1、Supplementary Ref001有關(guān)城市AboityLee Taylor. Urbanized Society, Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc., 1980City, a large or important town. Cities are themiddle class, and democracy. The agora, or marketplace, was a communal meeting place for political, so l and economic merl, industrial, finanl, political

2、, andcultural centers of a nation. A city provides opportunities for jobs and offers many culturalLifeintheGreekcitieswasoftencharacterized by openness, citizen inquiry, and veneration of the mind.andrecreationaladvantagesmuseums,symphony orchestras, theaters, major sportsevents. On the other hand,

3、cities tend to be crowded, noisy, and dirty, and have a high crime rate. It generally costs more to live in a【 城 市 促 進(jìn) 人 類(lèi) 發(fā) 展 】 Growing out of agricultural village settlements, early citiesdevelopedernment,commerce, andcityn in a small town, but wages arereligion as distinct activities and occupati

4、ons.usually higher.During thefew thousand years of city【 城市出現(xiàn)的意義】 Cities are a human invention. They are the result of a deliberateliving, the new urban way of life was clearly different from the rural way of life. For riod the wall rrounding cities even marked thiseffort to expand sol life and to m

5、ake it moredifference physically. Bur anization continued to growurbansolsatisfying. In the moren forty thousandyears of human existence, the invention ofwallsagriculture some ten thousand years ago and the invention of cities more fifty-five dred years ago have marked major forwardand city limits.

6、Cities are peopleideas ofculture and sciencemoren they arephysical buildingseographical pla.movements. More complex solanizationUrbanization in the last onedred yearsresulted from each of these inventions. Longer life spans, larger populations, expanded knowledge and education, improved health, expa

7、nded welfare, and proliferation of the arts and of recreational activities are major aspects of the urban way of life.has saturated many of the worlds societies.The attitudes,values,andlifestylesassoted with the cities are dominating andeven obliterating those assoted with ruralareas. City-generated

8、 life styles are nowspreading so ralyt we may expect them【城市的目的】Paramount among the pursoon to urbanize the entire planet.eof cities have been commerce and culture.【城市的社會(huì)性機(jī)構(gòu)】So l institutions are important societal building blocks for stable urban life. They are found in all societies.Through these

9、pures newxes incivilization have been achieved. Thesol structures for achieving commerce andSince ruralized solanization predates anization, a significantculture were dominated b kings and priests. Inurbanized solGreece, the urban invention matured sotamount of the folkway content of solthe Greek po

10、lis was significantly different frominstitutions has been rural rathern urban.its Mesopotamian prede sors. Greek cities were more n human in scale. Gods and goddesses were still revered, and properDuring the period of early urban history, thedisproportionateruralcontent ofsolinstitutions was an impe

11、diment to city growth.architectural spawereprovided forthemoften in prime locations like the Acropolis in Athens. Nevertheless, the Greek【 行政機(jī)構(gòu)】ernment institutions areproblematic in urban areas. To a considerablecities by the fifth century B.C. were more characterized by the marketplace, a merchant

12、extent,ernment in the early cities wasdominated by kings. By the twentieth century,forms were added to support commerlmanycitieshadworldtradecenters, ernationalneeds.Portsandwarehouseswereconstructed. Docks and equipment for loadingernationalseaports,andand unloading were provided. Stores wereairpor

13、t. The relationships betn moderngradually Factories,separatedfromworkshops.cities and their nationalernments varieswidely; contemporary British cities have much local autonomy, while French cities arerailtransporion,trucktransporion, and air transporion have been added.extensivelycontrolledbythecent

14、ralernment. Theernment and regulation【交通系統(tǒng)】In todays cities, limited acsof activities within cities, betn cities, and among cities continue as major problems.freewaysandbussystemshavebeendesignedtomovemassesofpeople he early to the【機(jī)構(gòu)】 Historically the institution ofcentripetally to the core of the

15、cityreligion has been prominent in cities. As with other elements of urban culture, the citydaylighthoursandcentrifugallyperiphery of the cityhe late afternoon. Themanifesion of religion is complex. A simple notionofMotherEarthsproducingantranspor ion form of the city would be substantially differen

16、t if virtually all trading and all production were put on a twenty-four-hour basis. People-movement systems could be used more efficiently. Peak transit hours would be reduced, with movement distributed more evenly throughout the day.abundanrvest was a dominating theme inmuch rural life. In urban li

17、fe, priestly forms ofreligiousritesexpanded.Religionandernment in urban areas have at timesengaged in hostile competition and at othertimes existed in peaceful and supportive coexistence. Religious leaders often bless the installation of political leaders, and in【人類(lèi)早期城市】The sol invention of thecity

18、is most frequently dated 5500 years ago.This invention took place betn the Tigrisjuxtaition, political leaders have at timesand Euphrates Rivershe Near East,he area now called Iraq. Pre-urban society isexercised considerable control over priestly activities.【教育機(jī)構(gòu)】From ear st cities to the present, l

19、iteracy and learning have been major characteristics of urban life. Centers of learning have been highly developed in the cities. Their forms range from preschool nurseries to universities and continuing education programs. Diverse urban cultures produce knowledge, and the physical form ofdominatedb

20、yprimarysol al anderactionrelations tend to belong-term. In city life relationships tend to beimal,fleeting,anddeterminedbyexchangeslikebuyer-seller,employer-employee, and teacher-student. Thecontent of the new urban life style was largelyreligious, led to the category ofernmental, and mercantile. T

21、his development of a middle-class people. Complex and advancedthe cityes a kind of historical record oft knowledge. Great cities are replete withforms of religious rituals became significantlibraries, archives, museums, symphonies,elements of early city lifeany pla, andandtheaters.High civilizations

22、 are pthe city. Citiepport t ideas.plishmentsin and venerated in eration of newa priestly class or caste led the religious activities.【文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的城市】With the advent of theRenaissance Era in western Europe, city growth and expan accelerated. Science, an expansive and eventually predominant method for pro

23、ducing and verifying knowledge, became a major factor in the urban experience. Initially it was app d to food production and health care. Food production increased ra ly, and life spans nearly doubled. Improved food production and health【 商 業(yè) 機(jī) 構(gòu) 】 Commerce, the economic institution, historically ha

24、s been a major component of urban life. City people are producers and distributors of goods andservi.Historicspelizationshaveincluded craftsmen, rulers. City peopleburghers, priests, andproduce parts of theirmeans of livelihood and trade for otherneeded materials. Early physical forms tocare were ma

25、jor factorshe growth of citysupport commerl sol streets, squares, and shops. and trading proliferated, stilleraction were As production more physicalpopulations. High urban densities create new challenges and problems for the city invention. Urban culture is characterized by thejuxta withing of mans

26、 highest achievements s, famines, riots, crime, pollution,【 城市】 Two of the most crulproblems facing cities around the world are housing and transpor ion. A shortage ofand other sol problems.suitable housing, espelly fore to【工業(yè)與城市】The Industrial Revolutionfami s and theelderly, hasledwas marked by th

27、e ragrowth of cities.over-crowding and slums, and has helpedUrban growth was caused by a rise in population brought on by industrial society andcreate the additional problems of crime,juvenile delinquency, and ral tens. Aeconomicinducements.TheIndustrialhousing shortage has been created even forRevo

28、lution produced a higher standard ofe fami s due to the widespread of rentaitso condominiums.living and better health conditions, which extended life expectancy. People flocked from the countryside to the cities because of economic opportunities. As millions of people fled to the cities to find work, the quality of life for many people deteriorated. Housing was inadequate, and cities became marked by slums, poor sani ion, a