3.9.3

Transmission

spurious(802.11a)Spurious

transmissions

from

compliantdevices

shall

conform

tonationalregulations.18.4.7.4

Transmit

center

frequency

tolerance(802.11b)The

transmitted

center

frequencytolerance(frequencyerror) shall

be

±25

ppmum.17.3.9.4

Transmit

center

frequency

tolerance(802.11a)The

transmitt