1、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)用法詳解在英語(yǔ)中，不同時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)需要用動(dòng)詞的不同形式表示出來(lái)，動(dòng)詞的這種不同形式就構(gòu)成了動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)按動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間分為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)、將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)一、時(shí)態(tài)的分類(lèi)和基本構(gòu)成形式現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/ does現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/ is/are doing現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/has been doing過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)haddidhad done時(shí)been doingwas/weredoing將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)wi 11/ shal1 dowi1l/sha

2、l1時(shí) shal1/shal 1/ wi 11 havehave donewi 11 bebeen doingdoing過(guò)去將來(lái)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/ would do二、常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法現(xiàn)在體一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是描述現(xiàn)在或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)。常 和表示頻率、時(shí)間的副詞（短語(yǔ)）always, every time, now and then, occasionaI Iy, often, seIdom, sometimes, usuaI ly 等連用。1）表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。We have three meals a day.2）表示客觀事實(shí)、真理和自然現(xiàn)象。Know

3、I edge is power.3）表示現(xiàn)在的情況或狀態(tài)。I Iive in Beijing.4）表示已經(jīng)“列入日程”的將來(lái)的事件，尤其指計(jì)劃中的和安排好的將來(lái)的動(dòng) 作，這些動(dòng)詞往往表示“出發(fā)，到達(dá)”等含義的詞， 如，arrive, begin, go, I eave, start, stay 等。The train arrives at 10:30. Theres pIenty of time.?？键c(diǎn)一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過(guò)去的語(yǔ)境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primar

4、y schooL考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)；常用的引導(dǎo)詞有：時(shí)間： when, unti I, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 條件：if, unless, provided9If he accepts the job, he wi 11 get more money soon.考點(diǎn)三： 在 make sure （certain）, see to it, mind, care, matter +賓語(yǔ) 從句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。So long as he works

5、hard, I don t mind when he finishes the experiment.考點(diǎn)四：在the morethe more（越越）句型中，若主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。The harder you study, the better results you wi11 get.一般過(guò)去時(shí)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、存在的狀態(tài)，或反復(fù)發(fā)生的 動(dòng)作，句中一般都有表示過(guò)去具體時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。此時(shí)與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day,

6、in1998 等。Where did you go yesterday 2)表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。When I was a child, I often pIayed footba11 in the street.3)用在條件句中表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)不符的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.4)句中有延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但表示與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)的過(guò)去某段時(shí)間做了某事， 此時(shí)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。This is the primary schooI where our manager Mr. Smith studi

7、ed for six years.一般將來(lái)時(shí)：一般將來(lái)時(shí)用來(lái)表示將要發(fā)生的事。shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，常被will代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱(chēng)，在征 求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱(chēng)。will (shall) +動(dòng)詞原形There is still much to discuss. We shal I return to this item at our next meet i ng.be going to +動(dòng)詞原形，表示將來(lái)。(1)主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事或打算做某事。What are you going to do this Sunday morning（2）計(jì)劃、安排要發(fā)生的事。Im goi

8、ng to the airport to pick up my aunt from America this afternoon.（3）有跡象要發(fā)生的事。Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm.注意：be going to與wi 11的區(qū)別be going t。既可指主觀打算做某事，也可指客觀跡象表明將要發(fā)生某事；will往往指沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)劃而臨時(shí)出現(xiàn)的意圖，常伴有說(shuō)話者的主觀意識(shí)或表示 將來(lái)必然發(fā)生的事。I m going to quit my present job.（現(xiàn)在的打算，事先經(jīng)過(guò)思考，指向?qū)?來(lái)）I I I ans

9、wer the door.（未經(jīng)事先考慮的意圖）The little boy is going to fa 11 over.（根據(jù)客觀跡象判斷）I hope it wi 11 be fine tomorrow.（主觀意愿）“be+不定式”表將來(lái)，表示按計(jì)劃安排的事或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)或要求必須去 做的事等。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.The meeting is to take place at 8:00 tomorrow morning.注意：be to和be going be的用法比較 be to表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。I am

10、to play footbal I tomorrow afternoon.（客觀安排）be going to則表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I am going to play footba11 tomorrow afternoon.（主觀安排）“be about to do”意為“馬上做某事”，表示即將發(fā)生某事，該事將發(fā)生在 很近的將來(lái)，不能與tomorrow, next week等表示明確將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。He is about to leave for Beijing.be on the point of doing強(qiáng)調(diào)在很近的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事。They are on the point of

11、leaving.考點(diǎn)一：一般將來(lái)時(shí)總是用在一些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中：We wiI I begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中一定要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來(lái)時(shí)。）考點(diǎn)二：某些表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start等， 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示將來(lái)。I am Ieaving for Beijing tomorrow.考點(diǎn)三：“祈使句+ and/or +句子”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中and后面的句子謂語(yǔ)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。Use your head and you wi11 find a

12、 way.4.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀 態(tài)。注意：這種時(shí)態(tài)常用于主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生 在主句之后。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)同一般將來(lái)時(shí)類(lèi)似，除了用would do表示外，也可以 用be going to do, be to do, be about to do及過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)等方式表示。He was sixty-eight and in two years, he would be seventy.You were going to give me your address but you didnt.I was about to turn

13、on the power of the computer when the electricity was cut off.完成體：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：so far, recently, I ate I y, before, ever, by now, in thelast/ past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since, for+ 一段時(shí)間等。1）表示說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，常與already, yet, just, by this

14、time, so far, by now等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。此時(shí)句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞且句 子一般不與表示“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Have you f i n i shed your task yet注意：have gone to 與 have been to 的區(qū)別have gone to表示“到某地去了“，人可能還在路上，也可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)，但一 定不在說(shuō)話者這里。have been to表示“去過(guò)某地，是回來(lái)之后再談?wù)撊ミ^(guò)某地的情況。2）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。He has lost his wallet and cant find it.3）表示從過(guò)去某一

15、時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.4）表示動(dòng)作反復(fù)發(fā)生，句中常用once/ twice/ three. times等。You neednt describe her. I have met her many times.5）在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間之前要完成某個(gè)動(dòng)作。Don*t get off untiI the bus has stopped.注意：常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型有：It is/has been + 一段時(shí)間 + since 從句；This/ That/ I

16、t is the first/ second. Time + that 從句（從句用現(xiàn) 在完成時(shí)）;It/ This is the best/ worst/ most interesting + 名詞 + that 從句（從 句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)問(wèn)題：A.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里，不可以帶有表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，匕匕較： We have bought a new typewriter .We bought a new typewriter yesterday.B.在以when提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)中不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。另外，ago不能用于現(xiàn)在完 成時(shí)的句子，但是可以用before來(lái)表示“

17、以前”的意義。C.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)候，通常不與表示時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連 用，在這種情況下，應(yīng)該用It has been since”的句式來(lái)表達(dá)。如： He has been in the army for three years.=He has been a soldier for three years.=Its three years since he joined the army. VHe has joined the army for three years. X.D非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定式可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，表示這種動(dòng)作的否定狀態(tài)的延續(xù)。I haven * t

18、 heard from you for a month.過(guò)去完成時(shí)：由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前 已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。在使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)，一定要有過(guò)去的時(shí) 間或動(dòng)作作為參照。By nine o1 cIock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.考點(diǎn)一:用于 hardly/scarcely. when; no sooner . than 句型中，主句用 過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)并且no sooner與hardly等位于句首時(shí)， 此部分須用部分倒裝。I had no sooner

19、 got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the te I ephone rang. （注意主謂倒裝）考點(diǎn)二：表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.考點(diǎn)三： 動(dòng)詞 hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 表示主觀想法的動(dòng)詞，可用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打 算或意圖，意為

20、“本來(lái)想”They had wanted to help, but they could not get there in time.將來(lái)完成時(shí)：主要用于表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)上會(huì)完成的動(dòng)作，并對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。常與將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。We shalI have fulfilled the work by the end of next week.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，往往表示“馬上就，即將，逐漸地，反復(fù)地”等意思，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞主要有come, go, I eave, start,begin, stop, arrive, return 等。Are you staying here for a

21、 long time （即將）Someone is knocking at the door. （反復(fù)地）4）表示某種感情色彩或?qū)δ骋恍睦淼纳鷦?dòng)描述。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與 always, constant I y, continually, forever （for ever）,usually等副詞連用時(shí)，往往表示生氣、不滿(mǎn)、同情、贊美、好奇等情感或?qū)δ骋恍睦淼纳鷦?dòng)描述。The chi Idren are constant I y disturbing us.（討厭、不滿(mǎn)）注意：下列動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。1）表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ove, like, hate,

22、know, understand, realize, remember, be Ii eve, want, hope, wish, need, agree 等。She understands you better now.2）表示屬性或擁有的動(dòng)詞不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有have （有）, own, possess, be I ong to, have on, cons i st of 等。This dictionary be Iongs to Peter.3）表示感官的連系動(dòng)詞不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有seen, appear, look, sound, taste等。fee

23、l用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示一時(shí)的感覺(jué)。The music sounds beautifuI.11m not fee Iing we I I today.4）表示行為結(jié)果的動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有accept, admit, rece i ve, a 11 ow, dec i de, prom i se 等。I accept your advice.考點(diǎn)一：在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Look out when you are crossing the street.考點(diǎn)二：表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這時(shí)多有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間 狀語(yǔ)）。Marry is Iea

24、ving on Friday2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：1）表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。此時(shí)句中往往有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)then, at thatmoment, at that time, at the time, this time yesterday 等。沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀 語(yǔ)時(shí)，需要根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境體會(huì)。I was writing a letter when you phoned.2）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常表示“漸漸”“快要”“越來(lái)越” “馬上”。常見(jiàn)的此列動(dòng)詞有 come, go, start, begin, I eave, arrive, get, become, turn 等非持續(xù)

25、性動(dòng)詞，偶爾有些持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如do, stay, take等也常表示過(guò)去“將 要”。We were running out of the gas.She told me that she was Ieaving for Italy the next day.3）表示特定的情感。與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)相似，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可與always, forever, constant I y等時(shí)間狀 語(yǔ)連用，表示厭煩、驚訝、褒揚(yáng)等特殊情感。She was a I ways ringing me up when I was in London. （表示厭煩）3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：指從現(xiàn)在算起的將來(lái)某時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁M(jìn)

26、行的動(dòng) 作。常與表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)this time , tomorrow, at 10 ocIock next Monday等連用。This time tomorrow we*11 be flying to Pairs.完成進(jìn)行體1.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或離現(xiàn)在不遠(yuǎn)的時(shí)間。其動(dòng)作是否繼續(xù)下去，由上下文語(yǔ)意決定。1）表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或離現(xiàn)在不遠(yuǎn)的時(shí)間。多用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。Have you been waiting long for me2）表示“剛才，近來(lái)”發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，一般不再繼續(xù)。My hands are dirty. 11ve bee

27、n cIeaning the room.3）表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)性。You have been asking the same question these days.注意:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)多用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如live, learn, I ie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study 等，并常和 al I the time, th i s week, th i s month, al I n i ght, al I themorning, recently等狀態(tài)以及since （自從）和for （歷經(jīng)）所引導(dǎo) 的狀語(yǔ)從句或短語(yǔ)連用（與since和for連用時(shí)，動(dòng)作常會(huì)

28、繼續(xù)下去）。III幾個(gè)易混時(shí)態(tài)的用法區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)是相對(duì)現(xiàn)在說(shuō)話時(shí)刻而言的，過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是相對(duì)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻而 言，強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的影響或持續(xù)到過(guò)去某一 時(shí)間為止。兩種時(shí)態(tài)建立的時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)不同，對(duì)過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)十分重 要，它是過(guò)去完成時(shí)概念賴(lài)以建立的基礎(chǔ)，也是和一般過(guò)去時(shí)進(jìn)行區(qū)別的重要 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。She Iooked we 11 when I last saw her.（過(guò)去動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)）When I got there, the footba11 match had already started.（對(duì)過(guò)去的 影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果）

29、The train had waited there for half an hour by the time we arrived. （“過(guò) 去的過(guò)去”動(dòng)作持續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻為止）一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都是談?wù)撘呀?jīng)發(fā)生的事情，但是二者的差別是，一般過(guò)去時(shí)只是單 獨(dú)談?wù)撨^(guò)去的事情，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，因此只要有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子只能用 過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)表達(dá)；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，或是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)， 或是談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在以前這一段時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事情。We bought the fruit and flowers in the supermarket just now.They haven

30、t seen the teacher today.IV時(shí)態(tài)的一致問(wèn)題在英語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句（尤其是賓語(yǔ)從句）中，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)往往受主句謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的限制或影響，即主句與從句時(shí)態(tài)基本一致。.名詞性從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)在一些名詞性從句中，如果主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，則從句的謂語(yǔ)可根據(jù) 所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容要求運(yùn)用各種時(shí)態(tài)；若主句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)，則從句的 謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)要作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。1）主句是現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)?lái)的某種時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句里的動(dòng)詞可按其所涉 及的時(shí)間運(yùn)用任何適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。I think Molly went to the doctors yesterday.。2）主句中的動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的

31、動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)，但如果 從句敘述的是某種真理、不變的事實(shí)或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)仍然有效的事情，則從 句用現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)。Alva told me that he had known the news already.。in his country chiIdren under 18 cannot buy alcohol.狀語(yǔ)從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)表示時(shí)間、原因、目的、條件、結(jié)果、讓步等的狀語(yǔ)從句一般要和主句的時(shí)態(tài) 一致，即主句為現(xiàn)在（過(guò)去、將來(lái)）的某種時(shí)態(tài)，從句一般也為現(xiàn)在（過(guò)去、 將來(lái)）的某種時(shí)態(tài)。You11 make progress if you keep working hard.。.定語(yǔ)從

32、句定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)依照動(dòng)詞本身所涉及的時(shí)間選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)，不受主句的 約束和限制。This is the man I saw yesterday.。動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的具體關(guān)系。語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng) 作的發(fā)出者和執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。注意：英語(yǔ)中的及物動(dòng)詞一般都有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種形式。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是 無(wú)標(biāo)記的，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則是有標(biāo)記的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去 分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的不同而變化。一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種形式be+done被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

33、的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其變化形式與系動(dòng) 詞be的完全一樣。. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：11 am/ is/ are +過(guò)去分詞”Mary is loved by al I her family.一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/ were +過(guò)去分詞”The letter was written in Spanish.。.一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will/ shal 1/ be going to/ be to be + 過(guò)去分詞” （shal I 主要用于第一人稱(chēng)；will可用于各人稱(chēng)）When wi11 the work be finished.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/ is/ are being +過(guò)去分詞”

34、The car accident is being Iooken into.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/ were being +過(guò)去分詞”The I ibrary was being built last year. I fm not sure if it is completed.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/ has been +過(guò)去分詞”Al I the work has been finished by now.。.過(guò)去完成時(shí)：nhad been +過(guò)去分詞”The fire had been put out when the firefighters arrived.將來(lái)完成時(shí)：will/ sha

35、l I have been +過(guò)去分詞”WiI I al I the photos have been deveI oped by tomorrow.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：wouId/ should be +過(guò)去分詞”The headmaster said he would be met by the mayor.二、含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的常用被動(dòng)句式主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +過(guò)去分詞+.The computer might be repaired by tomorrow.三、常用的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句式結(jié)構(gòu). get +過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)中“get+過(guò)去分詞”也構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其中g(shù)et與“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中 的be

36、-樣，都起助動(dòng)詞的作用。但get多用于口語(yǔ)，并且其后不能跟“by +執(zhí)行者“， 這種結(jié)構(gòu)常用于談?wù)撏蝗话l(fā)生的、出乎意料的事件，如get dressed, get killed等。He got/ was drunk for the first time in his Iife that night.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式高考重點(diǎn)考察動(dòng)名詞和不定式的被動(dòng)形式。找準(zhǔn)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是做題的關(guān)健。The girI is afraid of being scoIded by her mother.（scold和它的邏輯主語(yǔ)the girl之間存在著被動(dòng)關(guān)系）The book seems to have

37、 been pub Ii shed last year.（pubI ish和它的邏輯主語(yǔ)the book之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系）四、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者：當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，將承受者作為談話的中心時(shí)用被 動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這類(lèi)句子常有一個(gè)by引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，有時(shí)也可沒(méi)有。This poem was written by Whitman.淡化動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者：當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是泛指時(shí)（如people, one等），常用被 動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。He is suspected robbing the bank.動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是無(wú)生命的事物：He was seriously wounded by a rollin

38、g stone.某些習(xí)慣用法：有些習(xí)慣用法常以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式出現(xiàn)。I am determined to do better than Mike.五使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng) 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.某些連系動(dòng)詞，如 look, feel, sound, taste, smell, appear, seem, prove 等，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。The trip to the beaut i f u I i s I and this summer sounds real ly exc i t i ng.。His plan proved （to be） practicaL.有一類(lèi)經(jīng)常用作及物動(dòng)詞的詞，如burn, wash, wear, close, read, write, sell, open, lock, shut, clean, draw, cut, translate 等，用于強(qiáng)調(diào)事物本 身的特點(diǎn)、特征、性能等，常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。（to blame, to let等也