Location

mainland:inthecentralpartofNorthAmericaAlaska:bordernorthwesternCanada1959,49thstateHawaii:inthecentralPacificOcean1959,50thstateSurroundings(mainland)

onthenorth–Canada

onthesouth-theGulfofMexico

ontheeast-theAtlanticOcean

onthewest-thePacificOcean

AdministrativeRegion

50statesmainland-48statesdetachedterritory-Alaskaoffshoreislands-Hawaii

WashingtonD.C.afederaldistrictofColumbia

Threedistinctareas

(1)theeasternpart

(2)thewesternpart

(3)theGreatPlains

——fiveGreatLakes

——MississippiRiver——TheGreatLakes(freshwater)LakeSuperiorLakeHuronLakeErieLakeOntarioLakeMichiganNiagaraFallsbetweenLakeErie&LakeOntarioonU.S.-Can.navigationlinkageofmanyindustrialareas——TheMississippiRiver(thefatherofwaters)longestinNorthAmericaoriginatefromtheLakeItasca(inMN)totheGulfofMexico3780kmlong3millionskmofdrainageareaSixregionsNewEngland,Mid-Atlantic,South,Midwest,Southwest,West

(1)NewEngland

(2)SouthRegion

(3)WesternRegion

(4)California

(5)Alaska

(6)HawaiiNewEngland6states:CT,ME,MA,NH,RI,VTEuropeans’firstsettlementsgeographicalfeatureshistoricsitestop-rankinguniversities&colleges

Harvard,Yale,MITetc.TheIvyLeagueBrownU. RIColumbiaU. NYcityNYCornellU. NYDartmouthCollege NHHarvardU. MAU.ofPennsylvania PAPrincetonU. NJYaleU. CT(2)TheSouthRegion13statesplentifulrainfall&amildclimatecropsgrownfrost-free6monthsindustrydevelopingpopulationgrowing(3)TheWesternRegion11statesbeautifulforests&streamsenvironmentprotection(4)CalifornianaturalfeaturesnotablecitiesGDP&agriculturalyieldpredominanthigh-techcenterseg:SiliconValley(5)AlaskastretchingsouthwardfromtheArcticOceantothePacificaworldofglaciers,waterfalls,lakestemperaturelownativepopulation:Eskimosmostly,&Indians,Aleutsnaturalresources:agriculturalindustrial(6)HawaiiachainofbeadsincentralPacific8majorislands2575kmlongsoutheasttonorthwesttemperaturemildchiefproductslargestsourceofincome:touristbusiness2.Climate

mildsubtropicalzones:moststatestropical：southernFL,HI50cmrainfallline

(throughmiddle,fromnorthtosouth)

totheeast–comparativelymoreraintothewest–muchlessrain

exceptionofthecoastalareasalongthePacific3.MajorCities

Washington: capitalNewYork: thelargestcityLosAngeles: thesecondlargestcityChicago: thethirdlargestcitySanFrancisco: thecenterof……WashingtontheWashingtonDistrictofColumbianamedafterChristopherColumbus&GeorgeWashingtongoverneddirectlybyfederalgov.headquartersofwholefederalsystemaleadingculturalcenter

theWashingtonMonument,theLincolnMemorial,theJeffersonMemorial,theKennedyCenter,theLibraryofCongresslight&serviceindustries(littleheavyind.)NewYorkthelargestcityoftheUS3islands

(atthemouthofHudsonriver):

ManhattanIsland LongIsland StatenIsland5boroughs:

Manhattan Brooklyn Bronx StatenIsland QueenstheStatueofLiberty:Americansymbol

(atthegateofNewYorkHarbor)TheheadquartersoftheUNManhattan:afinancial&entertainmentcenterthecoreofNYCity

Broadway TimesSquare WallStreet FifthAvenue CentralPark GreenwichVillage Chinatown theEmpireStateBuilding

manychurches,colleges,skyscrapers&theatresLosAngelesthesecondlargestcity4timeslargerinareathanSanFranciscoImportantelectroniccenteratomicresearchcenterindustry—tires,automobiles&aircraftsHollywood–theheartofworld’smotionpictureindustryDisneylandChicagotheWindyCitymainconnectionbetweentheeasterncoastcitiesandtheWestthethirdlargestcitythelargestindustrycityheavy&lightindustrieshighlydevelopedacenterofindustry,transportation,commerce&financeintheMidwestRegionaculturalcenter,theworld’sbestcollectionsofmodernarchitectureSanFranciscoAcenterofoil-refining,chemicals,commerce,finance&theshippingindustryThetranscontinentalrailroad–connectingitselfwiththeindustrial&agriculturalcentersoftheMidwest&theEastTheGoldenGateBridgeChinatown–thelargestChinesesettlementinUSII.People

1.Population

thethirdmostpopulousnationbehindChina&India

300million(Oct.17,2006) 200million(July1,1968)100million(July1,1915)

303,593,258(March9,2008) 400million(asearlyas2043)DISTRIBUTIONofthepopulation:

Northeastern—themostdenselypopulatedregion1/2populationon1/4landGreatPlains—comparativelysmallpopulationSouth—almost57.5millionWest—denselypopulatedexceptLA&SFnow1/5butexpectedtogrowfaster

2.NationofImmigrants

anationofimmigrants4cent.55millionimmigrated

?nocountryinhistoryhascongregated&amalgamatedsomanyethnics

?immigrantsadmittedbyUSmorethanallotherindustrializedcountriescombinedFromforeigncountry Toforeigncountry 國(guó)外移來 移居國(guó)外 v.immigrate emigrate n.immigrant emigrant n.immigration emigration n.immigrator emigrator a.immigratory emigratory n.migrant v.migrate a.migratory n.migrationanationofnationsWavesofimmigrationtoUS:

?firstpeoplefromAsiaasearlyas20,000yearsagoacrosstheBeringStraittoAlaska

?Indians/NativeAmericans

15thcentury–10milliontheWestwardMovement:destructiontoday–2.4million(poor&jobless)1/3livingonreservation2/3incities?whitepeople85%ofthepopulationdescendantsofEuropeanimmigrantsSYMBOL:PilgrimFathers–PuritansfromEnglandin1620,Mayflower?blackpeople12%ofthepopulation1620-18208millionbroughtfromAfricaasslavesonSouthernfarmsnowliveinSouth,Northeast,Midwest

?firstsharpincrease1830s–1840s,northernEuropeans(Irish)becauseoftheGreatFamine

?Anothertremendoustideofimmigration1880s,largelyfromsouthern&easternEurope?changingfromagriculturalsocietytoindustrializedcountryimmigrantscompetitivepower—lowerwagesbecauseofpovertytheImmigrationActof1924—restrictionofEuropeanimmigrants?othergroupsconcentratein:MexicansinTexas&CaliforniaPuertoRicansinNewYorkCubansinFlorida?recentimmigrantsfromCentralAmerican?Asianimmigration

ImmigrationandNationalityActAmendments(1965)

in1980shalfofimmigrants—AsianssettledinCalifornia,Hawaii,NewYork,andTexas?ChineseAmericans:industrious,intelligent&doingfineameltingpotmanynationalitiesconstitutetherelativelynewnationvariousracialðnicgroupcombinedintoonecultureasaladtheymixharmoniouslybutkeeptheirdistinctculture&custom3.RacialAssimilation?

culturalcharacters:English-speakingwesternEuropeanProtestantmiddle-class

?

values:

freedomequalitydesiretoahigherstandard?AsuccessfulmeltingpottheprocessofassimilationDominantmajoritysolidifiedImmigrantstendtobeviewedasathreattobasicAmericanvalues&wayofliveDuringlate19th&20thcenturiespoverty-strickenimmigrantshardertobeassimilatedwithestablishedAmericans&clusteredinclose-knitcommunities–ChinatownAmericanization.NewimmigrantslearnAmericanwayinEnglishinstruction&citizenshipclasses.Naturalization.NewimmigrantsacceptthevaluesofthedominantAmericans&inturnacceptedbymajorityofAmericansTheimmigrantsnowhaveamuchstrongerfeelingaboutbeinganAmericanChapter9

HistoryI.AmericaintheColonialeraThedescendantsoftheMongoloidabout20,000yearsagoNativeAmericanslivinginNorthAmericaformanyhundredsofyearsbeforeEuropeansreachedthecontinent.ForalongtimewhitepeoplecalledthemIndians.Todaymanypeopledonotlikethisnamesinceitisbasedonamistake:itwasgiventothepeoplelivingintheAmericabyChristopherColumbuswho,whenhearrivedthere,thoughthehadlandedinIndia.Instead,peopleprefertousethetermNativeAmericans.

AmerigoVespucci(1445-1512),Italiannavigator.InLatin,Amerigoistrans-latedintoAmericus.VespucciarrivedsoutheastcoastofSouthAmericaforexplorationin1499,realizingthesignifi-canceofColumbus’sdiscoveryoftheNewWorldin1492.In1507,thename“Amerigo”emergedinitiallyonamap,aGermanmapmarkedhisdiscoveryofthe“SouthContinent”.ThePilgrimswerethe102peoplewhosailedtoAmericafromEnglandontheshipMayflowerin1620.Thegroup,latercalledthePilgrimFathers,included35PuritanswhoseaimwastocreateasafereligiouscommunityintheNewWorld.ThePilgrimsprobablylandedatPlymouthRock,MAandsettled.Theyestablishedthefirstsuccessfulcolony,Plymouthcolony.alongwiththeSevenYears’War(theFrenchandIndianWarinEurope)(1756-63),thewarbetweenEnglandandFrancewasundergoinginNorthAmericaforrulingtheareain1763EnglandcontrolledCanada&NorthAmerica(eastofMississippi)

II.TheWarofIndependenceBackgrounds:ThecontradictionssharpenedbetweenEnglandanditscoloniesEnglandimposednewtaxestodefraythewarcost&expectedpeopletolodgeBritishsoldiersColonistsresentedthetaxes&resistedthequarteringofsoldiers“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”thefirstshotsatLexingtontheSecondContinentalCongresstheDeclarationofIndependenceprincipalpoliticalprincipleprocessoftheWarIII.TheCivilWarBackgroundoftheWarSouthstates:farmingblackAfricanslavesbought,sold&treatedcruellyNorthstates:factoriesgrowingneedforlaboringforceJohnBrown,thefamouswhiteabolitionist,leadanarmeduprisingin1859againstslaverybutfailedThepublishingofUncleTom’sCabin葛底斯堡

美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州南部的一個(gè)自治村鎮(zhèn)。位于阿勒格尼山東麓。人口7，200。水果產(chǎn)地中心和加工地。美國(guó)南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中葛底斯堡戰(zhàn)役（1863年7月1-3日）的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，林肯總統(tǒng)曾在此發(fā)表具有歷史意義的演說，提出“民有、民治、民享”口號(hào)。國(guó)家軍事公園中保留有許多戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)和國(guó)家公墓。LINCOLN’SGETTYSBURGADDRESSbyAbrahamLincoln

Fourscoresandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinentanewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.Nowweareengagedinagreatcivilwartestingwhetherthatnationoranynationsoconceivedandsodedicated,canlongendure.Wearemetonagreatbattle-fieldofthatwar.Wehavecometodedicateaportionofthatfieldasafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmightlive.Itisaltogetherfittingandproperthatweshoulddothis.But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate-wecannotconsecrate-wecannothallow-thisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecratedit,foraboveourpoorpowertoaddordetract.Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Itisforustheliving,rather,tobededicatedheretotheunfinishedworkwhichtheywhofoughtherehavethusfarsonoblyadvanced.Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus-thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion-thatweherehighlyresolvethatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain-thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom-andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.林肯葛底斯堡演講詞

八十七年以前，我們的祖先在這大陸上建立了一個(gè)國(guó)家，它孕育于自由，并且獻(xiàn)身給一種理念，即所有人都是生來平等的。當(dāng)前，我們正在從事一次偉大的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，我們?cè)诳简?yàn)，究竟這個(gè)國(guó)家，或任何一個(gè)有這種主張和這種信仰的國(guó)家，是否能長(zhǎng)久存在。我們?cè)谀谴螒?zhàn)爭(zhēng)的一個(gè)偉大的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上集會(huì)。我們來到這里，奉獻(xiàn)那個(gè)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的一部分土地，作為在此地為那個(gè)國(guó)家的生存而犧牲了自己生命的人的永久眠息之所。我們這樣做，是十分合情合理的?？墒?，就更深一層意義而言，我們是無從奉獻(xiàn)這片土地的--無從使它成為圣地--也不能把它變?yōu)槿藗兙把鲋Ｄ切┰谶@里戰(zhàn)斗的勇士，活著的和死去的，已使這塊土地神圣化了，遠(yuǎn)非我們的菲薄能力所能左右。世人會(huì)不大注意，更不會(huì)長(zhǎng)久記得我們?cè)诖说厮f的話，然而他們將永遠(yuǎn)忘不了這些人在這里所做的事。相反，我們活著的人應(yīng)該獻(xiàn)身于那些曾在此作戰(zhàn)的人們所英勇推動(dòng)而尚未完成的工作。我們應(yīng)該在此獻(xiàn)身于我們面前所留存的偉大工作--由于他們的光榮犧牲，我們要更堅(jiān)定地致力于他們?cè)髯詈笕控暙I(xiàn)的那個(gè)事業(yè)--我們?cè)诖肆⒅拘?，不能讓他們白白死?-要使這個(gè)國(guó)家在上帝的庇佑之下，得到新生的自由--要使那民有、民治、民享的政府不致從地球上消失。TheConfederateStatesofAmerica(theConfederacy)of11southernstatesLincoln’sfirstpriority:keeptheintegrityofthewholenationhissecondobjective:freedomforblackpeopleTwogreathistoricachievementsoftheWar:Americamaintainedasingle,indivisiblenation&thecompleteabolitionoftheslaveryIV.Americainthe20thcenturyWorldWarI(WWI)PresidentWilson:ProclamationofNeutralityFourteenPointsUSCongressrejectedtheVersaillesTreatyalongwiththepointsproposedbyWilsontheGreatDepressionThevalueofthestocksinNYSE:atthepeakin19291inOctober192960%(40%wipedout)by1933(lessthan)20%businessesclosedfactoriesshutdownbanksfailedfarmincomefellby50%1inevery4AmericansunemployedFranklinD.RooseveltwaselectedPresidentMorethan70actswerebroughtforwardtoCongressTheNewDeal:helptheeconomygetoutofthedepressionTheWWIIbrokeoutasit-on-the-fencepolicygloriousisolationtheLend-LeaseBill軸心國(guó)theAxiscountries/powerstheRome-BerlinAxisthefascistmilitarybloc同盟國(guó)theAlliescountriesJapaneseattackonthePearlHarbor--U.S.policychangingfundamentallyPostwararrangement:

●OrganizingtheUN●EstablishingtheIMF&WorldBank●FormingtheNATOtheColdWarFormationoftheNATOtheKoreanWartopreventCommunistideologytheVietnamWartocontainCommunisminVietnam

500,000troops58,000soldierskilled$141billionmilitaryexpenditureoutcome:?weakenedUSgreatly?sharpenedinternalcontradictionsTheCubanmissilecrisisin1962Nixon’sdiplomaticbreakthroughsbackground1.reestablishrelationswithChina2.negotiatefirstSALTwithUSSRNixon’sintention&hisScandal3importantCommuniques

ShanghaiCommunique——RichardNixon1972establishingdiplomaticrelations——JimmyCarter1978arms-sellingtoTaiwanlimitation——RonaldReagan1987Reagan’ssuccessfuleconomicachievementstightmoneypolicy:inflation–undercontrolrecovery–underwayprosperity–duringlongestrecordedpeacefultimerecessionordepression–nobut:wideningtwoextremes(rich&poor)highdeficitspendingrecurrenteconomiccrisis周期性經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)depression蕭條 inflation通貨膨脹recovery復(fù)蘇 prosperity繁榮boom高漲 recession衰退crisis危機(jī) falter疲軟 deficit赤字GeorgeBush?goodatforeignaffairsagoodexcusetobeattheformerSovietUnion’ssphereofinfluence:IraqiintentionofgobblingupKuwait(theNationalSecurityDirectives45)OperationDesertStorm?incapableofdomesticaffairsafalteringeconomyinternalviolencerisingBillClinton’sachievements?economicrecovery?unemploymentratedecreasing?foreignpolicygainingNAFTA:1.eliminationofmostimporttaxesamongmembers2.endingrestrictionsontheflowofgoods,servicesandinvestment?affairwithaninternV.Americainthe21stcentury

GeorgeWBush:administrativeprogramnationalunityreformeducationcuttaxesshoreupsocialsecurity&medicarestrengthenthecountry’sdefensesButsoontheeconomybecamehisfirstpriority:securethepassageofataxcutSeptember11——themostdevastatingforeignattackagainstitsmainlandHijack4passengerairplanes2planesassuicidevehiclestodestroytwintowersoftheWorldTradeCenter1planecrashedintothePentagon1meantfortheUSCapitolbutcrashed

OsamabinLadenAl-QaedaOrganizationTalibanregimeAxisofEvil:atermusedbyG.W.BushinhisStateoftheUnionAddresstodescribegovernmentsthatheaccusedofhelpingterrorismandseekingweaponsofmassdestruction.Bushnamed(1)Iraq,(2)Iranand(3)NorthKorea.Bush’spresidencyhasbeenmarkedbythisnotionasajustificationforhisWaronTerrorism.Later,“BeyondtheAxisofEvil”asdescribedbyJohnRobertBolton(25thUnitedStatesAmbassadortotheUnitedNations)were(4)Cuba,(5)Libyaand(6)Syria.Chapter10

GovernmentConstitutionGovernmentPoliticalPartiesElectionForeignPolicyI.Constitution

drawnupin1787cameintoeffectin17892obviouscharacteristics:——checks&balanceslegislature,executive,judiciary——separationofpowercentralgov.&stategov.Ordain&establishConstitutionforUSA:formamoreperfectunionestablishjusticeinsuredomestictranquilityprovideforthecommondefensepromotethegeneralwelfaresecuretheblessingsoflibertytopeople——PreambleofConstitutionBillofRight(firsttenamendments)FreedomofreligionFreedomofspeechFreedomofpressFreedomofpeacefulassembleRighttobeararmsFreedomagainstunreasonablesearchandseizureTheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatestakesprecedenceoverallstateconstitutionsandlaws,andoverlawsmadebytheU.S.Congress.Itenjoyshighest,supreme,authorityandparamountpositioninpoliticalandlegalsystems.Ithasneverbeenrevisedbutaddedamendmentsto.Therehavebeen27amendmentsaddingtotheConstitutionsince1789.II.GovernmentTHREEMAINPRINCIPLESoftheformingofgovernment:FederalismSeparationofpowersRespectfortheConstitutionand theruleoflawFederalgovernmentequalsthecentralgovernmentoftheUSAFederalgovernmentiscomposedofthreeequalbutseparatebrancheswhicharecheckedandbalancedeachother1.TheLegislature立法機(jī)關(guān)，議會(huì)Functions:law-makingbodysupremelegislativebobyInstitution:twohousesSenatetheHouseofRepresentativesSenate&SenatorSenate:100votingmembers,twofromeachofthe50statesSenator:electeddirectlybyallvotesintheirstatesMaybereelectedforanunlimitednumberofsix-yeartermsPrerequisites:over30aresidentintheplacewhichtheyrepresentaUScitizenforatleastnineyearsHouseofRepresentatives&

RepresentativeHouseofRepresentatives:435votingmembers+3non-votingrepresentatives(PuertoRico,GumaandtheD.C.)Onecongressionaldistrictelectsone RepresentativeRepresentative:AtermoftwoyearsPrerequisites:atleast25yearsoldUScitizenfornolessthan7years

VeryComplicatedLaw-makingProcess(I)1.Anymemberintroducesabillorproposal2.Thebillimmediatelysenttoacommittee3.TheresponsiblecommitteeholdshearingsPeopleofferopinionsbeforecommitteeAsub-committeeisoftensetupThesub-committeeholdsmanysessionsforpeopletoofferwrittenstatements4.ThecommitteemembersvoteonthebillIfnotfavorablyvote,thebill“dies”

VeryComplicatedLaw-makingProcess(II)Iftheillisfavorablyvoted,5.ThecommitteereportsthebilltotheHouse6.Workoutacompromiseinaconferencecommittee,iftwohouseshavedifferenceonthebill.7.Ifanagreementnotreached,thebill“l(fā)ost”;Ifpassed,theillbecomesan“Act”.8.TheActgoestothePresidentforapproval:IfthePresidentsignsit,itbecomes“Law”;IftheActisvetoedbythePresident,9.Congresscanoverrideitbya2/3majority2.TheExecutive(Administration)總統(tǒng)行政ThePresidentistheheadofstateandtheheadofgovernmentaswellintheUS——rarethroughouttheworld

President:thechiefofexecutivebranch

Cabinet:majorsourceofadvice&assistancetothePresident

Secretaries:headsof14departments&otherindependentagencieswhoformtheCabinetPresident——theFirstcitizenHiswife——theFirstLadyPresident’spowerorauthorityofoffice1.Managenationalaffairs&theworkingofthefederalgovernment2.Issueexecutiveorders,includingrules,regulations&instructions3.ActasCommander-in-Chieftoraise,train,supervise&deployarmedforces4.Controlforeignpolicy5.Holdsignificantinfluenceinlaw-making6.Influencethedecisionofthefederalcourts7.NominatejusticesoftheSupremeCourtUnderthePresident:1.TheCabinet——anucleusofleadership——apresidentialcouncil

theheadsofthemajordepartmentotherpersonschosenbyPresident2.TheNationalSecurityCouncilPrerequisitesofbeingaPresidentAnatural-bornAmericancitizenAtleast35yearsofageAresidentoftheUSforatleast14yearsServicetermTwosuccessivefour-yeartermsResidentialplaceTheWhiteHouseExtentofauthorityaskCongressforeverydollarofhisadministration’sofficefundshisnominationandforeigntreatiesmustbeconfirmedbytheSenatereporttoCongressonhismilitaryactionsabroadforapprovalCongresscanimpeachhimifheabuseshispowerorcommitsacrime3.TheJudiciaryA.Federaljudicialsystem:theSupremeCourtthecourtsofappealsthedistrictcourts

SupremeCourtthehighestcourtoftheUSChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates8AssociateJusticeseachhasonevotedecisionsmadebythemajorityallappointedbythePresidentwiththeSenate’sapprovalandcanonlyberemovedbytheCongressThemajorpowersoftheSupremeCourta)b)c)d)e)ThepowerslimitedbythePresidentCongressmayimpeachandconvictanyfederaljudges,andmayproposeanamendmenttotheConstitutioniftheSupremeCourtdeclaresalawunconstitutional.Openingtime:firstMondayofOctobertillmiddleofnextJune——9monthsThecourtsofappeals(上訴法院)sharetheburdenoftheSupremeCourtthewholeUSisdividedinto12appealregionseachregionhasacourtwithseveraljudgesThedistrictcourt——lowestinfederaljudicialsystemthe50statesdividedinto94federaljudicialdistrictseachdistricthasadistrictcourtitsdecisionscanbereviewedbythecourtofappealsifnecessaryB.ThestatejudicialsystemcourtsoflawapoliceforceaprisonsystemAllCourts’PracticeThejurysystem&commonlawAllthecriminalsarecalledsuspectsbeforesentencingThedeathpenaltyInJune,1972theSupremeCourtoftheUSdeclaredcapitalpunishment,orthedeathpenalty,tobeunconstitutional.InJuly,1976theSupremeCourtdeclaredthedeathpenaltycouldbeconstitutionalforcrimesofmurderincertaincircumstances.Butatthebeginningoftheyear1981,thestateofCaliforniadidnothavelawspermittingthedeathpenalty.III.PoliticalPartiesAtwo-partysystemdominatestheUS

theDemocraticParty——donkeytheRepublicanParty——elephantDemocraticPartyenjoysalonghistoryOriginalmembers:labor,minorities&progressivereformersEndof18thcentury,Jefferson’ssupporterscalledthemselves“DemocraticRepublicans”TheirbeliefistoadvocatepopulargovernmentandtoopposemonarchismTheParty’spresentnameisadoptedin1830’sTheleadingpartybeforetheCivilWarRepublicanPartySlavery-opposingnortherncapitalistsFirstnationalconventionheldinFeb.1856,onitthepresentpartynameisusedIn1860,Lincoln,theRepublicancandidate,waselectedPresidentandtheCivilWarbrokeafterwards.OnlysinceWWII,twopartieshaveheldthepresidencyinturn

PoliticalPostureDemocratic:liberalRepublican:conservativeThisdifferenceinideologydisplaysoneconomic&socialissues&foreignaffairsDemocratsThegovernmentplaysanimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizesfullemploymentasamatterofnationalconcernFavorcivilrightslawsAstrongsocialsecuritysystemLessrestrictiveabortionRepublicansFavorasystemwhichgivesenterprisesagreaterfreedomDemandthatthegovernmentcontrolinflationStresstheneedforlawandorderOpposecompletegovernmentalsocialprogramsOpposefreechoiceofabortionAdopthard-linetacticsininternationalrelations/strongmilitaryassertivestandInternalsystemforbothparties

nomembershipcardnoduesnoinitiationceremoniesnotrequiredtoattendmeetingsnothavetovoteforpartycandidatesnothavetopayforpartyexpensesPartymemberisonlyanexpressionbythevoterofwhichpartytheypreferIV.ElectiononlythenominatedcandidateshavethechancetowinapresidentialelectionTwoprocesseswithinaparty:1.theprimaryelection(初選)havingsupporterschosentoconvention2.thenationalconvention(全國(guó)代表大會(huì))apresidentialcandidatechosenthroughballotResourcesofelectionexpenditurePersonalfund-raisingactivitiesCandidate’spartyGrantfromthegovernmentElectiondatefirstTuesdayofNovembereveryfouryearsTwostagesofthegeneralelection:1.ChoosepresidentialelectorsAspartynominees,theyarecalledElectoralCollege,538,equaltothetotalnumberofthemembersinCongress.the“winner-take-all”practice:theregulationthatthewinnergetsoverallvotesofastate2.ElectorsvotingV.ForeignPolicy1.Neutrality2.ContainmentandIntervention1.Neutra