住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

IV.(CriminalLaw)

Theacrimoniousdebateovercapitalpunishmenthascontinuedforcenturies.Inrecentdecades,thedebatehasheatedupintheU.S.followingtheSupremeCourt-imposedmoratoriumoncapitalpunishment.Currently,severalstatesareconsideringachangeintheirpoliciesregardingthestatusofthedeathpenalty.Nebraska’slegislature,forexample,recentlypassedatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutions,whichwas,however,vetoedbythestate’sgovernor.Tenotherstateshaveatleastconsideredamoratoriumlastyear.ThegroupincludesOklahomawhoselegislaturewillsoonconsiderabillimposingatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsandestablishingataskforcetoresearchtheeffectivenessofcapitalpunishment.ThelegislatureinNebraskaandIllinoishasalsocalledforsimilarresearch.InMassachusetts,however,theHouseofRepresentativesvoteddownabillsupportedbythegovernortoreinstatethedeathpenalty.

Animportantissueinthisdebateiswhethercapitalpunishmentdetersmurders.Psychologistsandcriminologistswhoexaminedtheissueinitiallyreportednodeterrenteffect.EconomistsjoinedthedebatewiththepioneeringworkofEhrlich.Ehrlich’sregressionresults,usingU.S.aggregatetime-seriesfor1933-1969andstatelevelcross-sectionaldatafor1940and1950,suggestasignificantdeterrenteffect,whichsharplycontrastswithearlierfindings.ThepolicyimportanceoftheresearchinthisareaisborneoutbytheconsiderablepublicattentionthatEhrlich’sworkhasreceived.TheSolicitorGeneraloftheUnitedStates,forexample,introducedEhrlich’sfindingstotheSupremeCourt,insupportofcapitalpunishment.

CoincidingwiththeSupremeCourt’sdeliberation,ontheissue,Ehrlich’sfindinginspiredaninterestineconometricanalysisofdeterrence,leadingtomanystudiesthatusehisdatabutdifferentregressionspecifications—differentregressorsordifferentchoiceofendogenousvs.exogenousvariables.ThemixedfindingspromptedaseriesofsensitivityanalysesonEhrlich’sequations,reflectingafurtheremphasisonspecification.

Dataissues,ontheotherhand,havereceivedfarlessattention.Mostoftheexistingstudiesuseeithertime-seriesorcross-sectiondata.Thestudiesthatusenationaltime-seriesdataareaffectedbyanaggregationproblem.Anydeterrencefromanexecutionshouldaffectthecrimerateonlyintheexecutingstate.Aggregationdilutessuchdistincteffects.Crosssectionalstudiesarelesssensitivetothisproblem,buttheirstaticformulationprecludesanyconsiderationofthedynamicsofcrime,lawenforcement,andjudicialprocesses.Moreover,crosssectionalstudiesareaffectedbyunobservedheterogeneitywhichcannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation.

HashemDezhbakhshandPaulH.Rubin:“DoesCapitalPunishmentHaveaDeterrentEffect?”

63.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatintheUS___.

64.Whichofthefollowinggroupofpeoplethoughtthatcapitalpunishmenthadnodeterrenteffect?

65.Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

66.Inthe4thparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

問題1選項

A.theexecutivebranchisinoppositeopinionwiththelegislatureatthestatelevelregardingdeathpenalty

B.severalstatesareconsideringreinstatethedeathpenalty

C.Oklahomadecidedtosuspenddeathpenaltyfortwoyears

D.somestates’legislaturehasalsocalledforresearchoncancellationofcapitalsentence

問題2選項

A.Economistsandcriminologists

B.Psychologistsandcriminologists

C.Psychologistsandeconomists

D.EconomistsandEhrlich

問題3選項

A.Ehrlich’sfindingcausedotherstoanalyzethedeterrenceeffectofdeathpenalty.

B.ManypeopleusedEhrlich’sdataintheiranalysisbutinadifferentway.

C.Thefindingofothers’researchwassimilar.

D.Ehrlichprovidedanequationinhisanalysis.

問題4選項

A.crosssectionalstudiesaremoresensitivetoaggregation

B.time-seriesdataarenotinfluencedbyaggregation

C.unobservedheterogeneitycannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation

D.dataissuehadnotbeenpaidenoughattentionasitshouldbe

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】63.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段末ThelegislatureinNebraskaandIllinoishasalsocalledforsimilarresearch.InMassachusetts,however,theHouseofRepresentativesvoteddownabillsupportedbythegovernortoreinstatethedeathpenalty.（內(nèi)布拉斯加州和伊利諾伊州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)也呼吁進(jìn)行類似的研究。然而，在馬薩諸塞州，眾議院投票否決了州長支持的恢復(fù)死刑的法案）可知行政部門與州一級的立法機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于死刑的意見會有分歧，選A選項“在死刑問題上，行政部門與州一級的立法機(jī)關(guān)持相反意見”，同時可知D選項“一些州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)也呼吁研究取消死刑”錯誤，一些州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)不贊同取消；B選項“若干國家正在考慮恢復(fù)死刑”在第一段未涉及；第一段Tenotherstateshaveatleastconsideredamoratoriumlastyear.ThegroupincludesOklahomawhoselegislaturewillsoonconsiderabillimposingatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsandestablishingataskforcetoresearchtheeffectivenessofcapitalpunishment.（其他十個州去年也至少考慮過暫停。該組織包括俄克拉荷馬州，該州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)很快將考慮一項法案，要求暫停執(zhí)行死刑兩年，并成立一個特別工作組來研究死刑的有效性）可知C選項“俄克拉荷馬州決定死刑緩期兩年執(zhí)行”錯誤，俄克拉荷馬州只是考慮，并不是決定執(zhí)行。因此A選項正確。

64.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Psychologistsandcriminologistswhoexaminedtheissueinitiallyreportednodeterrenteffect.EconomistsjoinedthedebatewiththepioneeringworkofEhrlich.（最初研究這個問題的心理學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家報告說沒有威懾作用。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們以埃利希的開創(chuàng)性工作加入了這場辯論）可知最初是心理學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家報告說沒有威懾作用，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們隨后加入辯論，選B選項“心理學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家”；A選項“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家”，C選項“心理學(xué)家和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家”以及D選項“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和埃利?！辈环显?。因此B選項正確。

65.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第一句CoincidingwiththeSupremeCourt’sdeliberation,ontheissue,Ehrlich’sfindinginspiredaninterestineconometricanalysisofdeterrence,leadingtomanystudiesthatusehisdatabutdifferentregressionspecifications—differentregressorsordifferentchoiceofendogenousvs.exogenousvariables.（與最高法院對該問題的審議一致，埃利希的發(fā)現(xiàn)激發(fā)了對威懾的計量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析的興趣，導(dǎo)致許多研究使用了他的數(shù)據(jù)，但回歸規(guī)格不同——不同的回歸者或內(nèi)生變量與外生變量的不同選擇）可知A選項“埃利希的發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了其他人對死刑威懾效應(yīng)的分析”，B選項“很多人在他們的分析中使用了埃利希的數(shù)據(jù)，但是是以不同的方式”正確；第三段第二句ThemixedfindingspromptedaseriesofsensitivityanalysesonEhrlich’sequations,reflectingafurtheremphasisonspecification.（這些研究結(jié)果綜合對埃利希的經(jīng)濟(jì)計量公式進(jìn)行了靈敏度分析，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了參數(shù)的重要性）可知C選項“其他人的研究結(jié)果是相似的”錯誤，并沒有說其他人的研究結(jié)果是相似的，D選項“埃利希在他的分析中提供了一個方程”正確。因此C選項符合題意。

66.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段第一句Dataissues,ontheotherhand,havereceivedfarlessattention.（另一方面，數(shù)據(jù)問題受到的關(guān)注要少得多）可知作者第一句話就表明觀點——研究分析中所利用的數(shù)據(jù)問題并沒有被給予足夠的重視，接下來作者論述大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有的研究使用的都是時間序列數(shù)據(jù)或截面數(shù)據(jù)，這兩種數(shù)據(jù)都各有弊端，選D選項“數(shù)據(jù)問題沒有得到應(yīng)有的重視”；第四段Crosssectionalstudiesarelesssensitivetothisproblem（橫斷面研究對這一問題不太敏感）可知A選項“橫斷面研究對聚集更敏感”錯誤；第四段Thestudiesthatusenationaltime-seriesdataareaffectedbyanaggregationproblem.（使用國家時間序列數(shù)據(jù)的研究受到聚集問題的影響）可知B選項“時間序列數(shù)據(jù)不受聚合影響”錯誤；第四段Moreover,crosssectionalstudiesareaffectedbyunobservedheterogeneitywhichcannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation.（此外，橫斷面研究受到未觀察到的異質(zhì)性的影響，這在沒有時間變化的情況下是無法控制的）可知C選項“在沒有時間變化的情況下，無法控制未觀察到的異質(zhì)性”邏輯關(guān)系錯誤。因此D選項符合題意。

2.單選題

VII.EconomicLaw

AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”

CodificationofthecausationrequirementinthePSLRAbrokenonewsubstantiveground.But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”InthewakeofDura,losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory,firstembracedbyapluralityoftheSupremeCourtinBasic,Inc.v.Levinson.InBasic,theCourtcreatedarebuttablepresumptionofinvestorrelianceonthemarketpriceofasecuritythattradesinan“efficient”market—oneinwhichthemarketpriceispresumedtoreflectallinformationdisseminatedintothatmarketplace.Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.

Duraistheseminalpronouncementonthenecessaryshowingoflosscausationasamatterofbothpleadingandproofinfraud-on-the-marketcases.TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.Indeed,theCourtcautionedinthesecasesthat“thelogicallinkbetweentheinflatedpurchasepriceandanylatereconomiclossisnotinvariablystrong,”andthatwhileanartificiallyinflatedpurchasemightmeanalaterloss,thatisnotinevitablyso.TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.

1.FromthefirstparagraphoneisNOTabletosaythatDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo___.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementdescribes“fraud-on-the-markettheory”mostsuitably?

3.LosscausationisNOT___.

4.Losscausationcanbesufficientlydemonstratedby___.

問題1選項

A.washeardbytheUSFederalSupremeCourt

B.wasanactionaboutsecuritiesfraud

C.wasacasewherethecausationrequirementwasdiscussed

D.providedinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses

問題2選項

A.ItiscodifiedinthePSLRA

B.Itiscriticaltoofficialrecognitionofinvestorclassactions.

C.ItreflectstheCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactions.

D.Itisaboutlosscausation.

問題3選項

A.anindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification

B.acentralelementofanyprivateaction

C.thecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactions

D.necessarytobesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss

問題4選項

A.anartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss

B.“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketprices

C.plaintiffs’adequateallegationandproofofthetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss

D.falseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplace

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第一段AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”（作為美國最高法院解決它在達(dá)拉制藥、公司訴Broudo損失因果關(guān)系要求存在，以確保私人證券欺詐行為是“可用的，而不是為投資者提供廣泛的保險市場的損失，但為了保護(hù)他們反對那些虛假陳述實際上造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失”）可知D選項“為投資者提供針對市場損失的廣泛保險”和原文相悖；A選項“美國聯(lián)邦最高法院審理了此案”，B選項“是一個關(guān)于證券欺詐的行為”以及C選項“是一個討論了因果關(guān)系要求的案例”都可和原文對應(yīng)。因此D選項符合題意。

2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.（基于市場欺詐理論的可反駁的信賴推定對投資者集體訴訟的證明至關(guān)重要，如果沒有它，證明幾乎是不可能的，因為信賴的個別問題將壓倒任何普通問題。）可知選C選項“這對正式承認(rèn)投資者集體訴訟至關(guān)重要”；A選項“它被編纂在PSLRA中”未提及；第二段第二句But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”（但是，正如最高法院在杜拉所建議的那樣，PSLRA“明確了國會的意圖，即允許私人證券欺詐訴訟在原告充分聲稱和證明因果關(guān)系和損失的傳統(tǒng)要素的情況下（但僅在原告充分聲稱和證明的情況下）進(jìn)行追償”）可知是PSLRA明確了國會的意圖，而不是市場欺詐理論，B選項“它反映了國會允許私人證券欺詐行為的意圖”錯誤，同時可知D選項“關(guān)于損失的因果關(guān)系”錯誤。因此C選項符合題意。

3.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段末AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.（盡管最高法院認(rèn)為，損失的因果關(guān)系并非作為類別認(rèn)證事項處理的個別問題，但根據(jù)《交易法》第10b條和第10b-5條，損失的因果關(guān)系是任何私人訴訟的核心要素，因此，損失的因果關(guān)系必須足夠充分，足以抵擋駁回的動議，并最終獲得證據(jù)支持，無論是簡易判決還是審判）可知A選項“作為類別認(rèn)證的一個單獨問題”和原文不符，B選項“任何私人行動的中心要素”，D選項“需要被充分辯護(hù)以抵抗駁回動議”符合原文；第二段losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory（在以市場欺詐理論為依據(jù)的證券欺詐訴訟中，損失因果關(guān)系已成為訴辯和證明的關(guān)鍵要素）可知C選項“在證券欺詐訴訟中，申辯和證明的關(guān)鍵要素”符合題意。因此A選項符合題意。

4.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第三段末TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.（法院指出，影響證券市場價格的“各種因素錯綜復(fù)雜”，即使向市場傳播的虛假或誤導(dǎo)性信息可能“觸及”投資者日后的一項經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，但觸及一項損失并非造成損失的原因，而是法律規(guī)定的實際原因）可知B選項“影響市場價格的‘一堆因素’”可以充分證明損失的因果關(guān)系，同時可知D選項“散布到市場中的虛假或誤導(dǎo)性信息”錯誤；第三段TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.（最高法院指示，造成損失的原因既非充分辯護(hù)，也并非僅以人為提高的市場價格及隨后的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失來證明）可知A選項“人為抬高的市場價格和后來的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失”，C選項“原告對傳統(tǒng)的因果關(guān)系和損失要素的充分指控和證據(jù)”錯誤。因此B選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Aterribletrafficaccidenthappened;peopleweresaddenedwhentheywatchedthe___sightonTV.

問題1選項

A.panic

B.patriotic

C.pathetic

D.periodic

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項panic“恐慌的；沒有理由的”；B選項patriotic“愛國的”；C選項pathetic“可憐的，悲哀的；感傷的；乏味的”；D選項periodic“周期的；定期的”。句意：一場可怕的交通事故發(fā)生了；人們在電視上看到那___情景時感到很悲傷。本句表達(dá)“看到可憐的場景感到悲傷”，因此C選項正確。

4.單選題

Ifyouknowwhatthetroubleis,whyyoudon’thelpthemto___thesituation?

問題1選項

A.simplify

B.modify

C.verify

D.rectify

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項simplify“簡化；使單純；使簡易”；B選項modify“修改，修飾；更改（略微改變某事物，尤指為了使其更適合于某一特定目的）”；C選項verify“核實；查證”；D選項rectify“改正（糾正錯誤的事物）；精餾；整流”。句意：如果你知道問題出在哪里，為什么不幫他們___情況。本句表達(dá)“幫助他們核實情況”，因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathlete,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.

“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolcouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyoffailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.

Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”

“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgehasdrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.

RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearningtoread—sohecanpreservehisinmategoodness.

Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.

Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.”

41.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?

42.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof___.

43.TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare___.

44.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably___.

45.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?

問題1選項

A.Thehabitofthinkingindependently.

B.Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.

C.Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.

D.Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.

問題2選項

A.undervaluingintellect

B.favoringintellectualism

C.supportingschoolreform

D.suppressingnativeintelligence

問題3選項

A.identical

B.similar

C.complementary

D.opposite

問題4選項

A.apioneerofeducationreform

B.anopponentofintellectualism

C.ascholarinfavorofintellect

D.anadvocateofregularschooling

問題5選項

A.Itissecondtointelligence.

B.Itevolvesfromcommonsense.

C.Itistobepursued.

D.Itunderliespower.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】41.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Ourheroesareathlete,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.（我們的英雄是運動員、藝人和企業(yè)家，而不是學(xué)者。甚至我們的學(xué)校也是我們送孩子去接受實用教育的地方，而不是為了知識而追求知識）可知父母會希望孩子們在學(xué)校接受實用教育，選C選項“未來職業(yè)的實踐能力”，同時可知D選項“對知識追求的信心”錯誤；A選項“獨立思考的習(xí)慣”，B選項“對世界的深刻了解”未提及。因此C選項正確。

42.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文第四段“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.（歷史學(xué)家兼教授理查德?霍夫施塔特在《美國生活中的反智主義》一書中寫道：“知識分子被視為一種權(quán)力或特權(quán)而遭人憎恨。”這本曾獲普利策獎的書探討了美國政治、宗教和教育中的反智主義的根源）可推測出歷史上美國人有反智主義，選A選項“低估智力”，同時可知B選項“傾向于理智主義”錯誤；C選項“支持學(xué)校改革”未提及；D選項“抑制天生的智力”屬于過度推測。因此A選項正確。

43.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段RichardHofstadter的觀點，Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.（實用性、常識和天生的智慧被認(rèn)為是比你從書本中學(xué)到的任何東西都更高貴的品質(zhì)）可以推測反智主義的教育體現(xiàn)為“讀書無用論”；根據(jù)第二段“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.（教育作家DianeRavitch說：“學(xué)校一直處于一個實踐比知識更重要的社會中?！保㏑avitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyoffailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.（Ravitch的新書《落后：一個世紀(jì)的失敗學(xué)校改革》追溯了學(xué)校中反智主義的根源，書中的結(jié)論是：美國學(xué)校絕沒有對美國人厭惡才學(xué)進(jìn)行抵制）可以推測出Ravitch并不屬于反智主義，她不認(rèn)為讀書無用，而是覺得“Schoolcouldbeacounterbalance.”（學(xué)?？梢猿蔀橐环N平衡）；根據(jù)第五段RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren（愛默生和其他一些超自然主義哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為學(xué)校教育和高強(qiáng)度的書本學(xué)習(xí)會使孩子受到不自然的限制）可以判斷出Emerson支持讀書無用論，即為反智主義。由此可知他倆的觀點相反；A選項“相同”；B選項“相似”；C選項“互補(bǔ)”；D選項“相反”，其余三項和原文表達(dá)的觀點不符，因此D選項正確。

44.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第一句RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren（愛默生和其他一些超自然主義哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為學(xué)校教育和高強(qiáng)度的書本學(xué)習(xí)會使孩子受到不自然的限制）可以判斷出Emerson支持讀書無用論，即為反智主義，選B選項“理性主義的反對者”，同時可知C選項“一個支持智力的學(xué)者”錯誤；A選項“教育改革的先驅(qū)”和D選項“常規(guī)學(xué)校教育的倡導(dǎo)者”和原文無關(guān)。因此B選項正確。

45.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第三句Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.（甚至我們的學(xué)校也是我們送孩子去接受實用教育的地方——而不是為了知識而追求知識）可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為學(xué)校只是送孩子去接受實用教育的地方，而不是去為了知識而追求它的地方，側(cè)面表達(dá)了作者認(rèn)為知識是應(yīng)該需要去追求的，結(jié)合倒數(shù)第二段Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.（根據(jù)霍夫施塔特的說法，才學(xué)不同于天生的智力，天生的智力是一種我們勉強(qiáng)欣賞的品質(zhì)。才學(xué)是頭腦中批判、創(chuàng)造和沉思的一面。智力尋求掌握、操縱、重新安排和調(diào)整，而才學(xué)則檢查、思考、創(chuàng)造奇跡、推理、批評和想象。）可知作者認(rèn)為智力是天生的，但是才學(xué)是可以通過檢查、思考、創(chuàng)造奇跡、推理、批評和想象這一系列所追求到，并沒有提到才學(xué)僅次于智力，選C選項“它需要被追求”，同時可知A選項“它僅次于智力”錯誤；B選項“它從常識演變而來”和D選項“它是力量的基礎(chǔ)”不符合原文，排除。因此C選項正確。

6.單選題

II.LegalHistory

Beforetheupheavalsofthelate11thandearly12thcenturies,thepeoplesofEuropewereorganizedpoliticallyinaloose,complex,andoverlappingstructureof(1)localunits,(2)lordshipunits,(3)tribal(clan)units,(4)largeterritorialunitssuchasduchiesorprincipalities,whichmightincludeanumberoftribes(clans),and(5)kingdoms,ofwhichtheFrankishkingdom,fromtheyear800,wascalledanumpire.ThekingdomswereconceivednotasterritorialunitsbutprimarilyasthecommunityoftheChristianpeopleunderaking(emperor),whowasconsideredtobeChrist’sdeputyandsupremeheadofthechurchaswellasofthenobility,theclans,andthearmy.Thechurchitselfwasnotconceivedasapoliticalunitbutprimarilyasaspiritualcommunityledultimatelybythekingoremperorandintermediatelybybishops,ofwhomtheBishopofRomewasbytraditionthemostimportant.

Withinthisgeneralclassification,therewereverywidedifferencesfromlocalitytolocality,lordshipunittolordshipunit,tribalunittotribalunit,andsoon.TheeconomyofEuropebeforethe11thcenturywaslargelylocalandagrarian.Therewasverylittleintercommunication;apartfrommonksandsomeothersoftheclergyandasmallnumberofmerchants,andexceptformilitarycampaigns,onlythehighernobilityandkingstravelled.Therewerepracticallynopermanentrepresentativesofthecentralauthoritiesinthelocalities.Effortstoplacethemweregenerallyfrustrated.Notonlypowerbutalsoculturewaswidelydispersed.Thecustomsofoneplacemightdiffersubstantiallyfromthecustomsofanotherplacefiftymilesaway.

Nevertheless,thepoliticalorganizationofthepeoplesofEuropeintheperiodfrom6thtothe11thcenturiesrevealsacommonpatternofdevelopment.

Thesmallestlocalpoliticalunitsweregenerallycalledvillae(“villages”or“vills”);theseweregroupedintocentenarii(“hundreds”),whichweregrouped,inturn,intocomitatus(“counties”).TheselocalunitsfirstcameintobeingwhenthewanderingtribesfromwesternAsia,havingswallowedupwhatwasleftoftheRomanEmpireintheWest,finallysettleddowninthe4th,5thand6thcenturies.

Thesecondtypeofunit,lordshipunits,cameintobeingsoonthereafter.Theirnumberincreasedassettlers“commendedthemselves”toleadingpersonagesamongthemandpromisedtorenderservicesinternforfoodandclothingaswellasforprotectionagainstenemies.

55.Whichofthefollowingdescriptionofakingdombeforethe11thcenturyisNOTcorrect?

56.Theoneswhodidnottravelbeforethe11thcenturywere___.

57.Thereasonthattheeffortstoplacepermanentrepresentativesofthecentralauthoritiesinthelocalitiesweregenerallyfrustratedwasthat___.

58.Thepoliticalunitsfrom6thto11thcenturiesoriginatedin___.

問題1選項

A.TheFrankishkingdomwascalledanumpirefrom800A.D

B.Akingdomwasledbyakingoremperor,whowasconsideredtobethesupremeheadoftheterritory

C.ThekingdomswereconceivedprimarilyasthecommunityoftheChristianpeople

D.AkingdomwasoneoftheseveralstructuresofEuropeanpeople’spoliticalorganizations

問題2選項

A.monksandpriests

B.kingsandotherupper-classpeople

C.peasantswhowantedtoselltheirownproducts

D.merchants

問題3選項

A.thepowerandculturewerewidelydispersed

B.thepeopledidnotunderstandeachother

C.therewasnocommonpatternofdevelopment

D.thecustomsofdifferentplacesdifferedsubstantially

問題4選項

A.theleftoversoftheRomanEmpireintheWest

B.thelordshipunits

C.theleadingpersonagesamongthesettlers

D.thetribesfromwesternAsia

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段ThekingdomswereconceivednotasterritorialunitsbutprimarilyasthecommunityoftheChristianpeopleunderaking(emperor),whowasconsideredtobeChrist’sdeputyandsupremeheadofthechurchaswellasofthenobility,theclans,andthearmy.（王國不是作為領(lǐng)土單位，而是主要作為基督教人民在國王（皇帝）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的社區(qū)，國王被認(rèn)為是基督的副手和教會以及貴族、氏族和軍隊的最高領(lǐng)袖）可知王國并不是領(lǐng)土單位，國王也不是領(lǐng)土的最高元首，B選項“一個王國是由國王或皇帝領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的，他被認(rèn)為是領(lǐng)土的最高元首”錯誤，同時可知C選項“這些王國最初被認(rèn)為是基督教人民的社區(qū)”符合原文；第一段(5)kingdoms,ofwhichtheFrankishkingdom,fromtheyear800,wascalledanumpire.（5王國，其中法蘭克王國從800年起被稱為裁判）可知A選項“法蘭克王國從公元800年起被稱為裁判”符合原文；第一段thepeoplesofEuropewereorganizedpoliticallyinaloose,complex,andoverlappingstructureof…and(5)kingdoms（歐洲人民在政治上是以松散、復(fù)雜和重疊的結(jié)構(gòu)組織起來的……5王國）可知D選項“王國是歐洲人民政治組織的幾個結(jié)構(gòu)之一”符合原文。因此B選項符合題意。

56.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段…apartfrommonksandsomeothersoftheclergyandasmallnumberofmerchants,andexceptformilitarycampaigns,onlythehighernobilityandkingstravelled.（除了僧侶和其他一些神職人員以及少數(shù)商人之外，除了軍事行動之外，只有貴族和國王出游）可知選C選項“農(nóng)民想賣自己的產(chǎn)品”，原文中農(nóng)民不會出游；A選項“僧侶和牧師”；B選項“國王和其他上層階級的人”以及D選項“商人”在原文中都會出游，不符合題意。因此C選項正確。

57.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Withinthisgeneralclassification,therewereverywidedifferencesfromlocalitytolocality,lordshipunittolordshipunit,tribalunittotribalunit,andsoon…Effortstoplacethemweregenerallyfrustrated.Notonlypowerbutalsoculturewaswidelydispersed.Thecustomsofoneplacemightdiffersubstantiallyfromthecustomsofanotherplacefiftymilesaway.（在這一總體分類中，各地、領(lǐng)主單位與領(lǐng)主單位、部落單位與部落單位等都有很大的差異……安置它們的努力普遍受挫。不僅權(quán)力如此，文化也被廣泛分散。一個地方的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣可能與五十英里外另一個地方的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣有很大的不同）可知權(quán)利和文化分散的原因都是每個地方的風(fēng)俗都有很大的差異，選D選項“不同地方的風(fēng)俗有很大的不同”，同時可知A選項“權(quán)力和文化被廣泛