1、 English pronunciation 英語語音 II Connected speech 語 流 語流Connected speechI Loss of plosion and incomplete plosion失去爆破和不完全爆破 爆破音和爆破音或其他的輔音相鄰，(w j除外)時(shí)往往失去爆破，這主要是因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)輔音之間的間隔太小，這種現(xiàn)象在語音學(xué)上稱為“失去爆破”或“特殊爆破”。 第一個(gè)爆破音只形成阻礙，但不發(fā)生爆破，稱作不完全爆破。說話時(shí)，前一個(gè)單詞的爆破音只保持發(fā)音部位（音不發(fā)出來）的同時(shí)，即向下一個(gè)單詞起音的輔音過渡，不完全爆破得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。不完全爆破產(chǎn)生的原因大體上是由于省力原則造

2、成的。 不完全爆破時(shí)英語語音學(xué)習(xí)中的重點(diǎn)，也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)；掌握不好不完全爆破，就不可能講地道的英語。下面列舉不完全爆破的幾條主要規(guī)則： 一個(gè)單詞里的情況： 1兩個(gè)爆破音相鄰，第一個(gè)爆破音只形成阻礙，但失去爆破，第二個(gè)爆破音完全爆破；若第二個(gè)爆破音在詞尾則必須輕化。wSeptember robbed blackboard wbeggedpostcard 2爆破音/t/ /d/ 后面緊跟鼻輔音/m/和/n/，/t/ /d/形成阻礙，但詞尾必須通過鼻腔爆破。 certainhidden在詞中，則形成阻礙，不完全爆破。 utmostadmit 3爆破音/t/ /d/后面緊跟舌側(cè)音/l/，/t/ /d/形

3、成阻礙，在詞尾必須通過舌兩側(cè)爆破 little在詞中，形成阻礙，但不完全爆破。 latelybadly 4爆破音和摩擦音相鄰，該爆破音形成阻礙，但不完全爆破。n advance success 5爆破音和破擦音相鄰，該爆破音形成阻礙，但不完全爆破。 pictureobject 1 goodbyeaskedpickedpigtailbobbedactivekeptslept2 curtainBritainwoodenexcitementadmire3 gentlebattlelittletitlebottlesettleneedlemiddlemodellatelyhardlyloudly4ad

4、viceadvanceeighthadventurefriendship5 lectureobjectactuallysubject 單詞與單詞之間的情況：1兩個(gè)爆破音相鄰，第一個(gè)爆破音形成阻礙，但失去爆破，稍微停頓一下，立刻發(fā)出第二個(gè)爆破音。 stop talkinggreat care bad coldbig boy take care 2爆破音和鼻輔音/m，n/相鄰，爆破音形成阻礙，但不完全爆破，稍微停頓一下。good morning dont know 3爆破音和舌側(cè)音/l/相鄰，爆破音形成阻礙，但不完全爆破，略做停頓。 at lastgood luck 4爆破音和摩擦音相鄰，爆破音形

5、成阻礙，但不完全爆破，略做停頓。 old friend a good viewkeep silenta good zooget throughjust thenquite sure 5爆破音和破擦音相鄰，爆破音形成阻礙，但不完全爆破，略做停頓。 great changegood job 1a great deala bad coldtake careput downquit differentstop talking2good morninggood newsloud noisedark nightquite nearat noonstop now3at lastat leastat lunc

6、hat leisuregood luckred light 4old friendfriend firstfirst volumea good viewfirst stepa good zoogreat successdeep snowget therebright thoughttake threejust thenquite surenot sharp Connected speech 2 Sound linking連讀1.詞末輔音和詞首元音連讀put it intake it off2.詞末元音和詞首元音連讀go onhow old3.詞末不發(fā)音的字母r和緊跟其后的詞的詞首元音連讀，字母

7、r必須發(fā) 音, 發(fā)/r/.far awayfor ever make upwork output ontake ontake offkeep onkeep uppick upread outall of usin a minutefirst of allnot at allfar awayhere and therelater onfor everfor examplefor instancefor a momenta matter of factgo outgo ontry itsee offday in and day out Red River ValleyFrom this valle

8、y they say you are leavingWe shall miss your bright eyes and sweet smilesFor you take with you all of the sunshineThat has brightened our path way a whileThen come sit by my side if you love meDo not hasten to bid me adieu Just remember the red river valleyAnd the cowboy thats loved you so trueFor a

9、 long time my darling Im waiting For the sweet words you never would sayNow alas gone my fond hopes that vanishedFor they say that you are going awayThen come sit by my side if you love meDo not hasten to bid me adieu Just remember the red river valleyAnd the cowboy thats loved you so true Scarborou

10、gh FairAre you going to Scarborough FairParsley sage rosemary and thymeRemember me to one who lived thereShe once was the true love of mineTell her to make me a cambric shirtParsley sage rosemary and thymeWithout no seams nor needle workThen shell be the true love of mineTell her to find me an acre

11、of landParsley sage rosemary and thymeBetween sea water and the sea strandThen shell be the true love of mineTell her to reap it with a sickle of leatherParsley sage rosemary and thymeAnd gather it all in a bunch of heatherThen shell be the true love of mine You Are My Sunshine You are my sunshine m

12、y only sunshine You make me happy when skies are grey Youll never know dear how much I love you Please don t take my sunshine away The other night dear when I was sleeping I dreamed I held you in my arms When I awoke dear I was mistaken So I held my head and cried You are my sunshine my only sunshin

13、e You make me happy when skies are grey Youll never know dear how much I love you Please dont take my sunshine away The other night dear when I was sleeping I dreamed I held you in my arms When I awoke dear I was mistaken So I held my head and cried Connected speech 3Syllables, stressed syllables an

14、d unstressed syllables 音節(jié)，重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)音節(jié)：一個(gè)元音構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié)，一個(gè)元音加上一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的輔音，也可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié)。重音：在一個(gè)音節(jié)中，元音比輔音長而響亮，在雙元音和多音節(jié)詞中有一個(gè)音節(jié)比其他的音節(jié)中的元音長而響亮，這個(gè)長而響亮的音節(jié)被稱為重讀音節(jié)，stressed syllables。沒有接受重讀的音節(jié)被成為非重讀音節(jié)，unstressed syllables。 Classification of stressed syllables 重音分類1. Single stressedgomewe ago aheadmother2. Even stressed

15、unknown eighteenmisprint3. Primary and secondary stressedrevolutionqualificationuniversity Word stress 單詞重音A)雙音節(jié)詞a)一般在第一個(gè)音節(jié)重讀。lettersorryb)有a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前綴的詞，第二個(gè)音節(jié)是重音。aboutbelieveaddressdecidereportcondemnrespectcompareinformdi

16、scussimpressmistakeenforceprepareemploypermitescape produceexclaimtranslate c)有de-,in-,re-,con-,pre-等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關(guān),一般名詞的重音在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上，其它的詞性在第二個(gè)音節(jié)上。recordrecordinsultinsultconductconduct presentpresentcontentcontentd)有些復(fù)合詞和帶有前綴re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的詞，有兩個(gè)重音。outsideretellwell-knownunrealfifteenChinesepr

17、e-warpost-war B)多音節(jié)詞a)一般倒數(shù)第三個(gè)音節(jié)是重音。difficult communist family economyopportunitydemocracy. b)有一些雙音節(jié)詞，加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié)，但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。carefully indefinite comfortable conductor, according disturbance complicatedestablishment c)詞尾有-eous,-graphy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,-ive后綴的詞，

18、重音在這些后綴的前一個(gè)音節(jié)上。courteouscalligraphyeditorialhistorianperiodicmathematicsprotectiveexperiencesufficientidentifytranslationreligiouscuriosityd)詞尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后綴的詞，重音在該后綴上，而且有一個(gè)次重音。entertainemployeemountaineerJapanesecigarette C)復(fù)合名詞重音一般在第一個(gè)音節(jié)。blackboardhandbagbookstoreclassroom復(fù)合動(dòng)詞重音一般在第二個(gè)

19、音節(jié)。maltreatill-treatshortchangecross-section waterproof 2)句子重音a)實(shí)詞（notionalwords）重讀（名詞，形容詞，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，數(shù)詞，疑問詞，感嘆詞，副詞重讀）虛詞(functionwords)輕讀(冠詞，單音節(jié)介詞，單音節(jié)連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關(guān)系代詞，相互代詞，助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be.） b) 實(shí)詞不重讀的特殊情況1) 實(shí)詞第二次出現(xiàn)He thinks of that as a child thinks. 2) 一個(gè)名詞被第二個(gè)名詞修飾I met her in the railway station. 3)

20、代替詞Which book do you want? The small one. 4) 感嘆詞中的 what 和howWhat a good day it is! How beautiful she is! 5) street 在專有名詞中Wangfujing Street.6) this在這些短語中this morning/afternoon/evening 7)虛詞重讀的特殊情況1 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be在句首，句尾和否定時(shí)。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can youhelp me? Yes, I

21、can. I dont like you. He isnt a worker. 2 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示可能，驚奇和肯定時(shí)。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be inthe room. 3 介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. 4 引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的連詞在句首。If you wish, Ill visit you. When he comes, Ill tell him. 5反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。He couldnt c

22、ome himself. Connected speech 4 pausing 停頓1.停頓的目的：1）呼吸換氣2）為了更清楚更有條理地表達(dá)思想3）便于對(duì)方聽清楚2. 意群（meaning group）每個(gè)意群的后面有一個(gè)停頓，即停頓決定意群大小。意群的劃分由兩個(gè)因素決定:1）語速 （speed of the speech）2）句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)的長度 (sentence grammar structure) 1)語速語速快，意群可長；語速慢，意群可短。如：The old lady told you to go 語速快時(shí)，可以把此句劃分為一個(gè)意群：/the old lady told you to

23、go/語速慢時(shí)，可以把此句劃分為兩個(gè)意群：/the old lady / told you to go/ 2)句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)的長度a）短句可以有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的意群/Are you sure?/I like Sunday best./b)長句要?jiǎng)澐殖蓛蓚€(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的意群，劃分的主要原則如下：1用做句中主語的一個(gè)短語或從句可以有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的意群。/Most of the students / are studying in the classroom./What I have told you / is true./2句首短語或者從句用做狀語，可以有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的意群/ In that case, / Ill

24、 stay home./When he comes back, / ask him to call me. / 3非限制性定語從句可以有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的意群/ This is Professor Wang, / who has just returned from America./4非限制性同位語可以有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的意群/We have just seen Mr. Price, / the new manager./5限制性的同位語或定語從句一般沒有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的意群/Mr. Price the manager, / is the brother of Mr. Price the teacher./ Co

25、nnected speech 5 Intonation 語調(diào)Classification: the falling tone 降調(diào)分 類the rising tone升調(diào) the falling-rising tone降升調(diào) 1 降調(diào)的基本意義和用法：the basic meaning and use of falling tone1）直截了當(dāng)?shù)年愂鼍洌╯traightforward statement）用降調(diào)，因?yàn)檎f話人對(duì)他所說的話的內(nèi)容肯定無疑。They are working very hard.2）特殊疑問句（special questions）一般用降調(diào)。What are you reading?3）強(qiáng)制命令（strong command）用降調(diào)turn left! Hands up,no harm . 4）選擇問句（alternative questions）后半句用降調(diào)。Would you care for a cup of tea or cof